Timeline of historical geopolitical changes
This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and significant changes in territory such as the annexation, cession, or secession of land. Changes in maritime territory are included when they are subject to a dispute; lists of non-disputed maritime claims can be found in the articles on exclusive economic zones and maritime boundary treaties.
The types of changes listed here usually include (but are not limited to) the alteration of borders, the creation and fall of states, changes of geographical names, as well as a few geographical changes caused by unusually destructive natural disasters. Through the knowledge of such dates and events, the approximate year and age of a world map could be calculated and estimated.
Not all maps of the world created during a given age or period will be the same across the globe, as different mapmakers – or their employers – may have different views on the sovereignty or territorial integrity of the countries of the world or possess different levels of technological sophistication or geographical insight. Even maps created by the same mapmaker around the same time can differ significantly.
The timeline below presents its information in reverse chronological order, beginning in the modern era and working backwards.
This article uses the Common Calendar System, which was established as the new Christian Calendar by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. The Common Calendar uses the designation Common Era (CE or AD for Anno Domini) for years starting 1 January 1 CE, and Before Common Era (BCE or BC for Before Christ) for years before that date. The Common Calendar also follows the ordinal numbers rather than the cardinal numbers, so there was no "year zero" in this format; that is, the date 1 January 1 CE immediately followed the date 31 December 1 BCE. For the same reason, while the 2000s began on Saturday, 1 January 2000 CE, the official Third Millennium began on Monday, 1 January 2001 CE.
21st century
2020s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
2020 | 6 August | Egypt and Greece sign a maritime boundary treaty, establishing exclusive economic zones in the Mediterranean Sea that overlap with the disputed claims made by Libya and Turkey in November 2019. |
2010s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
2019 | 27 November | Turkey and the Libyan Government of National Accord sign a maritime boundary treaty, establishing exclusive economic zones in the Mediterranean Sea that are rejected by the governments of Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, and the United Arab Emirates. |
20 March | Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Astana to Nur-Sultan in honour of ex-President Nursultan Nazarbayev after the Constitution of Kazakhstan is amended.[1] | |
12 February | The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia adopts the name Republic of North Macedonia as part of the Prespa agreement, under which Greece will no longer veto the country's accession to NATO and the European Union.[2][3] | |
2018 | 24 December | Burundi moves its capital from Bujumbura to Gitega.[4] |
16 December | Georgia moves its legislative capital from Kutaisi back to Tbilisi.[5] | |
9 July | Ethiopia ends its occupation of Badme and returns the town to Eritrea following a peace summit, ending their 20-year border conflict. | |
19 April | The Kingdom of Swaziland changes its name to the Kingdom of Eswatini. [6] | |
2 February | The International Court of Justice (ICJ) rules that a strip of northern Isla Portillos at the mouth of the San Juan River in Nicaragua belongs to Costa Rica.[7] | |
1 January | Belgium and The Netherlands finalize an exchange of territory along the Meuse River.[8] The agreement, initially signed on 28 November 2016, involves a one-for-two swap of three tiny islands, with the Netherlands gaining 24.7 acres (10.0 ha) of land near Oost-Maarland, so that pene-exclaves caused by the straightening of the Meuse can be fixed. Presqu'ile de L'llal and Presqu'ile d'Eijsden, which were formerly Belgian, were swapped for a former Dutch piece of land, Presqu'ile Petit-Gravier.[9] | |
2017 | 24 June | Egypt transfers sovereignty of Sanafir Island and Tiran Island to Saudi Arabia. |
9 April | Following a referendum, the Republic of South Ossetia changes its name to the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania. | |
21 February | The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic changes its name to the Republic of Artsakh a day after a constitutional referendum takes place. The Republic of Azerbaijan continues to consider Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory, a position shared by the United Nations.[10][11] | |
29 January | The Islamic Republic of The Gambia changes its name back to the Republic of The Gambia.[12][13] | |
2016 | 2 May | The Czech Republic votes to adopt Czechia as its official short-form name in English.[14] |
2015 | 16 December | The International Court of Justice (ICJ) cedes 3 km2 to Costa Rica, resolving the Costa Rica–Nicaragua San Juan River border dispute with Nicaragua.[15] |
11 December | By presidential decree, the Republic of The Gambia changes its name to the Islamic Republic of The Gambia.[16][17] | |
12 November | Pakistan formally agrees to lease its Gwadar Port to China until 2059.[18] | |
6 June | India and Bangladesh exchange 162 enclaves along their borders, simplifying the border.[19] | |
8 May | Niger and Burkina Faso, in continuation with the implementation of the judgement of the International Court of Justice concerning the 2013 Burkina Faso–Niger Frontier Dispute case, agreed to exchange 18 towns over the following year (Burkina Faso to gain 14, Niger to gain four).[20] | |
21 March | After the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, the capital of Yemen is provisionally moved from Sana'a to Aden. | |
2014 | 11 May | The Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic declare their independence from Ukraine following a status referendum. Donetsk and Luhansk are proclaimed as their capitals. The referendum's results and the so-called republics' declarations were internationally unrecognized. |
18 March | The Republic of Crimea was annexed by the Russian Federation as two separate federal entities: the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol. Ukraine itself and much of the international community maintain that Crimea is illegally occupied by Russia and legally remains an integral region of Ukraine.[21] | |
27 January | The maritime dispute between Chile and Peru is resolved.[22] | |
2013 | 24 October | The Republic of Cape Verde decrees the official English-language rendering of its name to be the Republic of Cabo Verde,[23] following precedents set by Côte d'Ivoire and Timor-Leste (neither of which use English as an official language). |
28 September | The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik ceases to exist with the loss of Zamboanga City.[24] | |
27 July | The United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik declares independence from the Philippines and claims all of Malaysian Borneo.[25] | |
16 April | A border dispute between Niger and Burkina Faso is finally resolved, resulting in minor changes to the previously recognized border. | |
7 January | The Libyan National Congress unofficially changes the name of the country from Libya to the State of Libya, which will be used until a new constitution is adopted.[26] | |
2012 | 14 December | China declares an exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea that extends hundreds of kilometres into Japan's maritime claims. |
29 November | The United Nations votes to upgrade the status of Palestine from "entity" to "non-member observer state," effectively granting it recognition.[27] | |
19 November | Judgment of the ICJ about the maritime dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia.[28] | |
20 August | The Somali Republic changes its name to the Federal Republic of Somalia. | |
12 July | The State of Azawad capitulates and is taken over by Ansar Dine, an Islamist group aiming for establishing Mali as an Islamist state, effectively being reabsorbed by the Republic of Mali.[29] | |
26 May | Georgia moves its legislative capital from Tbilisi to Kutaisi. Tbilisi remains the administrative capital. | |
6 April | Azawad proclaims its independence from the Republic of Mali as the State of Azawad[30] with Timbuktu as its capital. | |
1 January | The Hungarian Republic changes its name to Hungary.[31] | |
2011 | 31 December | Samoa and Tokelau switch to the western side of the International Date Line, skipping 30 December entirely.[32] |
23 October | Libya supersedes the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya after its defeat at the Battle of Sirte by the National Transitional Council. | |
1 September | Due to the loss of Tripoli on 27 August, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya moves its capital from Tripoli to Sirte. | |
27 August | The National Transitional Council takes over Tripoli, moving its capital from Benghazi to Tripoli. | |
9 July | Southern Sudan gains independence from Sudan as the Republic of South Sudan after a referendum the previous January, with Juba as its capital. | |
27 February | After the Libyan Civil War started on 15 February, the National Transitional Council was formed to act as "the political face of the revolution", based in Benghazi.[33] | |
2 February | The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name back to the Republic of Fiji. | |
11 January | The People's Republic of China has received 1,158 square kilometres (447 sq mi) from Tajikistan after a final ratification of a treaty ceding it[34] | |
2010 | 21 October | The Union of Myanmar changes its name to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. |
10 October | The Kingdom of the Netherlands dissolves the Netherlands Antilles and makes Curaçao and Sint Maarten two of its four constituent countries. Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius become special municipalities of the Netherlands. |
2000s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
2009 | 24 November | The United States cedes six islands in the Rio Grande river to Mexico and Mexico cedes three islands and two bancos after pending for 20 years.[35] |
1 September | The United Kingdom changes the name of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena and Dependencies to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Jamestown on Saint Helena remains the capital. | |
7 February | The Republic of Bolivia changes its name to the Plurinational State of Bolivia. La Paz and Sucre remain the capitals. | |
2008 | 27 August | The Russian Federation recognizes the independence of the Republic of South Ossetia and the Republic of Abkhazia from Georgia. Georgia and much of the international community maintain that they are both were illegally occupied by Russia during Russo-Georgian War and legally remain integral regions of Georgia. Their capitals are Tskhinval and Sukhumi, respectively. |
28 May | The State of Nepal changes its name to the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. | |
17 February | The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija declares its independence from the Republic of Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo. Priština remains the capital. Serbia maintains that Kosovo remains a part of Serbia. | |
2007 | 22 October | The Republic of Montenegro changes its name to Montenegro. |
21 February | The French Republic separates the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy and the Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Martin from the Overseas Region of Guadeloupe. Gustavia and Marigot are the capitals respectively. | |
15 January | The Kingdom of Nepal changes its name to the State of Nepal. | |
2006 | 7 October | The Republic of Palau moves its capital from Koror to Ngerulmud. |
14 August | The Federal Republic of Nigeria transfers sovereignty of Bakassi to the Republic of Cameroon. | |
5 June | The Republic of Serbia supersedes the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Belgrade remains the capital. | |
3 June | Montenegro secedes from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro as the Republic of Montenegro. Podgorica remains the capital. | |
2005 | 6 November | The Union of Myanmar moves its capital from Yangon to Naypyidaw. |
2004 | 1 September | The Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty administering Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south establishes its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina. |
27 February | The French Republic elevates the Overseas Collectivity of French Polynesia to the Overseas Country of French Polynesia. | |
4 January | The Islamic State of Afghanistan changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. | |
2003 | 26 May | The Rwandese Republic changes its name to the Republic of Rwanda. |
28 March | The French Republic revises its constitution. New polities include: | |
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4 February | The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. | |
2002 | 21 May | The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland changes the title of each of its British Dependent Territories to that of a British Overseas Territory. The citizens of each British Overseas Territory gain full British citizenship. |
20 May | East Timor gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. East Timor was occupied by Indonesia in 1975, and was placed under United Nations administration in 1999. Dili remains the capital. | |
10 March | The Union of the Comoros reabsorbs the de facto independent State of Anjouan and the Democratic Republic of Mohéli. Mutsamudu and Fomboni yield to Moroni as the capital. | |
14 February | The State of Bahrain changes its name to the Kingdom of Bahrain. | |
2001 | 23 December | The Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros changes its name to the Union of the Comoros. |
13 November | The Islamic State of Afghanistan supersedes the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. | |
1 July | The "temporarily independent" Puntland State of Somalia adopts a new constitution explicitly identifying itself as part of the Somali Republic. Garowe yields to Mogadishu as the capital. | |
January | Taloqan, the de facto capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan government, falls to the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The capital moves to Fayzabad. | |
2000 | 16 July | Somalia changes its name to the Somali Republic. |
11 June | Colombia returns its capital city's name from Santa Fe de Bogotá to Bogotá, Distrito Capital.[36] | |
6 February | The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Russian Federation. Ƶovxar-Ġala (Grozny) yields to Moscow as the capital. |
20th century
1990s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1999 | 31 December | The United States of America transfers full ownership of the Panama Canal Zone to the Republic of Panama. |
20 December | The Republic of Venezuela changes its name to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. | |
The Portuguese Republic transfers sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China as the Macau Special Administrative Region. | ||
10 June | The United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo is formed in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. | |
19 March | The French Republic renames its Territory of New Caledonia as the special collectivity of New Caledonia in preparation for eventual independence. | |
1998 | 24 December | The Republic of Bougainville is taken over by Papua New Guinea. |
16 December | Part of the undefined border in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field is defined by Chile and Argentina. | |
1 August | The Puntland State of Somalia declares independence from the Federal Republic of Somalia. Garowe becomes its capital. | |
22 July | The Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji supersedes the Republic of the Fiji Islands. | |
6 May | The Republic of Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Aqmola to Astana. | |
1997 | 10 December | The Republic of Kazakhstan moves its capital from Almaty to Aqmola. |
11 August | The Democratic Republic of Mohéli declares independence from the Union of the Comoros. Fomboni becomes its capital. | |
3 August | The State of Anjouan declares independence from the Union of the Comoros. Mutsamudu becomes its capital. | |
4 July | Independent State of Western Samoa changes its name to the Independent State of Samoa. | |
1 July | The United Kingdom transfers sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. | |
25 May | The capital of the Islamic State of Afghanistan is moved to Taloqan from Mazar-i-Sharif. | |
17 May | The Republic of Zaire changes its name back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. | |
The Republic of the Fiji Islands changes its name to the Republic of Fiji. | ||
1996 | 26 September | The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is formed, and declares its capital Kabul, captured from the Islamic State of Afghanistan, whose capital moves to Mazar-i-Sharif |
The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria changes the name of its capital Grozny to Dzokhar-Ghala. | ||
The United Republic of Tanzania moves its capital from Dar-es-Salaam to Dodoma. | ||
1995 | 14 December | The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina unite to form Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo remains the capital. |
24 August | The Republic of Georgia is renamed Georgia. | |
22 August | Ethiopia is renamed the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. | |
7 August | The Republic of Western Bosnia is taken over by the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. | |
26 July | The Republic of Western Bosnia declares independence from the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. | |
1 January | The International Date Line is moved around Kiribati. | |
1994 | 21 October | The Laguna del Desierto, claimed by Chile, is awarded to Argentina by arbitration. |
1 October | Palau gains full independence from the United States of America as the Republic of Palau. Koror is the capital. | |
7 July | The Democratic Republic of Yemen is reunited with Yemen. | |
21 May | The Democratic Republic of Yemen secedes from Yemen. Aden is the capital. | |
27 April | The nominally independent republics of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei are incorporated back into the Republic of South Africa. | |
1 March | The Republic of South Africa transfers the sovereignty of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands to the Republic of Namibia. | |
1993 | 24 September | The restored Kingdom of Cambodia supersedes the State of Cambodia. |
24 May | The State of Eritrea secedes from the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Asmara is the capital. | |
5 May | The Republic of Kyrgyzstan changes its name to the Kyrgyz Republic. | |
28 January | The Republic of Kazakhstan changes the name of its capital from Alma-Ata to Almaty. | |
1 January | The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic gain full independence with the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (Czechoslovakia). Prague remains the capital of the Czech Republic and Bratislava remains the capital of the Slovakia. | |
1992 | 8 October | The Estonian Government in Exile, a legal continuation of the formerly Soviet-occupied Republic of Estonia, is disestablished after the restoration of the constitutional order of Estonia. |
22 September | The Republic of Kosova declares independence from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Pristina is the capital. | |
12 September | The Democratic Republic of Madagascar changes its name to the Republic of Madagascar. | |
27 August | The People's Republic of Angola changes its name to the Republic of Angola. | |
12 August | The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is renamed the Republika Srpska. | |
23 July | The Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia declares its independence from Georgia as the Republic of Abkhazia. Sukhumi remains the capital. Georgia denounces the intervention of the Russian Federation and declares the succession illegal. | |
27 April | The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. | |
6 April | The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo remains the capital. | |
15 March | The State of Cambodia is taken over by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in order to put the government-in-exile National Government of Cambodia back in power. | |
12 March | The Chechen Republic is renamed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. | |
12 February | Mongolia supersedes the Mongolian People's Republic. | |
15 January | The Socialist Republic of Slovenia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Slovenia. Ljubljana remains the capital. | |
The Socialist Republic of Croatia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Croatia . Zagreb remains the capital. | ||
12 January | The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic declares independence from the Republic of Azerbaijan. | |
1991 | 26 December | The Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet meets for the last time and formally dissolves the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. |
25 December | The Russian Federation (Russia) supersedes both the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. | |
16 December | The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata remains the capital until 1997. | |
12 December | The Federal Republic of Nigeria moves its capital from Lagos to Abuja. | |
8 December | The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Republic of Belarus, and Ukraine form the Commonwealth of Independent States as a successor organization to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. | |
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Turkmenistan. Ashgabat remains the capital. | ||
The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent remains the capital. | ||
28 November | The South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast declares its independence from Georgia as the Republic of South Ossetia. Tskhinvali is the capital. Georgia denounces the intervention of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and declares the succession illegal. | |
1 November | The Chechen Republic declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Grozny is the capital | |
21 September | The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Armenia. Yerevan remains the capital. | |
9 September | The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Tajikistan. Dushanbe remains the capital. | |
8 September | The Socialist Republic of Macedonia secedes from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Republic of Macedonia. Skopje remains the capital. The Hellenic Republic protests the name of the new nation. | |
6 September | The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Lithuania. Vilnius remains the capital. | |
2 September | The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast declares its independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Stepanakert remains the capital. The Republic of Azerbaijan considers Nagorno-Karabakh as part of its sovereign territory. | |
31 August | The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The capital Frunze is renamed Bishkek. | |
30 August | The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Azerbaijan. Baku remains the capital. | |
27 August | The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Moldova. Chişinău remains the capital. Moldova claims Transnistria as part of its sovereign territory. | |
25 August | The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Belarus. Minsk remains the capital. | |
24 August | The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Ukraine. Kiev remains the capital. | |
21 August | The Republic of Latvia (former SSR) secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Latvia. Riga remains the capital. | |
20 August | The Republic of Estonia (former SSR) secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and restores the Republic of Estonia. Tallinn remains the capital. | |
19 August | The Gagauz Republic declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. | |
10 June | The People's Republic of the Congo is renamed the Republic of the Congo. | |
28 May | The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is renamed Ethiopia. | |
18 May | The Republic of Somaliland declares independence from the Federal Republic of Somalia. Hargeisa is the capital. The international community considers Somaliland to be part of Somalia's sovereign territory.[37][38] | |
29 April | The Republic of Albania supersedes the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. | |
9 April | The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic secedes from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as Georgia. Tbilisi remains the capital. | |
26 February | The State of Kuwait regains its independence. Iraq relinquishes its claim to Kuwait. | |
1990 | 1 December | The Republic of Mozambique supersedes the People's Republic of Mozambique. Maputo remains the capital. |
15 November | The People's Republic of Bulgaria changes its name to the Republic of Bulgaria. | |
3 October | The German Democratic Republic merges into the Federal Republic of Germany. Unified Germany regains full sovereignty and Allied occupation ends. Bonn yields to Berlin as the capital. | |
2 September | The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria) declares its independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tiraspol becomes its capital. | |
28 August | Iraq annexes the Republic of Kuwait as the Kuwait Governorate. | |
25 August | The Republic of Abkhazia declares independence from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Sukhumi is the capital. | |
4 August | The State of Kuwait changes its name to the Republic of Kuwait. | |
27 July | The Byelorussian SSR declares sovereignty from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the Republic of Belarus. | |
25 July | The Republic of Fiji is renamed the Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji. | |
22 May | The Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) reunite to form the Republic of Yemen. Aden yields to San'a' as the capital. | |
17 May | The Republic of Bougainville declares independence from Papua New Guinea. Buka is the capital. | |
8 May | The Estonian SSR is renamed the Republic of Estonia. | |
4 May | The Latvian SSR is renamed the Republic of Latvia and it declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Latvia from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. | |
23 April | The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic changes its name to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. | |
30 March | The Estonian SSR declares Soviet rule illegal and declares the restoration period for the independence of Estonia from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. | |
21 March | South West Africa gains independence from South Africa as the Republic of Namibia. Windhoek remains the capital. | |
11 March | The Republic of Chile moves its legislative capital from Santiago to Valparaíso. Santiago remains the administrative capital. | |
The Lithuanian SSR re-declares full independence as the Republic of Lithuania from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Vilnius remains the capital. | ||
1 March | The People's Republic of Benin changes its name to the Republic of Benin. | |
3 February | The government-in-exile Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea becomes the National Government of Cambodia. |
1980s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1989 | 30 December | The Polish People's Republic changes its name to the Republic of Poland. |
22 December | The Romanian Revolution. The Socialist Republic of Romania changes its name to Romania. | |
23 October | The Hungarian People's Republic changes its name to the Hungarian Republic. | |
30 September | The Republic of Senegal and the Republic of The Gambia secede from the Senegambia Confederation. Dakar remains the capital of Senegal. Banjul is again the capital of The Gambia. | |
26 September | The Socialist Republic of Vietnam ends its occupation of the State of Cambodia. | |
18 June | The Union of Burma changes its name to the Union of Myanmar. | |
The Federated States of Micronesia moves its capital from Kolonia to Palikir on Pohnpei. | ||
1 May | The State of Cambodia supersedes the People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia). | |
15 February | The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ends its occupation of the Republic of Afghanistan. | |
1988 | 16 November | The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic declares sovereignty over the laws of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. |
15 November | The State of Palestine declares independence from the State of Israel. It claims the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, territories considered to be occupied by Israel in the aftermath of the Six-Day War. East Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital.[39] | |
18 September | The Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma changes its name to the Union of Burma. | |
1987 | 30 November | The Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. |
7 October | The Republic of Fiji supersedes the Dominion of Fiji. | |
22 February | The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia supersedes the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg). | |
1 January | New Zealand becomes a fully, sovereign independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Constitution Act. | |
1986 | 4 November | The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands becomes an insular area of the United States dissolving the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. |
3 November | The eastern Caroline Islands gain independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands as the Federated States of Micronesia. Kolonia on Pohnpei is the capital. | |
21 October | The Marshall Islands gain independence from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands as the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Majuro is the capital. | |
15 April | The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is renamed the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. | |
3 March | The Commonwealth of Australia becomes a fully, sovereign independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Australia Act. | |
1 January | Aruba leaves the Netherlands Antilles to become one of three constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands following a change of the Charter for the Kingdom. Oranjestad is the capital. | |
1985 | 12 October | The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire supersedes the Republic of Ivory Coast. |
10 October | The Republic of the Sudan supersedes the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. | |
3 October | In the Falkland Islands disputed by Argentina and the United Kingdom, the Falkland Islands Dependencies becomes a separate territory known as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. | |
1984 | 29 November | The Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina is solved. Argentina recognizes Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands as Chilean. |
15 August | Bourkina-Fasso changes its name to Burkina Faso. | |
4 August | The Republic of Upper Volta changes its name to Bourkina-Fasso. | |
4 February | The Republic of Cameroon supersedes the United Republic of Cameroon. | |
1 January | Brunei gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam). Bandar Seri Begawan remains the capital. | |
1983 | 15 November | The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares independence from the Republic of Cyprus. North Nicosia is the capital. The international community considers the northern part of the island as Republic of Cyprus territory under Turkish occupation. |
23 September | The United States removes its claims over Birnie Island, Canton Island, Caroline Island, Christmas Island, Enderbury Island, Flint Island, Gardner Island, Hull Island, Malden Island, McKean Island, Phoenix Island, Starbuck Island, Sydney Island, and Vostok Island ending a dispute with Kiribati.[40][41] | |
The United States removes its claims over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita ending a dispute with Tuvalu.[42] | ||
19 September | The British Dependent Territory of Saint Christopher and Nevis gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis). Basseterre remains the capital. | |
8 September | The United States removes its claims over Pukapuka, Manihiki, Penrhyn, and Rakahanga ending a dispute with the Cook Islands.[43] | |
3 September | The United States removes its claims over Atafu, Fakaofo, and Nukunono ending a dispute with Tokelau, New Zealand.[44] | |
21 March | The Republic of Ivory Coast moves its capital from Abidjan to Yamoussoukro. | |
1 January | The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland changes the title of each of its Crown Colonies to that of a British Dependent Territory. | |
1982 | 15 August | The unrecognized Kingdom of Rwenzururu is taken back by Uganda. |
22 June | Democratic Kampuchea becomes exiled from Kampuchea, despite being a widely recognized UN member state, becomes the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea. | |
14 June | The United Kingdom recaptures the British dependent territory of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) from the Argentine Republic. Britain restores the name of the capital Puerto Argentino to Stanley. | |
29 April | The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka moves its capital from Colombo to Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte. | |
17 April | Canada becomes a fully sovereign, independent state from the United Kingdom after the passing of the Canada Act. | |
18 April | The Republic of Zimbabwe changes many colonial place names including that of its capital from Salisbury to Harare. | |
2 April | The Argentine Republic seizes the British dependent territory of the Falkland Islands from the United Kingdom. Argentina renames the Islands Islas Malvinas and Stanley the capital Puerto Argentino. | |
1 February | The Republic of Senegal and the Republic of The Gambia unite to form the Senegambia Confederation. Banjul yields to Dakar as the capital. | |
1981 | 26 December | The Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone ceases to exist as the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq is fixed. |
4 December | The Republic of Ciskei is declared independent by the Republic of South Africa. | |
1 November | Antigua and Barbuda gain independence from the United Kingdom. St. John's remains the capital. | |
21 September | The Crown Colony of Belize gains independence from the United Kingdom. Belmopan remains the capital. | |
17 September | The United States removes it claim of Roncador Bank, Serrana Bank, and Quita Sueño Bank ending a dispute with Colombia.[45] | |
1980 | 19 December | The United Kingdom divides the Crown Colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla into the Crown Colony of Saint Christopher and Nevis and the Crown Colony of Anguilla. Basseterre remains the capital of Saint Christopher and Nevis, and The Valley becomes the capital of Anguilla. |
30 July | The New Hebrides gain independence from a British-French condominium as the Republic of Vanuatu. Port Vila remains the capital. | |
Israel passes the Jerusalem Law, expanding its declared capital of Jerusalem to include the annexed East Jerusalem. The United Nations declares the law null and void. | ||
28 July | Peruvian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Peru. | |
24 July | The Republic of Vemerana is taken back over by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium. | |
27 May | The Republic of Vemerana declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium. | |
26 May | Tafea is taken back over by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium. | |
18 April | Southern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zimbabwe. Salisbury remains the capital. | |
15 February | Tafea declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium. | |
1970s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1979 | 25 December | The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics occupies the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. |
12 December | The Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia is dissolved as the United Kingdom regains control of Southern Rhodesia. | |
27 October | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gain independence from the United Kingdom. Kingstown remains the capital. | |
1 October | The United States of America dissolves the Panama Canal Zone and returns sovereignty to the Republic of Panama. The United States and Panama will jointly operate the Panama Canal until 31 December 1999. | |
20 September | The Central African Empire changes its name back to the Central African Republic. | |
13 September | The Republic of Venda is given independence by South Africa. Thohoyandou is the capital. | |
12 July | The Gilbert Islands gain independence from the United Kingdom as the Independent and Sovereign Republic of Kiribati. South Tarawa remains the capital. | |
1 June | The Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia) supersedes the Republic of Rhodesia, although neither are recognized. | |
1 April | Iran changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Iran. | |
26 March | Israel agrees to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. | |
22 February | Saint Lucia gains independence from the United Kingdom. Castries remains the capital. | |
11 February | The Imperial State of Iran changes its name to Iran. | |
10 January | The People's Republic of Kampuchea (Cambodia) supersedes Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia). | |
7 January | The Socialist Republic of Vietnam occupies Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia). | |
1978 | 29 December | After a transition to democracy, the Spanish State is renamed the Kingdom of Spain. |
3 November | Dominica gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Commonwealth of Dominica. Roseau remains the capital. | |
5 October | The State of Comoros changes its name to the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros. | |
1 October | Tuvalu gains independence from the United Kingdom. Funafuti remains the capital. | |
7 September | The Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka changes its name to the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. | |
7 July | The Solomon Islands gain independence from the United Kingdom. Honiara on Guadalcanal remains the capital. | |
30 April | The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Republic of Afghanistan. | |
1977 | 6 December | The Republic of Bophuthatswana is declared independent by South Africa. Mmabatho is the capital. |
27 June | The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas gains independence from the French Republic as the Republic of Djibouti. The city of Djibouti remains the capital. | |
26 May | The Boundary Treaty of 1970 is complete between Mexico and the United States resulting in several parcels of land being swapped.[46] | |
2 March | The Libyan Arab Republic changes its name to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. | |
1 March | The United States claims maritime borders west of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, within the Dixon Entrance, and in the Beaufort Sea that conflicted with claims of Canada.[47] | |
1976 | 28 December | The Socialist People's Republic of Albania supersedes the People's Republic of Albania. |
4 December | The Central African Republic changes its name to the Central African Empire. | |
26 October | The Republic of Transkei is given independence by South Africa. Mthatha is the capital. | |
7 August | The Republic of North Solomons is taken by Papua New Guinea. | |
17 July | The Republic of Indonesia declares that East Timor is the Indonesian Province of Timor Timur. | |
2 July | The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam unite to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh City yields to Hanoi as the capital. | |
1 July | The French Republic reorganizes its Overseas Territory of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to the Overseas Department of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Saint-Pierre remains the capital. | |
29 June | The Seychelles become independent from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Seychelles. Victoria remains the capital. | |
24 June | The Republic of the Philippines reinstates Manila as the capital. Quezon City, the capital from 1948, was incorporated with Manila and 15 surrounding suburbs to form Metro Manila. Baguio is no longer a summer capital. | |
23 June | In the British Indian Ocean Territory, the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches are returned to Seychelles six days before its independence. | |
1 March | Trinidad and Tobago is renamed the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. | |
27 February | The Polisario Front declares the creation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in the region known as Western Sahara. Laayoune is the proclaimed capital, while Tifariti serves as the temporary capital. Morocco considers the SADR part of its sovereign territory, while the United Nations considers Spain the administering state. | |
3 February | The People's Republic of Mozambique changes the name of its capital from Lourenço Marques to Maputo. | |
1975 | 30 December | The Malagasy Republic changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. |
7 December | The Republic of Indonesia invades East Timor. | |
2 December | The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) supersedes the Kingdom of Laos. | |
30 November | The Republic of Dahomey changes its name to the People's Republic of Benin. | |
28 November | The Portuguese colony of East Timor declares its independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of East Timor. Dili remains the capital. Portugal and most other nations refuse to recognize the new government. | |
25 November | Suriname (Dutch Guiana) gains full independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands as the Republic of Suriname. Paramaribo remains the capital. | |
22 November | The restored Kingdom of Spain supersedes the Spanish State. | |
11 November | Due to Angola achieving independence, Angolan Forces invaded the Republic of Cabinda, successfully taking it back. | |
14 November | The Spanish State relinquishes control of Spanish Sahara. Both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania annex the region, now known as Western Sahara. | |
11 November | The State of Angola gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the People's Republic of Angola. Luanda remains the capital. | |
16 September | The Territory of Papua and New Guinea gains independence from the Commonwealth of Australia as the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby remains the capital. | |
1 September | The Republic of North Solomons declares independence from Australia. Buka is the capital. | |
1 August | The Republic of Cabinda declares independence from Portugal with little recognition. Cabinda is the capital. | |
12 July | São Tomé and Príncipe gain independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. The city of São Tomé remains the capital. | |
6 July | The Comoros gain independence from the French Republic as the State of Comoros. Moroni on Grande Comore remains the capital. | |
5 July | Cabo Verde gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Republic of Cape Verde. Praia on Santiago remains the capital. | |
25 June | Mozambique gains independence from the Portuguese Republic as the People's Republic of Mozambique. Lourenço Marques remains the capital. | |
16 May | The Kingdom of Sikkim unites with India as the State of Sikkim. | |
30 April | The Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam supersedes the Republic of Vietnam. The name of the capital is changed from Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City. | |
The capital of Malawi is moved from Zomba to Lilongwe. | ||
17 April | Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) supersedes the Khmer Republic. | |
1974 | 13 December | The Republic of Malta supersedes the State of Malta. |
19 October | Niue becomes a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing New Zealand citizenship. | |
10 September | The Republic of Guinea changes its name to the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and moves its capital from Madina do Boe to Bissau. The Portuguese Republic recognizes the independence of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. | |
16 August | The Turkish army reaches the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus, gaining about 40% of the territory of the island of Cyprus, after the invasion started on 20 July. | |
29 June | The Tanna Nation is taken back by the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium. | |
28 June | The Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (Derg) supersedes the Ethiopian Empire. | |
24 March | The Tanna Nation declares independence from the Anglo-French New Hebrides Condominium. | |
22 February | The Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognizes the independence of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. | |
7 February | Grenada gains independence from the United Kingdom. St. George's remains the capital. | |
4 January | The Union of Burma changes its name to the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. | |
1973 | 19 November | Uruguay recognizes Martín García Island as Argentine. |
24 September | Portuguese Guinea declares its independence from the Portuguese Republic as the Republic of Guinea. Recognition is limited. Madina do Boe is the temporary capital. | |
17 July | The Republic of Afghanistan supersedes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. | |
10 July | The Bahamas gain independence from the United Kingdom as the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. Nassau remains the capital. | |
10 July | The United Kingdom changes the name of its Crown Colony of British Honduras to the Crown Colony of Belize. | |
1 June | The Kingdom of Greece is renamed the Hellenic Republic. | |
In The Gambia, the capital of Bathurst is renamed Banjul. | ||
1972 | 1 September | The United States rescinded its claim of the Swan Islands ending the dispute with Honduras.[48] |
2 June | The United Republic of Cameroon supersedes the Federal Republic of Cameroon. | |
22 May | The Dominion of Ceylon changes its name to the Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka. | |
14 May | The Ryukyu Islands are returned to Japan. | |
10 February | The emirate of Ras al-Khaimah joins the United Arab Emirates. The city of Ras al-Khaimah yields to Abu Dhabi as the capital. | |
10 February | The Island of Rockall Act 1972 formally incorporates Rockall into the United Kingdom. | |
The capital of Indonesia, Djakarta, is renamed Jakarta. | ||
1971 | 2 December | The Trucial States gain full independence from the United Kingdom as the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi is the capital. |
27 October | The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes its name to the Republic of Zaire. | |
25 October | The Republic of China was replaced in the United Nations by the People's Republic of China. | |
3 September | Qatar gains full independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Qatar. Doha remains the capital. | |
1 September | The Arab Republic of Egypt supersedes the United Arab Republic. | |
16 August | Bahrain gains full independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Bahrain. Manama remains the capital. | |
19 April | Sierra Leone is renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone. | |
26 March | The People's Republic of Bangladesh declares its independence from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Dhaka is the capital. | |
1970 | 1 December | The People's Republic of South Yemen changes its name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. |
10 October | Fiji gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Dominion of Fiji. Suva remains the capital. | |
9 August | The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman is renamed the Sultanate of Oman. | |
1 August | The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of British Honduras from Belize City to Belmopan. | |
4 June | The Kingdom of Tonga gains full independence from the United Kingdom. Nukuʻalofa remains the capital. | |
4 June | The Gambia is renamed the Republic of the Gambia. | |
18 March | The Khmer Republic (Cambodia) supersedes the Kingdom of Cambodia. | |
2 March | Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia) unilaterally declares itself the Republic of Rhodesia. | |
2 March | Guyana is renamed the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. | |
15 January | The Republic of Biafra capitulates and is reabsorbed by the military junta controlled Federal Republic of Nigeria. Enugu falls to Lagos. | |
3 January | The Republic of the Congo is renamed the People's Republic of the Congo. |
1960s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1969 | 18 December | The Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone is divided and the border between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait is defined. |
21 October | The Somali Democratic Republic supersedes the Somali Republic. | |
1 September | Following a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi, the Kingdom of Libya becomes the Libyan Arab Republic. | |
25 May | The Democratic Republic of the Sudan supersedes the Republic of the Sudan. | |
19 March | The Republic of Anguilla is taken back by the United Kingdom. | |
4 January | Ifni is ceded to Morocco. | |
1968 | 11 November | The Republic of Maldives supersedes the Sultanate of Maldives. |
12 October | Spanish Guinea gains independence from the Spanish State as the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Malabo remains the capital. | |
6 September | The Kingdom of Swaziland gains full independence from the United Kingdom. Mbabane is the capital. | |
26 June | The Allied-occupied Bonin-Volcano Islands are given back to Japan. | |
12 March | Mauritius gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Mauritius. Port Louis remains the capital. | |
31 January | Nauru gains independence from a United Nations trusteeship jointly administered by the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as the Republic of Nauru. Yaren remains the de facto capital. | |
1967 | 7 November | South Yemen declares its independence from the United Kingdom as the People's Republic of South Yemen. Aden is the capital. |
20 September | The Republic of Benin is taken over by Nigeria. | |
19 September | The Republic of Benin becomes a puppet state that has no recognition from the parent state (Biafra). | |
8 September | Uganda is renamed the Republic of Uganda. | |
17 August | Biafra takes over the Benin region. | |
14 August | The capital of Pakistan is moved from Rawalpindi to Islamabad. | |
12 July | The Republic of Anguilla declares independence from the United Kingdom. | |
5 July | French Somaliland is renamed the French Territory of the Afars and Issas. | |
10 June | Israel captures the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from the United Arab Republic (Egypt), the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria as a result of the Six-Day War. | |
30 May | The Republic of Biafra secedes from the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Enugu is the capital. Recognized by Gabon, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia. | |
24 January | The Republic of the United States of Brazil changes its name to the Federative Republic of Brazil. | |
1966 | 30 November | Barbados gains independence from the United Kingdom. Bridgetown remains the capital. |
28 November | The Republic of Burundi supersedes the Kingdom of Burundi. | |
24 November | The Río Encuentro-Alto Palena Dispute between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined by arbitration by Elizabeth II. | |
4 October | The Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Kingdom of Lesotho. Maseru remains the capital. | |
30 September | Bechuanaland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Botswana. Gaborone remains the capital. | |
6 July | Nyasaland gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Malawi. Lilongwe remains the capital. | |
30 June | The Democratic Republic of the Congo changes the name of its capital from Léopoldville to Kinshasa. | |
26 May | The Crown Colony of British Guiana gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Georgetown remains the capital. | |
1965 | 11 November | The Cabinet of Southern Rhodesia issues its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom as Rhodesia, which goes unrecognized. Salisbury remains the capital. |
8 November | The United Kingdom creates the British Indian Ocean Territory from the Chagos Archipelago in Mauritius and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from Seychelles, as Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago. | |
21 August | The Romanian People's Republic changes its name to Socialist Republic of Romania. | |
9 August | The Republic of Singapore secedes from Malaysia. Singapore remains the capital. | |
4 August | The Cook Islands become a state in free association with New Zealand, sharing citizenship. | |
26 July | The British Protectorate over the Sultanate of Maldives ends. Male remains the capital. | |
18 February | The Gambia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of the Gambia. Banjul remains the capital. | |
1964 | 12 December | Kenya is renamed the Republic of Kenya. |
1 November | The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar changes its name to the United Republic of Tanzania. | |
24 October | Northern Rhodesia gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Republic of Zambia. Lusaka remains the capital. | |
21 September | The Crown Colony of Malta gains independence from the United Kingdom as the State of Malta. Valletta remains the capital. | |
1 August | The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville) changes its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. | |
6 July | Malawi gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lilongwe remains the capital. | |
26 April | The Republic of Tanganyika and the Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba unite to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Zanzibar City yields to Dar-es-Salaam as the capital. | |
4 March | The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is established in the Republic of Cyprus between Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities. | |
14 January | The Chamizal is split between Mexico and the United States.[49] | |
1963 | 31 December | The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is divided into Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland. |
15 December | The Spanish colonies of Fernando Pó and Río Muni merge to form Spanish Guinea. | |
12 December | The Republic of Kenya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Nairobi remains the capital. | |
10 December | Independence of the Sultanate of Zanzibar from the United Kingdom. | |
1 October | The Federation of Nigeria is renamed the Federal Republic of Nigeria. | |
23 September | The United Suvadive Republic is reunited with the Sultanate of Maldives. Hithadhoo yields to Male as the capital. | |
16 September | The Federation of Malaya unites with the British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and British North Borneo (Sabah) to form Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur remains the capital. | |
31 August | The Republic of Singapore gains independence from the United Kingdom. | |
30 June | The Kingdom of Rwenzururu declares independence from Uganda with no recognition. | |
1 May | The United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in New Guinea is transferred to Indonesia. | |
25 April | The Kingdom of Libya supersedes the United Kingdom of Libya. | |
7 April | The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia changes its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. | |
3 March | The disputed area of the Trans-Karakoram Tract is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it. | |
15 January | Katanga is taken back by Congo (Léopoldville). | |
The Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba gains independence from the United Kingdom. Zanzibar City remains the capital. | ||
1962 | 9 December | Tanganyika is renamed the Republic of Tanganyika. |
21 November | The disputed area of the Aksai Chin is given to China by Pakistan, although India still claims it. | |
14 November | Eritrea becomes a province of the Ethiopian Empire, losing the autonomy it had under federation. | |
9 October | The Republic of Uganda gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kampala remains the capital. | |
1 October | Netherlands New Guinea is transferred to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority. | |
27 September | Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) is overthrown by the Yemen Arab Republic. San'a becomes the capital. | |
26 September | The capital of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is moved from Ta'izz to Sana'a. | |
25 September | Algeria becomes the People's Democratic Algerian Republic. | |
31 August | The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago gains independence from the United Kingdom. Port of Spain remains the capital. | |
6 August | The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of the Cayman Islands. George Town is the capital. | |
The Crown Colony of Jamaica gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kingston remains the capital. | ||
3 July | The French overseas department of Algeria gains independence from the French Republic. Algiers remains the capital. | |
1 July | The Kingdom of Burundi and the Republic of Rwanda gain independence from the Kingdom of Belgium. Bujumbura and Kigali are the respective capitals. | |
31 May | The West Indies Federation is dissolved and member states return to their status as parts of the British West Indies. Chaguaramas yields to London as the capital. Changes include the following:
| |
3 March | The United Kingdom officially gives the territory claimed in Antarctica an entity, the British Antarctic Territory, although this is suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. | |
1 January | The Independent State of Western Samoa gains independence from New Zealand. Apia remains the capital. | |
1961 | 28 December | The Syrian Arab Republic secedes from the United Arab Republic, leaving Egypt as the sole member of the federation. Cairo remains the capital of the UAR. Damascus is again the capital of Syria. |
19 December | The Republic of India annexes Goa, Daman and Diu from Portuguese India. | |
9 December | The Republic of Tanganyika gains independence from the United Kingdom. Dar-es-Salaam remains the capital. | |
1 December | The Netherlands New Guinea is renamed West Papua. | |
1 October | The southern portion of the British Cameroons gains independence from the United Kingdom and unites with the Republic of Cameroun to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Yaoundé remains the capital. | |
28 September | In the United Arab States, Syria leaves the United Arab Republic and returns to the name of the Syrian Arab Republic. | |
The Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli joins India, as Portugal ceases to claim it. | ||
Portugal cedes São João Baptista de Ajudá to Dahomey. | ||
Portuguese fort São João Baptista de Ajudá (now Ouidah) is annexed by Dahomey. | ||
23 June | The Antarctic Treaty System enters force to administer the continent of Antarctica and all lands and waters south of the 60th parallel south. | |
19 June | The State of Kuwait gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kuwait City remains the capital. | |
31 May | The Union of South Africa ceases to be a Commonwealth realm and changes its name to the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria, Cape Town and Bloemfontein remain the capitals. | |
Northern British Cameroon joins Nigeria. | ||
27 April | The Republic of Sierra Leone gains independence from the United Kingdom. Freetown remains the capital. | |
14 January | India annexes Portuguese India, and Portugal maintains its claims to it. | |
1960 | 28 November | The Islamic Republic of Mauritania gains independence from the French Republic. Nouakchott remains the capital. |
1 October | The Federation of Nigeria gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lagos remains the capital. | |
22 September | The Republic of Mali gains independence from the French Republic. Bamako remains the capital. | |
20 August | The Republic of Senegal gains independence from the French Republic. Dakar remains the capital. | |
17 August | The Gabonese Republic (Gabon) gains independence from the French Republic. Libreville remains the capital. | |
16 August | The Republic of Cyprus gains independence from the United Kingdom. Lefkosia (Nicosia) remains the capital. The United Kingdom retains control of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. | |
15 August | The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) gains independence from the French Republic. Brazzaville remains the capital. | |
13 August | The Central African Republic gains independence from the French Republic. Bangui remains the capital. | |
11 August | The Republic of Chad gains independence from the French Republic. N'Djamena remains the capital. | |
7 August | The Côte d'Ivoire gains independence from the French Republic. Abidjan remains the capital. | |
5 August | The Republic of Upper Volta gains independence from the French Republic. Ouagadougou remains the capital. | |
3 August | The Republic of Niger gains independence from the French Republic. Niamey remains the capital. | |
1 August | The Republic of Dahomey gains independence from the French Republic. Porto-Novo remains the capital. | |
The capital of Pakistan is moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi. | ||
11 July | The Czechoslovak Republic changes its name to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. | |
The State of Katanga declares independence from the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) with no recognition. | ||
1 July | The Somali Republic (Somalia) is created from a merger of the former colonies of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland. Mogadishu is the capital. | |
30 June | The Belgian Congo gains independence from the Kingdom of Belgium as the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville). Léopoldville remains the capital. | |
26 June | The Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains independence from the French Republic. Antananarivo remains the capital. | |
20 June | Independence of French Sudan from France with Senegal as the Mali Federation. | |
27 April | The Togolese Republic (Togo) gains independence from the French Republic. Lomé remains the capital. | |
21 April | The Republic of the United States of Brazil moves its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília. | |
1 January | The Republic of Cameroun gains independence from the French Republic. Yaoundé remains the capital. | |
The British Virgin Islands become a separate colony from the West Indies Federation. |
1950s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1959 | 4 July | In the West Indies Federation, the Turks and Caicos Islands become a separate colony from Jamaica. |
30 June | Fernando Pó and Río Muni are merged to form Spanish Guinea. | |
4 April | In French Africa, the colonies of Senegal and Soudan merge to form the Mali Federation. | |
3 January | The United Suvadive Republic secedes from the Sultanate of Maldives. Hithadhoo is the capital. | |
1958 | 19 December | The French Colony of Niger joins the French Community. |
11 December | The French Colony of Upper Volta joins the French Community. | |
8 December | Sovereignty over Gwadar is transferred from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman to Pakistan. | |
4 December | The French Colony of Dahomey joins the French Community. | |
The French Colony of Ivory Coast joins the French Community. | ||
1 December | The French Colony of Ubangi-Shari joins the French Community as the Central African Republic. | |
28 November | The following French colonies join the newly created French Community: | |
15 October | The Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) gains autonomy within the French Community. Antananarivo is the capital. | |
2 October | The Republic of Guinea gains independence from the French Republic. Conakry is the capital. | |
1 October | Sovereignty over Christmas Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia. | |
14 July | The Republic of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are created from the dissolution of the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. Baghdad remains the capital of Iraq. Amman is again the capital of Jordan. | |
10 April | Spanish West Africa is disestablished:
| |
8 March | The United Arab States are created from Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) and the United Arab Republic. | |
22 February | The Egyptian Republic and the Syrian Arab Republic unite to form the United Arab Republic. Damascus yields to Cairo as the capital. | |
The French-administered United Nations Trust Territory of French Togoland is renamed Togo. | ||
14 February | The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan unite to form the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan. Amman yields to Baghdad as the capital. | |
12 January | Ifni is separated from Spanish West Africa. | |
3 January | The United Kingdom establishes the West Indies Federation as a federation of most of the British West Indies, excluding the British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas. The de jure capital is Chaguaramas on Trinidad and the de facto capital is Port of Spain on Trinidad. | |
1957 | 31 August | The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Kuala Lumpur is the capital. |
14 August | The Sherifian Empire is renamed the Kingdom of Morocco. | |
25 July | The Tunisian Realm is renamed the Tunisian Republic. | |
6 March | The Republic of Ghana gains independence from the United Kingdom. Accra is the capital. | |
1 January | Saar is given to West Germany as the state of Saarland. | |
1956 | 13 December | British Togoland is merged into the Gold Coast. |
29 October | The Tangier International Zone under joint administration of France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium is reintegrated into Morocco. | |
18 June | The Egyptian Republic declares its complete independence from the United Kingdom. | |
7 April | Spanish Morocco becomes part of Morocco. | |
23 March | Pakistan adopts a new constitution and changes its name to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. | |
20 March | The Tunisian Republic gains independence from the French Republic. Tunis is the capital. | |
2 March | The Kingdom of Morocco gains independence from the French Republic. Rabat is the capital. | |
1 January | The Republic of Sudan gains independence from the United Kingdom. Khartoum is the capital. Egypt relinquishes its claim to Sudan. | |
1955 | The Kingdom of Bhutan makes Thimphu the sole capital. | |
20 December | Cardiff is recognised as the official capital of Wales. From 1689-1955 the country did not have an official capital. Its last capital, Ludlow, had been the last administrative capital and seat of the Council of Wales and the Marches from 1472 and 1689. | |
23 November | The United Kingdom gives the Cocos (Keeling) Islands to Australia. | |
26 October | The State of Vietnam is renamed the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). | |
18 September | Rockall is officially claimed by the United Kingdom. | |
23 August | The border between Panama and Panama Canal Zone, United States is redefined resulting in several border changes. Punta Paitilla, the land held on Taboga Island, and the remaining American holdings in Colón and Panama City are ceded to Panama.[50] | |
6 August | The French overseas territory of Adélie Land and the Malagasy dependencies of the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam merge to form the French Southern and Antarctic Lands | |
15 May | The Republic of Austria regains its independence. Allied occupation ends. Vienna is the capital. | |
11 April | The corridor of Panama inside Panama Canal Zone, United States is slightly shifted. Slight territory exchanges due to bridges and highways.[51][52] | |
1954 | 20 December | The French Republic recognizes the independence of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Phnom Penh remains the capital. |
15 December | The Kingdom of the Netherlands makes the Netherlands Territory of Curaçao one of its three constituent countries as the Netherlands Antilles. Willemstad on Curaçao remains the capital. | |
The Kingdom of the Netherlands makes the Netherlands Territory of Surinam one of its three constituent countries as Suriname. Paramaribo remains the capital. | ||
26 October | The Free Territory of Trieste is divided between Italy and Yugoslavia. | |
11 August | The Republic of India annexes Dadra and Nagar Haveli from the Portuguese India. | |
2 August | In the Free Dadra, the capital is moved from Dadra to Silvassa. | |
27 July | The Free Dadra declared independence from Portugal, with recognition only from India. | |
7 March | The Sultanate of Maldives supersedes the Republic of Maldives. | |
20 July | The French Republic recognizes the independence of Vietnam divided between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Hanoi and Saigon are the respective capitals. | |
15 April | The Geneva Accords grant independence to Vietnam, which is provisionally divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam. | |
1953 | 9 November | The Kingdom of Cambodia declares its independence from the French Republic. Phnom Penh is the capital. |
22 October | The Kingdom of Laos (Laos) gains independence from the French Republic. Vientiane is the capital. | |
1 August | The British colonies of Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland merge to form Rhodesia and Nyasaland. | |
27 July | The Korean Armistice Agreement is signed, establishing the Korean Demilitarized Zone along the border between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). | |
13 June | The Egyptian Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Egypt. | |
15 April | The United States of Venezuela is renamed the Republic of Venezuela.[53] | |
12 January | The Estonian Government in Exile is established, in parallel to Estonian diplomatic legations abroad. They are later both declared as keepers of the legal continuity of the restored Republic of Estonia. | |
1 January | The Republic of Maldives supersedes the Sultanate of Maldives. | |
1952 | 17 October | The unrecognized Republic of the South Moluccas is taken back over by Indonesia. |
15 September | Italian Eritrea is federated within the Ethiopian Empire. | |
22 July | The Republic of Poland changes its name to the Polish People's Republic. | |
28 April | End of the Allied occupation of Japan. | |
1951 | 24 December | The United Kingdom of Libya gains independence from a United Nations trusteeship, previously having been divided into the independent Emirate of Cyrenaica, British-administered Tripolitania and the French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames. Tripoli is the capital. |
11 June | Due to Portuguese colonies being reorganized as overseas provinces, Portuguese East Africa is renamed Mozambique and Portuguese West Africa is renamed Angola. | |
23 May | The unrecognized state of Tibet is incorporated into the People's Republic of China. | |
15 February | The Republic of Poland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics exchange territory along their common border. | |
1950 | 5 December | The Kingdom of Sikkim signs a protectorate treaty with India, becoming a part of it. |
17 August | The Republic of the United States of Indonesia becomes a unitary state and changes its name back to the Republic of Indonesia. | |
25 April | The Republic of the South Moluccas declares independence from Indonesia with no recognition. | |
26 January | India adopts a republican constitution and changes its name to the Republic of India. |
1940s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1949 | 27 December | The Republic of Indonesia becomes a federation as the Republic of the United States of Indonesia and its independence is formally recognised by the Netherlands. The capital returns to Jakarta from Yogyakarta. |
8 December | The government of the Republic of China leaves Mainland China for Taiwan where the regime is based today. Taipei becomes the de facto capital. | |
5 December | The State of Israel declares Jerusalem its official capital. Tel Aviv continues to serve as the de facto capital. | |
21 November | The British administered protectorates of the Emirate of Cyrenaica, the occuptied territory of Tripolitania, and the French occupied territory of Fezzan merge to form a jointly administered Libya. | |
8 November | The remains of French Indochina form the French-administered Kingdom of Cambodia. | |
6 November | The Australian administered Territory of New Guinea and the Territory of Papua merge to form the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. | |
November | The British-occupied territory of Italian Somaliland is transferred to Italy as the Trust Territory of Somalia. | |
20 October | The Soviet-backed East Turkestan Republic is taken over by the People's Republic of China. | |
7 October | The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is established in occupied eastern Germany. East Berlin is the capital. | |
1 October | Mao Zedong proclaims the People's Republic of China. Beijing is the capital. | |
9 September | The Kingdom of Tripura merges with India. | |
20 August | The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Republic. | |
8 August | The Indian protectorate of the Kingdom of Bhutan declares independence. | |
19 July | The area of Laos in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the Kingdom of Laos. | |
20 June | The 1948 Arab–Israeli War ends, resulting in former mandate territory split among Israel, Jordan, and Egypt. | |
14 June | The area of Vietnam in French Indochina becomes a separate entity under France as the State of Vietnam, though North Vietnam still claims independence. | |
23 May | The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and West Berlin are established in the U.S., British, and French occupation zones of Germany. Bonn is the capital. | |
11 May | The Kingdom of Siam changes its name back to the Kingdom of Thailand. | |
3 April | The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan is renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. | |
31 March | The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Canada as the Province of Newfoundland following the Newfoundland referendums. St. John's yields to Ottawa as the capital. | |
10 March | As a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel captures half of the land allotted to an Arab state under the Partition Plan, Jordan occupies the West Bank, and Egypt occupies the Gaza Strip. | |
2 March | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of Central Java is established. | |
1 March | The Emirate of Cyrenaica is created from part of the British Military Administration of Libya. The capital is Benghazi. | |
1 January | New Zealand annexes the Tokelau Islands. Also, creates a dispute with the United State's claims of Atafu, Fakaofo, and Nukunono.[54] | |
1948 | 26 November | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of East Java is established. |
20 September | The Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies is renamed the Netherlands Antilles, as the dependencies gain equality in level of sovereignty. | |
12 September | The State of Hyderabad is annexed by India. | |
9 September | Korea is divided between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Pyongyang and Seoul are the respective capitals. | |
30 August | In the Dutch East Indies, the State of South Sumatra is established. | |
15 August | Establishment of the Republic of Korea out of British/American/United Nations occupied Korea (South Korea). | |
17 July | The Republic of the Philippines moves its capital from Manila to Quezon City. | |
14 May | The State of Israel is established upon the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine. Tel Aviv is the capital.[55] | |
25 April | In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is renamed the Sundanese State. | |
18 April | Ireland is declared a republic. | |
1 April | The Faroe Islands becomes a self-governing dependency. | |
27 March | Kalat State is integrated into the Dominion of Pakistan. | |
26 February | In the Dutch East Indies, the State of West Java is created. | |
4 February | The Crown Colony of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) gains independence from the United Kingdom as the Dominion of Ceylon. Colombo remains the capital until 1982. | |
In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is renamed the Federation of East Kalimantan. | ||
30 January | In the United Kingdom, the Malayan Union is renamed the Federation of Malaya. | |
23 January | In the Dutch East Indies, the states of Bangka Council, the Belitung Council, and the Riau Council are merged as the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation. | |
In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous State of Madura is created. | ||
14 January | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Territory of Banjar is created. | |
4 January | The Union of Burma gains independence from the United Kingdom. Yangon (British Rangoon) is the capital until 2005. | |
The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) moves its capital from Sana'a to Taiz. | ||
1947 | 30 December | The Romanian People's Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Romania. |
26 December | Sovereignty over the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands is transferred from the United Kingdom to Australia. | |
25 December | In the Dutch East Indies, the Special Territory of East Sumatra is renamed the State of East Sumatra. | |
15 December | France claims the Saar as a protectorate from occupied Germany. | |
25 November | The Dominion of New Zealand ceases to be a dominion of the British Empire. | |
1 November | The League of Nations Mandate of Nauru is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory. | |
27 October | The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is divided between India and Pakistan.[56] | |
16 October | Seven of the Turtle Islands are ceded to the Philippines by the United Kingdom. | |
8 October | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Special Territory of East Sumatra is created. | |
15 September | The Free Territory of Trieste is created in Central Europe. | |
27 August | In the Dutch East Indies, the Siak Besar Territory is created. | |
15 August | The Dominion of India gains independence from the United Kingdom. New Delhi is the capital. | |
14 August | The Dominion of Pakistan gains independence from the United Kingdom. Karachi is the capital. | |
12 August | Independence of the Balochistan (Kalat State) from the United Kingdom. | |
18 July | The South Pacific (League of Nations) Mandate, governed by Japan, is transferred to the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by the United States. | |
12 July | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous states of Bangka Council and Riau Council are created. | |
12 May | In the Dutch East Indies, the Federation of West Kalimantan is renamed the Special Territory of West Kalimantan. | |
3 May | The new Constitution of Japan is adopted, dissolving the Greater Japanese Empire. | |
10 February | The Italian Republic returns its concession in Tientsin to the Republic of China. | |
25 January | The New Zealand-administered League of Nations Mandate of Western Samoa is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory. | |
8 January | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of South Kalimantan is established. | |
1946 | 27 December | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous State of Great East is renamed the State of East Indonesia. |
24 December | In the Dutch East Indies, the State of Great East is established. | |
15 December | The Soviet-occupied area of the Republic of Mahabad is returned to Iran. | |
10 December | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous Belitung Council is established. | |
8 December | The League of Nations Mandate of the Territory of New Guinea is transferred as a United Nations Trust Territory, administered by Australia. | |
7 December | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of Dayak Besar is established. | |
December | Several League of Nations Mandates in Africa are transferred as United Nations Trust Territories:
| |
November | The Soviet-occupied area of the Azerbaijan People's Government is returned to Iran. | |
27 October | The French Republic elevates its unhabited possession of Adélie Land to an overseas territory. | |
The French Republic elevates its colonies of French Equatorial Africa, French West Africa, and Madagascar to overseas territories; the French colony of Comoros is separated from Madagascar; and French Somaliland is renamed the Territory of French Somaliland. | ||
The French Republic elevates its French Establishments in India to an overseas territory. | ||
The French Establishments in Oceania are renamed the French Settlements in Oceania. | ||
New Caledonia and Dependencies is renamed the Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies. | ||
Saint Pierre and Miquelon is renamed the Territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon. | ||
22 October | In the Dutch East Indies, the autonomous state of the Federation of West Kalimantan is established. | |
14 October | The Provisional Government of the French Republic is renamed the French Republic. | |
15 September | The People's Republic of Bulgaria supersedes the Tsardom of Bulgaria. Sofia is the capital. | |
26 July | The Spanish colonies of Ifni and Spanish Sahara merge to form Spanish West Africa. | |
13 July | In Montenegro (then part of Yugoslavia), the city of Podgorica is renamed Titograd. | |
4 July | The Republic of the Philippines gains independence from the United States of America. Manila is the capital. | |
In the Soviet Union, the city of Königsberg is renamed Kaliningrad. | ||
2 June | The Kingdom of Italy is renamed the Italian Republic. | |
25 May | The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan gains independence from a British League of Nations Mandate. Amman is the capital. | |
1 April | The colony of the Malayan Union is formed from the following protectorates: | |
19 March | The French Republic elevates its colonies of Algeria and Réunion to overseas departments. | |
The French Republic elevates its colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique to overseas departments. | ||
The French Republic elevates its colony of Guyane (French Guiana) to an overseas department. | ||
28 February | The following French concessions are ceded to the Republic of China:
| |
1 February | The Hungarian Republic supersedes the Hungarian Kingdom. | |
22 January | The Soviet Union occupies part of northwestern Iran, and that area forms the puppet state of the Republic of Mahabad. | |
11 January | The People's Republic of Albania supersedes the Democratic Government of Albania. | |
4 January | The Republic of Indonesia moves its capital from Jakarta to Yogyakarta. | |
1945 | 29 December | The Netherlands New Guinea is separated from the Dutch East Indies. |
26 December | The Republic of Poland becomes independent. | |
2 December | The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia supersedes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. | |
29 November | The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia is renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. | |
November | The Soviet Union invades northwest Iran and creates the puppet state of the Azerbaijan People's Government. | |
25 October | Taiwan is returned to the Republic of China. | |
17 October | The Soviet Union annexes northern East Prussia. | |
16 October | The Japanese puppet state of the Kingdom of Cambodia is taken over by France and put back under French Indochina. | |
10 October | In occupied Japan, Banaba Island is given back over by the Gilbert and Ellice Islands under the United Kingdom. | |
7 October | In occupied Japan, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are given back to the British Raj. | |
October | In occupied Japan, Christmas Island is given back to the United Kingdom. | |
23 September | The Kingdom of Laos, which was under Japanese occupation, is taken back by France as part of French Indochina. | |
16 September | The British occupation of the Faroe Islands ends and is handed back to Denmark. | |
15 September | The Soviet Union's occupation of the People's Republic of Korea ends. | |
13 September | Nauru is taken over by Allied forces and placed under a United Nations trusteeship administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. | |
12 September | Malaya is given back to the United Kingdom from occupied Japan and is split into the Federated Malay States and the State of Johor Darul Ta'zim. | |
Syonan-to is taken back over by the United Kingdom from Japan as the Straits Settlements. Singapore is the capital. | ||
11 September | In occupied Japan, Timor is split between the Portuguese East Timor and the Dutch West Timor. | |
10 September | Bourneo Kita and the occupation of the British protectorate of the Kingdom of Sarawak are taken back over by the United Kingdom as North Borneo. | |
9 September | The Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China is taken over by the Republic of China. | |
8 September | The Kingdom of Thailand changes its name back to the Kingdom of Siam. | |
The following states are freed from the Empire of Japan (which becomes occupied by Allied forces) and become their own states from Malaya: | ||
4 September | The United States occupies Wake Island from Japan. | |
3 September | The United States occupies the Bonin Islands and Volcano Islands from Japan. | |
2 September | The Democratic Republic of Vietnam declares its independence from the French Republic. Hanoi is the capital. | |
The Empire of Japan surrenders to Allied Forces. | ||
The capital of the Republic of China is moved from Chungking back to Nanking. | ||
September | The concessions in Shanghai, Tientsin, and Kouang-Tchéou-Wan are re-controlled by France. | |
30 August | Bảo Đại abdicates. End of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. | |
28 August | British Hong Kong becomes a crown colony. | |
22 August | The Kwantung Leased Territory is returned to the Republic of China. | |
18 August | The Japanese create a separate political entity for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. | |
17 August | The Republic of Indonesia declares its independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Jakarta is the capital. | |
The Commonwealth of the Philippines takes over the Japanese-occupied independent Republic of the Philippines. | ||
16 August | Hong Kong is liberated from Japan by Allied forces and put under British rule. | |
15 August | Korea gains independence from the Empire of Japan. Seoul is the capital. | |
The Great Empire of Manchuria is taken over by the Soviet Union. | ||
French Indochina is recovered by France. | ||
11 August | The Japanese-occupied Empire of Vietnam is taken back over by France. | |
29 June | A treaty is signed between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia having the Soviet Union annex Subcarpathian Ruthenia. | |
14 June | The State of Brunei is retaken by the United Kingdom and is classified as a protectorate. | |
13 May | The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is integrated back into Czechoslovakia. | |
9 May | Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Norway) is liberated by Allied forces and its possessions are returned (Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Queen Maud Land). | |
The Channel Islands are liberated from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom as the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey. | ||
8 May | Nazi Germany surrenders to the Allied Forces. | |
The Independent State of Croatia is taken over by Allied forces and given back to Yugoslavia. | ||
7 May | The Dodecanese Islands are taken over by Allied forces and given to Greece. | |
5 May | The occupation of the Kingdom of Denmark by the Flensburg Government ends. Greenland is returned to Denmark from United States protection. | |
The Reichskommissariat Niederlande (the Netherlands) is liberated and merged with the colonies loyal to the government-in-exile of Curaçao and Dependencies and the Surinam to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. | ||
1 May | Following the death of Adolf Hitler and the Allied victory in the Battle of Berlin, the government of Nazi Germany is moved to Flensburg and the Flensburg Government is created. | |
27 April | The second Republic of Austria is established in occupied Austria. Vienna is the capital. The independence is recognised by the Allied Forces. | |
25 April | The Italian Social Republic is recovered from Nazi Germany and given to the Kingdom of Italy. | |
8 April | The Kingdom of Laos declares independence under Japanese occupation, while Japanese Indochina ceases to exist as a political entity. | |
4 April | The Slovak Republic is liberated and given to the Czechoslovak Republic. | |
3 April | The Czechoslovak Republic is liberated from Nazi Germany. | |
The United States takes over the Ryukyu Islands and administers it as the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands. | ||
27 March | The State of Burma is taken back over by Allied forces and becomes the British crown colony of Burma. | |
20 March | France regains Alsace-Lorraine. | |
18 March | The Kingdom of Cambodia declares independence from Japan under its occupation. | |
11 March | The Empire of Vietnam declares independence from Japan under its occupation. | |
8 March | The Kingdom of Hungary is liberated from Nazi Germany. | |
17 January | The Polish area of the General Government is liberated from Nazi Germany by the Allied Forces. | |
1944 | 17 June | The Kingdom of Iceland ends its personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark and becomes a republic. |
31 December | The Republic of Poland gains independence. | |
15 December | The Kingdom of Montenegro, a puppet state of the Italian Social Republic (itself a puppet state of Nazi Germany), is taken over by Allied forces. | |
13 November | The Independent State of Macedonia is liberated from the Axis powers, and Yugoslavia takes it back. | |
12 November | The East Turkestan Republic declares independence from the Republic of China. | |
3 November | The Hellenic State is completely liberated from the Axis powers. The Kingdom of Greece takes over the rest of it. | |
20 October | The Albanian Kingdom is liberated from the Axis powers as the Democratic Government of Albania. | |
The Military Administration in Serbia is liberated from the Axis powers, and Yugoslavia resumes control of it. | ||
16 October | The Kingdom of Hungary becomes a puppet state of Nazi Germany, keeping the name of the Kingdom of Hungary. | |
13 October | The Kingdom of Greece returns to power after Athens is recovered. | |
The Reichskommissariat Ostland is completely taken over by Allied forces and integrated into the Soviet Union. | ||
11 October | The Soviet Union annexes the Tuvan People's Republic. | |
11 September | The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is liberated from Nazi Germany. | |
8 September | The Independent State of Macedonia is created in Bulgarian-controlled Macedonia. | |
3 September | The Military Administration in Belgium and North France is liberated from Nazi Germany. The Kingdom of Belgium is reformed, as Belgian Congo is put under the Belgian government's control after having remained loyal to the government-in-exile. | |
20 August | The French State (Vichy France) is renamed the Provisional Government of the French Republic. All of its colonies had remained loyal to the Free French Forces until Vichy France was disestablished, and Clipperton Island is returned. | |
10 August | Omiya Jima is taken over by the United States from Japan. | |
3 February | The Marshall Islands are taken over by the United States from the Empire of Japan. | |
2 February | The Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Ukraine) is taken back over by the Soviet Union. | |
1943 | 1 December | The National Republic State of Italy is renamed the Italian Social Republic. |
22 November | The Mandate of Syria, made up of the State of Greater Lebanon and the Syrian Republic, are given independence as the Lebanese Republic and the Syrian Republic, respectively. | |
23 October | The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are taken over by Allied forces. | |
14 October | The Japanese-occupied Philippines is given independence as the Republic of the Philippines. | |
23 September | The part of Italy under German occupation is made into a separate country as the National Republican State of Italy. | |
11 September | The Dodecanese Islands becomes an occupied territory under Nazi Germany from Italy. | |
10 September | The Kingdom of Montenegro becomes a protectorate under Nazi Germany from Italy. | |
8 September | The Albanian Kingdom becomes a protectorate of Nazi Germany from Italy. | |
September | The French Antilles and Guiana is split into French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Inini, Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon. | |
15 August | Kiska is annexed back to the United States from the Empire of Japan after an Allied invasion. | |
1 August | Burma is given independence under Japanese occupation as the State of Burma. | |
30 July | The Shanghai French Concession and the Tientsin French Concession are taken over by Japan. | |
26 June | The German Reich is officially renamed the Greater German Reich. | |
30 May | Attu Island is reconquered by the United States. | |
February | Kouang-Tchéou-Wan is conquered by Japan. | |
January | The French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames is created when Free French forces from Chad invade southern Italian Libya. Sabha is the capital. | |
1942 | 28 December | The Allied Forces take French Somaliland from Vichy France. |
14 December | The Allied Forces take Madagascar from Vichy France. | |
28 November | The Allied Forces take Réunion from Vichy France. | |
8 November | The Allied Forces take the Kingdom of Morocco from Vichy France. | |
1 November | The Karafuto Prefecture is integrated into Mainland Japan. | |
November | The British Military Administration of Libya begins when British forces invade Cyrenaica from Egypt. | |
The Allied Forces take French West Africa from Vichy France. | ||
23 October | The Allied Forces take Tripolitania from Italy, and it becomes an occupied territory of the United Kingdom. | |
9 October | The Commonwealth of Australia ceases to be a dominion within the British Empire. | |
26 August | The Japanese occupy Banaba Island and Nauru from the United Kingdom. | |
1 August | The Japanese occupy Burma from the United Kingdom. | |
7 June | The Japanese occupy Atsuta Jima and Narukami Jima from the United States. | |
31 March | The Japanese occupy Christmas Island and the Straits Settlements from the United Kingdom as part of Japanese Malaya. | |
23 March | The Japanese occupy the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from the United Kingdom. | |
8 March | The Japanese occupy the Netherlands East Indies from the Netherlands as Indonesia. | |
20 February | The Japanese occupy Portuguese Timor and Dutch Timor as Timor. | |
15 February | The Japanese occupy Singapore from the United Kingdom as Syonan-to. | |
31 January | The Japanese occupy the State of Johor Darul Ta'zim and the Federated Malay States from the United Kingdom as part of Japanese Malaya. | |
18 January | The Japanese occupy Bourneo Kita from the United Kingdom. | |
6 January | The Japanese occupy the State of Brunei Darussalam from the United Kingdom. | |
2 January | The Japanese occupy the Commonwealth of the Philippines from the United States as the Philippines. | |
1941 | 25 December | The Japanese occupy British Hong Kong as the Hong Kong Occupied Territory. |
24 December | The Japanese occupy the Kingdom of Sarawak as Sarawak. | |
23 December | Wake Island is taken over by Japan from the United States as Otori Jima. | |
22 December | Within British Malaya, the State of Kelantan Darul Naim is taken over by Japan. | |
14 December | Within British Malaya, the State of Kedah Darul Aman is taken over by Japan. | |
11 December | The Japanese occupy the State of Terengganu Darul Iman from the United Kingdom as part of Japanese Malaya. | |
10 December | The Territory of Guam is taken over by Japan from the United States as Omiya Jima. | |
8 December | The Japanese begin the invasion of Malaya in the State of Perlis Indera Kavangan and take it over as Japanese Malaya. | |
28 November | Italian East Africa is taken over by the Allied Forces. | |
17 July | After the invasion of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, Nazi Germany creates the Reichskommissariat Ostland. | |
After the invasion of Ukraine, Nazi Germany creates the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. | ||
12 July | After Italy invades Montenegro, it creates the protectorate of the Kingdom of Montenegro. | |
July | The French share French Indochina with Japan. | |
19 May | Eritrea is taken over by the United Kingdom. | |
5 May | The Ethiopian Empire is revived after being under Italian control. | |
30 April | The Military Administration in Serbia is created after Nazi Germany invades it. | |
17 April | The Kingdom of Yugoslavia is dissolved due to Axis invasions. | |
9 April | Greenland and the Kingdom of Iceland are put under United States protection from the Danish government-in-exile. | |
6 April | The Kingdom of Greece is taken over by Axis forces. | |
16 March | The British Somaliland protectorate is taken over by Allied forces. | |
26 February | Allied forces take over Italian Somaliland, which is placed under the protection of the United Kingdom. | |
February | Cyrenaica is taken over by the United Kingdom. | |
1940 | 12 November | French Equatorial Africa is taken over by forces loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF). |
4 November | The international city of Tangier is taken over by Spain. | |
22 September | New Caledonia and Dependencies are taken over by forces loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF). | |
9 September | French India is taken over by forces loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF). | |
2 September | French Oceania is taken over by forces loyal to the Free French Forces (FFF). | |
19 August | British Somaliland is taken over by Italian forces and becomes a part of Italian East Africa. | |
6 August | The Estonian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 16th union republic. This move is not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community. | |
5 August | The Latvian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 15th union republic. This move is not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community. | |
3 August | The Lithuanian SSR is illegally annexed into the Soviet Union as the 14th union republic. This move is not recognized by the United States, United Kingdom or the international community. | |
2 August | The Moldavian SSR is created from a larger part of Bessarabia, a region annexed from Romania on 28 June, and integrated into the Soviet Union as the 13th union republic. | |
31 July | The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is renamed the General Government. | |
21 July | The Estonian, Latvian and the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics are declared in Soviet-occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Most of the international community will not recognize Soviet rule in these occupied countries and some will keep recognizing their diplomatic legations abroad. | |
1 July | The Bailiwick of Jersey is taken over by Nazi Germany. | |
30 June | The Bailiwick of Guernsey is taken over by Nazi Germany. | |
28 June | The Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina regions of Romania. | |
22 June | The French Republic is renamed the French State (Vichy France). | |
17 June | The Soviet Union invades the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Latvia. | |
15 June | The Soviet Union invades the Republic of Lithuania. Many states | |
Nazi Germany annexes Alsace-Lorraine. | ||
7 June | The Realm Commissariat for the Occupied Norwegian Territories is created when German forces invade the Kingdom of Norway and its possessions. Oslo is the capital. | |
17 May | The Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France and the Realm Commissariat of Belgium and Northern France are created when German forces invade the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels is the capital. | |
14 May | The Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories is created when German forces invade the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Amsterdam is the capital. | |
10 May | The Military Administration of Luxembourg and the Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg are created when German forces invade the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourg City is the capital. | |
12 April | The Faroe Islands are put under British occupation. | |
9 April | The Kingdom of Denmark is invaded by German forces, while Greenland is granted autonomy. | |
30 March | The Provisional Government of the Republic of China and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China merge to form the Reorganized National Government of China. | |
12 March | The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic is formed when Soviet forces invade the Finnish Democratic Republic. Petrozavodsk is the capital. |
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1930s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1939 | 1 December | The Finnish Democratic Republic is created after the invasion of Finland by the Soviet Union. Terijoki is the de facto capital. |
12 October | The General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories is created after the invasion of the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany. | |
6 October | The former territory of the Republic of Poland is partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. | |
28 September | The Republic of Poland falls as a government, inviting military occupation by Nazi Germany. | |
14 September | The colonies of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Inini, Martinique, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon merge into the colony of the French Antilles and Guiana. | |
2 September | The Free City of Danzig is annexed by Nazi Germany. Danzig yields to Berlin as the capital. | |
1 September | World War II begins with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. | |
The Japanese-occupied Mengjiang is renamed the "Mengjiang United Autonomous Government". | ||
16 August | The United States claims Fakaofo, Funafuti, Hull Island, Niulakita, Nukufetau, and Nukulaelae.[57] | |
27 July | Panama annexes a corridor of land connecting both separated pieces from the Panama Canal Zone, United States.[58] | |
23 July | Turkey fully annexes the Republic of Hatay. | |
10 July | Nazi Germany changes its name to the Greater German Empire. | |
23 June | The Kingdom of Siam changes its name to the Kingdom of Thailand. | |
12 April | Italy annexes the Albanian Kingdom. | |
6 April | The islands of Canton and Enderbury are put under the Canton and Enderbury Islands condominium of the United States and the United Kingdom. | |
1 April | The Spanish State supersedes the Second Spanish Republic. | |
18 March | Carpatho-Ukraine is annexed by Hungary. | |
15 March | Czechoslovakia is partitioned into the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia, and Carpatho-Ukraine. | |
1938 | 30 September | The Munich Agreement transfers the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany and gives parts of Slovakia to Hungary. |
The Czechoslovak Republic is renamed the Czecho-Slovak Republic. | ||
7 September | The area known as Hatay gains independence from Syria as the Hatay State. | |
29 July | The Australian Federal Capital Territory is renamed the Australian Capital Territory. | |
28 March | The Reformed Government of the Republic of China is formed after Japan invades northeastern China. | |
13 March | Nazi Germany absorbs the Federal State of Austria in Anschluss. Vienna yields to Berlin as the capital. | |
8 March | The United States claims the Canton and Enderbury Islands. | |
14 January | Norway lays claims in Antarctica as Queen Maud Land, which lies between 20° west and 45° east. | |
12 January | Tristan da Cunha becomes a dependency of Saint Helena, a crown colony of the United Kingdom. | |
1937 | 29 December | The Irish Free State changes its name to Ireland. |
14 December | The Japanese invasion of China continues with the creation of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. | |
5 December | The Japanese invade Shanghai, creating the Dadao Municipal Government of Shanghai. | |
22 November | The Mongol Military Government is renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government. | |
1 April | The Aden Settlement is separated from British India and changed into the Aden Colony and Protectorate. The city of Aden becomes the capital. | |
British Burma is separated from the British Raj. | ||
1936 | 22 December | The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 is ratified and all British troops are withdrawn from Egypt, except for the Suez Canal Zone. |
5 December | In the French Mandate of Syria, the Sanjak of Latakia is integrated into the Syrian Republic. | |
2 December | In the French Mandate of Syria, the Jabal ad-Druze is integrated into the Syrian Republic. | |
14 October | Spanish Guinea is taken over by Spanish Nationalist forces. | |
September | Ifni and Spanish Sahara are taken over by Spanish Nationalist forces. | |
6 August | The United Kingdom claims Enderbury Island and McKean Island and reassert their claim to Kanton Island. | |
23 July | The Spanish State proclaims itself the sole government of Spain. | |
17 July | Spanish Nationalist forces take over Spanish Morocco, starting the Spanish Civil War. | |
1 June | The Italian colonies of Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland merge to form Italian East Africa. | |
9 May | The Ethiopian Empire is taken over by Italy as Italian Ethiopia after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. | |
The former colony of Curaçao and Dependencies is renamed the Territory of Curaçao following the implementation of several laws resulting from the 1922 abolition of colonies in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Willemstad on Curaçao remains the capital. | ||
1935 | 25 November | The East Hebei Autonomous Government is created in China after the invasion of eastern Hebei by the Empire of Japan. Tongzhou is the capital. |
15 November | The United States territory of the Philippines becomes the semi-independent Commonwealth of the Philippines. | |
3 November | The Hellenic Republic is renamed the Kingdom of Greece after a coup d'état restores the monarchy. | |
1 April | The Territory of the Saar Basin is taken over by Nazi Germany. | |
26 March | Jarvis Island is transferred from the United Kingdom to the United States. | |
21 March | Reza Shah Pahlavi changes the name of Imperial State of Persia to the Imperial State of Iran. | |
1934 | 15 October | The Chinese Soviet Republic is annexed by the Republic of China. |
7 October | The Catalan State is disestablished and is reabsorbed into the Spanish Republic. Barcelona yields to Madrid as the capital. | |
6 October | The Catalan State proclaims itself independent of the Spanish Republic. Barcelona is the capital. | |
1 March | Manchukuo is renamed to "Manchutikuo". | |
6 February | The Islamic Republic of East Turkistan is taken over by the Republic of China. | |
1 January | Italy creates Italian Libya with the merger of the colonies of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan. The capital is Tripoli. | |
1933 | 12 November | An Uyghur independence movement creates the Islamic Republic of East Turkistan. Kashgar is the capital. |
13 June | The United Kingdom cedes Enderby Land and Victoria Land to Australia as the Australian Antarctic Territory. | |
5 April | Erik the Red's Land in Greenland is ceded by Norway to Denmark. | |
23 March | Nazi Germany supersedes the Weimar Republic. | |
1932 | 13 December | The United States annexes the Mangsee Island and seven of the Turtle Islands into the Commonwealth of the Philippines from the United Kingdom. |
3 October | The Iraqi Kingdom (Iraq) gains independence from the United Kingdom. Baghdad is the capital. | |
23 September | The personal union of the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz unify to form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. | |
13 September | The Socialist Republic of Chile changes its name back to the Republic of Chile. | |
4 June | The Republic of Chile changes its name to the Socialist Republic of Chile. | |
17 May | Panama annexes a small area of land at Punta Paitilla from the United States' Panama Canal Zone.[59] | |
18 February | The Empire of Japan takes over northeastern China and establishes Manchukuo. Hsinking becomes its capital. | |
1931 | 11 December | By the Statute of Westminster 1931, Canada gains full control over its foreign policy and thus independence from the United Kingdom. |
7 November | The Chinese Soviet Republic is established by the Communist Party of China as a group of discontiguous territories within the larger Republic of China. | |
10 July | Norway claims territory in eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land. | |
12 June | The Australian territories of North Australia and Central Australia merge to form the Northern Territory. | |
28 April | The Catalan Republic is taken over by Spain. | |
15 April | The United States annexes small areas around the Madden Dam for the Panama Canal Zone.[60] | |
14 April | The Second Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain. The Catalan Republic subsequently declares independence from Spain. | |
28 January | France officially annexes Isla de la Pasión as Clipperton Island. | |
15 January | The Belgian concession within the city of Tientsin is returned to China. | |
1930 | 22 July | The United States annexes 25 hectares on Jicarita Island and 60 hectares at Punta Morro de Puercos for the Panama Canal Zone.[60] |
1920s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1929 | 3 October | The Kingdom of Yugoslavia supersedes the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. |
October | The Kingdom of Afghanistan supersedes the Emirate of Afghanistan. | |
3 June | Tacna is returned to Peru by Chile. | |
2 February | Norway claims Peter I Island. | |
February | Vatican City gains independence from the Kingdom of Italy. Vatican City itself is the capital. | |
6 January | The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. | |
January | The Emirate of Afghanistan supersedes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. | |
1928 | 29 December | The Republic of China establishes Nanking as its official capital, later codified in the Constitution of the Republic of China. |
24 September | The United States annexes three hectares of land at El Cerro de Doscientos Pies ("200-Foot Hill") near Las Minas Bay for the Panama Canal Zone.[60] | |
1 September | The Kingdom of Albania supersedes the Republic of Albania. | |
4 April | The United States cedes Palmas, American Territory of Philippines to the Netherlands after the Island of Palmas Case | |
1927 | 28 October | The Republic of Ararat declares independence from Turkey. |
26 October | Two bancos along the Colorado River are ceded from Mexico to the United States.[61][62] | |
18 July | The United States annexes 38 hectacres of Taboga and Taboguilla for the Panama Canal Zone.[60] | |
9 May | The Commonwealth of Australia moves its capital from Melbourne to Canberra. | |
12 April | The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland changes its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | |
29 January | Within the Nejd and Hejaz, the Sultanate of Nejd is renamed the Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies. | |
In French Syria, the State of Souaida is renamed the Jabal Druze State. | ||
1926 | 30 June | Oltre Giuba is incorporated into Italian Somaliland. |
9 June | Afghanistan becomes the Kingdom of Afghanistan. | |
27 May | The Rif Republic is dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces in Morocco. | |
The Kingdom of Belgium moves the capital of its colony of the Congo from Boma to Leopoldville. | ||
1925 | 6 December | Britain adjusts the Egyptian border in favor of Italian Libya, giving it the Jarabub and Kufra oases. |
17 July | A treaty between the United States and Canada slightly adjusts the border between the two. Overall the United States gained between 30 to 35 acres.[63][64] | |
1 July | The Republic of China relocates its provisional capital from Nanking to Canton. | |
29 June | Britain transfers control of northern Jubaland to Italy, becoming the Italian colony of Oltre Giuba. | |
4 March | The United States annexes Swains Island as part of American Samoa. | |
22 January | The Republic of Albania supersedes the Principality of Albania. | |
1 January | The Kingdom of Norway changes the name of its capital from Kristiania to Oslo. | |
1923 | 26 November | The Mongolian People's Republic is established. Ulan Bator is the capital. |
1 February | The United States annexes the future location of Madden Lake for the Panama Canal Zone.[65][66][67] | |
1923 | 15 November | Honduras claims Swan Islands, creating a dispute with the United States.[68] |
29 October | The Republic of Turkey is established following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Ankara is the capital. | |
1922 | 30 December | The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic unite to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Tbilisi, Kharkov, and Smolensk yield to Moscow as the capital. |
8 December | Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State to again form a region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. | |
6 December | The Irish Free State is constituted as an independent dominion formed through the secession of the island of Ireland from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin is the capital. | |
17 November | The Ottoman Empire is dissolved. Its territories are mostly made protectorates of the victorious Allies of World War I. | |
15 November | The Far Eastern Republic is disestablished and merged with the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. | |
12 March | The Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia, Azerbaijani Socialist Conciliar Republic, and the Armenian Socialist Conciliar Republic unite to form the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Baku and Yerevan yield to Tbilisi as the capital. | |
28 February | The Kingdom of Egypt gains independence from the United Kingdom. Cairo is the capital. | |
1921 | 22 November | The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of Afghanistan. |
13 October | In the Treaty of Kars, Turkey relinquishes claims to Armenia but gains the area around Kars and southern Achara. | |
Niger is established as a separate French colony. Zinder becomes the capital. | ||
12 October | Upper Silesia is divided between Poland and Germany. | |
18 September | The Rif Republic is declared in Spanish Morocco with no recognition. | |
14 August | The Tuvan People's Republic supersedes Tannu Uriankhai and changes the name of its capital from Belotsarsk to Kyzyl. | |
1 June | France reorganizes French West Africa and the colony of Mauritania is established. | |
18 March | The Peace of Riga defines new borders between Poland and Soviet Russia, Soviet Ukraine and Soviet Belarus. | |
25 February | The Socialist Conciliar Republic of Georgia supersedes the Democratic Republic of Georgia. | |
1920 | 29 November | The Armenian Socialist Conciliar Republic supersedes the Democratic Republic of Armenia. |
9 July | Denmark officially incorporates Northern Schleswig following a plebiscite held earlier in the year. | |
4 June | The Treaty of Trianon is signed by Hungary. Its terms include:
| |
Late April | Western Thrace is granted to Greece by the Entente. | |
28 April | The Azerbaijani Socialist Conciliar Republic supersedes the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. | |
6 April | The Far Eastern Republic is established. Chita becomes the capital. | |
29 February | The Hungarian Kingdom supersedes the Hungarian Republic. | |
2 February | The Estonian War of Independence ends with the Treaty of Tartu, which awards areas around Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) and Pechory (Petseri) from Soviet Russia to Estonia. | |
10 January | The United Kingdom officially takes over administration of German East Africa and changes its name to Tanganyika. |
![](../I/m/Europe_in_1923.jpg)
1910s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1919 | 27 November | Bulgaria signs the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, by the terms of which:
|
25 September | Spitsbergen is awarded to Norway. | |
18 September | The United States annexes the island of Largo Remo for the Panama Canal Zone.[69] | |
12 September | The Bonin–Pichon agreement transfers two desert strips from French control to Italian Libya. | |
10 September | Austria signs the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, by the terms of which:
| |
14 August | The Weimar Republic supersedes the German Empire. | |
8 August | Afghanistan declares its independence from the United Kingdom. | |
The Hungarian Republic supersedes the Hungarian People's Republic. | ||
2 August | The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Soviet Republic. | |
10 July | France and the United Kingdom agree on a frontier between their mandates in the Cameroons. | |
28 June | In the aftermath of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles and the Little Treaty of Versailles are signed, by the terms of which:
| |
30 May | Ruanda and Urundi (minus Kisaka district) are assigned to Belgium as a mandate. | |
7 May | German New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago are assigned to Australia as a mandate. | |
German Southwest Africa is assigned to South Africa as a mandate. | ||
German Samoa is assigned to New Zealand as a mandate. | ||
The German Northern Pacific Islands are assigned to Japan as a mandate. | ||
Nauru is assigned to the British Empire (eventually the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand) as a mandate. | ||
6 May | The Kionga Triangle is assigned to Portugal as a mandate. | |
Kamerun and Togoland are assigned to France and the United Kingdom as mandates, respectively. | ||
3 May | The Free State of Bavaria supersedes the Bavarian Soviet Republic. | |
19 April | Poland occupies Vilnius, which is disputed by the Lithuanians. | |
6 April | The Bavarian Soviet Republic supersedes the People's State of Bavaria. | |
21 March | The Hungarian Soviet Republic supersedes the Hungarian People's Republic. | |
1 March | The Oriental State of Uruguay changes its name to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. | |
French West Africa is reorganized, with Upper Volta as a separate colony. | ||
27 February | The Lithuanian-Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Vilnius is the capital. | |
1 February | The Soviet puppet state Commune of the Working People of Estonia loses all territory to the Republic of Estonia. | |
1 January | The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic supersedes the Belarusian People's Republic. Minsk and Smolensk remain joint capitals. | |
1918 | 1 December | Iceland, a dependent territory of the Kingdom of Denmark with home rule, becomes the fully sovereign state Kingdom of Iceland in personal union with Denmark. Reykjavík is the capital. |
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia unite to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Zagreb yields to Belgrade as the capital. | ||
The Union of Transylvania with Romania is proclaimed. | ||
29 November | The puppet state Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established in Soviet-occupied Estonia. | |
28 November | The Kingdom of Serbia annexes the Kingdom of Montenegro. | |
The Union of Bukovina with Romania is proclaimed. | ||
25 November | Vojvodina, formerly part of Austria-Hungary, unites with the Kingdom of Serbia. | |
18 November | The Republic of Latvia gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Riga is the capital. | |
16 November | The Hungarian People's Republic supersedes the Hungarian Kingdom. | |
15 November | The Kingdom of Serbia invades the short-lived Banat Republic and divides it between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and Romania. | |
14 November | The Republic of Poland supersedes the Kingdom of Poland. | |
12 November | The Republic of German-Austria is proclaimed. | |
2 November | The Republic of Lithuania supersedes the Kingdom of Lithuania. | |
1 November | The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen) gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Sana'a becomes its capital. | |
The Banat Republic is proclaimed. | ||
The short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic is proclaimed. | ||
31 October | The Hungarian Kingdom declares its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Budapest is the capital. | |
29 October | The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs gains independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Zagreb is the capital. | |
21 August | The United States annexes land between Rio Chagres and Quebrada Majagual for the Panama Canal Zone.[60] | |
25 July | The Kingdom of Belgium reabsorbs the Independent State of Flanders. | |
12 July | The United States annexes 2.6 hectares of land at Punta Paitilla for the Panama Canal Zone. | |
10 July | The Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic supersedes the Soviet Russian Republic. | |
9 July | The Kingdom of Lithuania supersedes the State of Lithuania. | |
30 May | Armenia changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Armenia. | |
28 May | Armenia and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic dissolve the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Yerevan and Baku are the respective capitals. | |
26 May | The Democratic Republic of Georgia secedes from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. Tbilisi is the capital. | |
11 May | The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus annexes the Emirate of Chechenia. | |
22 April | The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tbilisi is the capital. | |
19 April | The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic annexes the Abkhazian Republic (Abkhazia). | |
27 March | The Union of Bessarabia with Romania is proclaimed (Treaty of Paris (1920)). | |
25 March | The Abkhazian Republic (Abkhazia) gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Sukhumi is the capital. | |
25 March | The Belarusian People's Republic declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Minsk and Hrodna are named the joint capitals. | |
12 March | The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic moves its capital from Petrograd to Moscow. | |
3 March | The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk creates many new states out of the western Russian Empire. | |
24 February | The Republic of Estonia declares independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Tallinn is the capital. | |
16 February | The State of Lithuania declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Vilnius is named the capital despite occupation by the Kingdom of Poland. | |
22 January | The Ukrainian People's Republic gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Kiev is the capital. | |
1917 | 22 December | The Independent State of Flanders declares its independence from the Kingdom of Belgium. Brussels is the capital. |
6 December | The Republic of Finland gains independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Helsinki is the capital. | |
2 December | The Emirate of Chechenia declares its independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Vedeno is the capital. | |
7 November | The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic supersedes the Russian Republic. | |
14 September | The Russian Republic supersedes the Provisional Government of Russia. | |
12 July | End of the Manchu Restoration. | |
1 July | Xuantong reinstalled as the Emperor of China in an event now called the "Manchu Restoration". | |
12 April | The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is created from the Governorate of Estonia and some of the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire. | |
31 March | The United States takes possession of the United States Virgin Islands (Danish West Indies) according to the terms of the Treaty of the Danish West Indies. | |
15 March | The Provisional Government of Russia supersedes the Russian Empire in the wake of the February Revolution. | |
1916 | 5 November | Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaim the establishment of the Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw is the capital. |
22 March | The Empire of China is abolished. | |
1915 | 8 December | The United States annexes a triangle of island between the Rio Chagres, Caribbean Sea and the Panama Canal Zone.[60] |
27 May | The United States annexes some more land around the Rio Chagres mouth in the Panama Canal Zone due to the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty.[60] | |
1 May | The Panama Canal Zone border is redefined between Panama and the United States resulting in slight territory changes.[70][71][72] | |
12 December | Hongxian proclaims the Empire of China. Beijing is the capital. | |
1914 | 1 September | The Russian Empire changes the name of its capital from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd. |
17 April | Tannu Uriankhai is officially made a protectorate of the Russian Empire. | |
7 March | Albania becomes the Principality of Albania. | |
The Kingdom of Kongo is annexed to Portuguese Angola. | ||
1913 | 29 September | Following the Second Balkan War, the Treaty of Constantinople is signed, by the terms of which:
|
10 August | Following the Second Balkan War, the Treaty of Bucharest is signed, by the terms of which:
| |
13 February | Tibet declares independence from the Republic of China. | |
1912 | 28 November | Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Tirana is the capital. |
27 November | The Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco assigns the northern and southern strips of Morocco to Spain. | |
30 March | The Treaty of Fez formally re-establishes Morocco as a French Protectorate. | |
1 January | The Republic of China overthrows the Qing dynasty of China in the Xinhai Revolution. Nanking is the provisional capital. | |
The Wadai Empire is disestablished and annexed into French Chad. | ||
1911 | 29 December | The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia declares independence from the Qing dynasty of China. Niislel Khüree is the capital. |
4 November | In the Morocco–Congo Treaty, Germany acquires the Neukamerun region from France in exchange for dropping German claims in Morocco. | |
1910 | 5 October | The first Portuguese Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal. |
22 August | The Korean Empire capitulates and is annexed by the Empire of Japan. | |
20 August | Canada rescinds its claim to Pope's Folly Island in a treaty with the United States.[73][74][75] | |
31 May | The Cape Colony, the Colony of Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony unite as the Union of South Africa to gain independence from the United Kingdom. | |
15 January | The French Republic creates French Equatorial Africa from its colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, and Oubangui-Chari. Libreville and Bangui yield to Brazzaville as the capital. | |
The Kasanje Kingdom is annexed to Portuguese Angola. |
![](../I/m/Map_of_Bulgaria_after_Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Sein%D0%B5-en.svg.png)
![](../I/m/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary.png)
![](../I/m/German_losses_after_WWI.svg.png)
![](../I/m/London-geographical-institute_the-peoples-atlas_1920_poland-and-the-new-baltic-states.jpg)
1900s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1909 | 9 July | The Kingdom of Siam transfers its southernmost provinces to British Malaya in the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. |
1908 | 15 November | King Leopold II of Belgium sells his private Congo Free State to the Kingdom of Belgium. The colony is renamed the Belgian Congo. |
6 October | Austria-Hungary formally annexes the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia (under de facto Austro-Hungarian rule since the Treaty of Berlin 1878) as the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (causing the Bosnian crisis) | |
5 August | The Kingdom of Bulgaria gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Sofia is the capital. | |
1907 | 17 December | Ugyen Wangchuck establishes the Kingdom of Bhutan. Punakha is the winter capital and Thimphu is the summer capital. |
26 September | New Zealand gains independence from the United Kingdom. Wellington is the capital. | |
24 April | The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Republic of Colombia is defined by the Bogotá Treaty. Brazil gains lands on the margins of the Solimoes River at the area known as Cabeça de Cachorro ("The Dog's Head"). | |
23 March | The Kingdom of Siam concedes territory to French Indochina in exchange for Trat. | |
1906 | The French Republic divides its colony of French Congo into the colonies of Gabon and Middle Congo. Libreville remains the capital of Gabon. Brazzaville becomes the capital of Middle Congo. | |
1905 | 26 October | The Kingdom of Sweden recognizes the union dissolution and the independence of Kingdom of Norway. |
5 September | The Liaodong Peninsula and the Russian railway in south Manchuria are leased to the Empire of Japan following the Treaty of Portsmouth. | |
The Empire of Japan annexes Sakhalin Island south of 50° N following the Treaty of Portsmouth. | ||
7 June | The Kingdom of Norway declares its independence from the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway through dissolution of the personal union with Kingdom of Sweden. | |
1904 | 4 October | The Franco-Spanish Convention of Paris acknowledges formal control of Saguia el-Hamra (later northern Spanish Sahara) by the Kingdom of Spain. |
4 May | The United States annexed the Panama Canal Zone.[76] | |
13 February | Following the Franco-Siamese Convention, the Kingdom of Siam concedes border territories to French Indochina in exchange for French-occupied Chantaburi. | |
The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and British Guiana is defined by arbitration. Approximately half of the disputed land goes to each side. | ||
1903 | 18 November | The new Republic of Panama grants the United States of America control of the Panama Canal Zone. Balboa is the administrative center. |
11 November | The Republic of Bolivia and the Republic of the United States of Brazil sign the Treaty of Petrópolis. Bolivia receives land in Mato Grosso from Brazil, and Brazil absorbs the Republic of Acre. | |
3 November | The Republic of Panama secedes from the Republic of Colombia. Panama City is the capital. | |
20 October | The Alaska boundary dispute is resolved between the United States and Canada.[77] | |
29 July | The Adamawa Emirate is annexed into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and Kamerun. | |
12 May | Mauritania becomes a protectorate of the French Republic. Saint-Louis is the capital. | |
27 January | The third Republic of Acre declares its independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary. | |
1902 | 20 November | King Edward VII of Britain adjusts borders in the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case 1902 (Argentina, Chile). |
31 May | The United Kingdom creates the Orange River Colony from the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Colony from the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal). Bloemfontein and Pretoria remains the respective capitals. | |
20 May | The Republic of Cuba gains independence from the United States of America. Havana is the capital. | |
The Zaria Emirate and the Abuja Emirate are annexed into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. | ||
Kamerun annexes the Mandara Kingdom. | ||
1901 | 23 March | The First Philippine Republic dissolves. |
1 January | The Commonwealth of Australia is established by federation of the British colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Melbourne is the capital until 1927. | |
1900 | 5 September | The colony of French Chad is established. Fort-Lamy is the capital. |
28 May | The United Kingdom occupies the Orange Free State. | |
March | The first Republic of Acre capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Republic of Bolivia. Later the same year, the second Republic of Acre is declared with Antimary as its capital, and it is again reabsorbed by Bolivia. | |
16 February | The United States takes control of American Samoa under the terms of the Tripartite Convention.[78][79] | |
The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the French colony of Guyane (French Guiana) is defined by arbitration. The French troops that advanced to the margins of the Araguari River repair to the Oiapoque River. |
19th century
1890s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1899 | 2 December | Following the Tripartite Convention:
|
14 July | The first Republic of Acre declares independence from Bolivia. The capital is Antimary. | |
17 January | The United States claims Wake Island.[80] | |
1898 | 10 December | The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Havana and San Juan are the respective capitals. |
The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Island of Guam to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. | ||
The Monarchy of Spain cedes the Captaincy General of the Philippines to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. Manila is the Spanish capital. The Philippine Republic maintains its sovereignty with Malolos as its capital. | ||
2 November | The Puna de Atacama dispute is defined by arbitration, of the 75,000 km2 in dispute 64,000 (85%) were awarded to the Argentine Republic and 11,000 (15%) to the Republic of Chile. | |
12 August | The United States of America annexes the Republic of Hawaii as the Territory of Hawaii. | |
25 July | The United States of America seizes control of Puerto Rico from the Spanish Empire during the Spanish–American War. | |
12 June | The Philippine Republic declares independence from Kingdom of Spain. Malolos is the capital. | |
The Republic of Bolivia moves its administrative capital from Sucre to La Paz. Sucre remains the constitutional and judicial capital. | ||
1897 | The Joseon Dynasty becomes the Korean Empire. | |
1895 | 16 November | The United Kingdom annexes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland to the Cape Colony. Vryburg yields to Cape Town as the capital. |
23 October | The Empire of Japan conquers the Republic of Formosa. Taiwan becomes a Japanese colony under the name "Takasago Koku". Taihoku is the capital. | |
June | The Republic of Formosa moves its capital from Taipei to Tainan. | |
23 May | The Republic of Formosa declares independence upon its annexation by the Empire of Japan. Taipei is the capital. | |
17 April | The Qing dynasty of China cedes Taiwan to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki. | |
5 February | The border between the Republic of the United States of Brazil and the Argentine Republic is defined by Grover Cleveland. | |
1894 | 17 November | The United States rescinds its claims to Alacrans Islands, Arenas Key, and Western Triangle Island, which were disputed with Mexico.[81] |
4 July | The Republic of Hawaii supersedes the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. | |
1892 | 28 May | The United Kingdom claims Gardner Island, disputing the United States claim.[82] |
8 March | The United Kingdom annexes the Gilbert Islands as a protectorate. This takes the islands of Butaritari and Marakei from the existing United States claim.[82] | |
1891 | Pratap Singh defeats the ruler of Chitral and forces Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of Kashmir and Jammu state. | |
1890 | 29 November | The end of the personal union between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |
1880s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1889 | 15 November | The Republic of the United States of Brazil supersedes the Empire of Brazil. |
10 July | The United Kingdom claims Birnie Island, disputing the United States' claim.[82] | |
29 June | The United Kingdom claims Phoenix Island, disputing the United States' claim.[82] | |
26 June | The United Kingdom claims Sydney Island, disputing the United States' claim.[82] | |
3 June | The United Kingdom claims Jarvis Island, disputing the United States' claim.[82] | |
29 May | The United Kingdom annexes Washington Island which was previously claimed by the United States.[83] | |
9 March | Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia moves his capital to Addis Ababa. | |
The Kingdom of Luba is annexed to Congo Free State. | ||
1888 | 26 October | The United Kingdom makes the Cook Islands a protectorate. This also creates a dispute with the United States on the atolls of Pukapuka, Manihiki, Penrhyn, and Rakahanga.[82] |
17 March | The United Kingdom claims Christmas Island, disputing the United States' claim.[82] | |
15 March | The United Kingdom annexes Fanning Island, who was previously claimed by the United States.[83] | |
1887 | 16 December | The Sultanate of Maldives becomes a British Protectorate. |
The Kingdom of Lunda is disestablished. | ||
1886 | 1 May | King Leopold II of Belgium selects Boma as the capital of his Congo Free State. |
The United States of Colombia becomes the Republic of Colombia | ||
1885 | 6 September | The Principality of Bulgaria annexes Eastern Rumelia. |
1 September | The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland. Vryburg is the capital. | |
2 May | King Leopold II of Belgium establishes his Congo Free State, a private government run by the International African Association. | |
1884 | 18 October | Argentina ends the conquest campaign of Eastern Patagonia, subduing the remaining Amerindian resistance (modern Provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz) |
3 August | The British suzerainty in the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) ends. | |
21 June | The United States claims Alacrans Islands, already claimed by Mexico, under the Guano Islands Act.[81] | |
4 April | Chile gains Antofagasta as part of the truce ending the (War of the Pacific) (made permanent in 1904) | |
The Greenwich prime meridian becomes the international standard reference for cartographers | ||
German South-West Africa created[84] | ||
German East Africa created | ||
Togo created | ||
Cameroon created | ||
The United Kingdom establishes the Crown Colony of the Territory of Basutoland. Maseru is the capital. | ||
1883 | 20 October | Chile gains Tarapacá, Arica, and Tacna (Treaty of Ancón) |
Argentina incorpores the Patagonian lands of modern Neuquén Province, until the Limay River | ||
The Kingdom of Loango is annexed to French Congo. | ||
1882 | 1 June | The United Kingdom annexes Morant Cays and Pedro Cays as part of Jamaica.[85] |
6 March | The Kingdom of Serbia supersedes the Principality of Serbia. | |
1881 | 3 August | The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) regains independence under British suzerainty. |
23 July | The border between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic is defined. | |
14 March | The Kingdom of Romania is proclaimed. Bucharest is the capital. | |
Tunisia becomes a French protectorate | ||
The United Kingdom claims Flint Island disputing the United State's claim.[86] | ||
1880 | The French Republic establishes the protectorate of French Congo. Brazzaville is the capital. | |
6 December | Federalization of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires is declared the official capital of the Argentine Republic. | |
30 October | The Republic of Honduras moves its capital from Comayagua to Tegucigalpa, ending a century of indecision as to the country's capital. |
1870s
![](../I/m/Bulgaria-SanStefano_-(1878)-byTodorBozhinov.png)
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1879 | 26 July | The United States claims Western Triangle Island, already claimed by Mexico, under the Guano Islands Act.[81] |
1878 | 12 November | The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River, claimed by Argentina and Paraguay, are awarded to Paraguay in an arbitration by Rutherford B. Hayes. |
8 September | The United States claims Arenas Key, claimed by Mexico; the Morant Cays; and Serranilla Bank, claimed by Colombia under the Guano Islands Act.[81] | |
13 July | The Principality of Bulgaria moves its capital from Plovdiv to Sofia. (Treaty of Berlin) | |
The Principality of Bulgaria is shrunk significantly (Treaty of Berlin) | ||
Eastern Rumelia is created as an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin) | ||
Austro-Hungarian occupation of the Vilayet of Bosnia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is recognized; De facto under Austro-Hungarian rule. (Treaty of Berlin) | ||
The Ottoman Empire cedes Thessaly and small parts of Epirus to Greece (Treaty of Berlin) | ||
Alashkerd and Bayazid are returned to the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin) | ||
21 May | The Principality of Romania gains independence from the Ottoman Empire. Bucharest is the capital. | |
3 March | The Principality of Bulgaria is established by the Treaty of San Stefano. Plovdiv is the capital. | |
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Montenegro and cedes it territory including Nikšić, Podgorica and Antivari (Treaty of San Stefano) | ||
Serbia gains independence and annexes Niš and Leskovac (Treaty of San Stefano) | ||
The Ottoman Empire recognizes Romanian independence (Treaty of San Stefano) | ||
Russia cedes Northern Dobruja to Romania (ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire) (Treaty of San Stefano) | ||
Romania cedes Southern Bessarabia to Russia (Treaty of San Stefano) | ||
The Ottoman Empire cedes Armenian and Georgian territories in the Caucasus to Russia, including Ardahan, Artvin, Batum, Kars, Olti, Beyazit, and Alashkert. (Treaty of San Stefano) | ||
The Vilayet of Bosnia becomes an autonomous province (Treaty of San Stefano) | ||
Crete, Epirus and Thessaly receive limited self-government (Treaty of San Stefano) | ||
The Argentine campaign to take control of Patagonic territories start. By the end of 1879 Argentina's control would go as far as the Negro River (modern Provinces of Río Negro and La Pampa, as well as southern Mendoza, San Luis, Córdoba and Buenos Aires Provinces). | ||
1877 | 13 August | The United Kingdom creates the British Western Pacific Territories. This creates two new disputed islands with the United States, Atafu and Nukunono. |
12 April | The United Kingdom annexes the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) as the Transvaal Colony. | |
1876 | 3 February | Limits between Paraguay and Argentina are established, following the Paraguayan War. Argentina is awarded the Central Chaco (current Formosa Province) and some territories in Misiones. The territories between the Pilcomayo River and Verde River are pending arbitration. |
1875 | 7 May | Japan cedes southern Sakhalin Island to Russia in exchange for the Kuril Islands north of Iturup (Treaty of Saint Petersburg) |
1874 | 29 December | The restored Monarchy of Spain supersedes the first First Spanish Republic. |
1873 | 17 November | With the unification of Buda, Óbuda and Pest, Budapest becomes the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom. |
1 July | Prince Edward Island joins Canada. | |
11 February | The First Spanish Republic supersedes the Monarchy of Spain. | |
1871 | 21 October | Canada rescinds its disputed claim with the United States over the San Juan Islands.[87] |
9 January | Limits between Paraguay and the Brazilian Empire are established, following the Paraguayan War. Brazil enlarges its Mato Grosso region. | |
1871 | 20 July | British Columbia joins Canada. |
10 May | Germany annexes Moselle and most of Alsace from France following the Franco-Prussian War, which becomes the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine. | |
1 January | The German Empire supersedes the North German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital. (Unification of Germany) | |
Rome replaces Florence as the capital city of Italy. | ||
1870 | 20 September | Italy annexes the area around Rome, ending the Papal States, succeeded by the States of the Church. |
4 September | The third French Republic supersedes the second French Empire. | |
20 July | The Crown Colony of British Columbia joins the Dominion of Canada. | |
15 July | Hudson's Bay Company transfers North-Western Territory to Canada. |
1860s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1869 | 22 November | The United States claims Bajo Nuevo Bank, Pedro Cays, Quita Sueño Bank, and Roncador Bank under the Guano Islands Act.[81][88] |
1868 | 11 December | The United States claims Serrana Bank under the Guano Islands Act.[81] |
1 October | The Bolivian Republic changes its name to the Republic of Bolivia. | |
9 July | The United Kingdom claims Caroline Island disputing the United State's claim.[82] | |
3 January | Japan becomes the Empire of Greater Japan. The capital is moved from Kyoto to Edo, which is renamed Tokyo. | |
1867 | 18 October | The Russian Empire sells Alaska to the United States of America. |
28 August | The United States claims Midway Atoll under the Guano Islands Act.[81] | |
1 July | The United Kingdom unites its colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada as Canada. Ottawa is the capital. | |
The North German Confederation supersedes the German Confederation. Berlin remains the capital. | ||
19 June | The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire. | |
29 May | Austria-Hungary supersedes the Austrian Empire. | |
1866 | 26 December | The United Kingdom claims Starbuck Island disputing the United State's claim.[82] |
22 October | The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. Venice yields to Florence as the capital. | |
6 August | The United Kingdom unites the colonies of British Columbia and the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies as the Crown Colony of British Columbia. New Westminster yields to Victoria as the capital. | |
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec to Ottawa. | ||
1865 | 11 April | The Confederate States of America capitulates and is reabsorbed by the United States of America. The USA will readmit the 11 CSA states to full statehood between 24 July 1866, and 15 July 1870. |
3 April | The Confederate States of America moves its capital to Danville, Virginia. | |
3 March | The Dominican Republic regains its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital. | |
The Kingdom of Italy moves its capital from Turin to Florence. | ||
1864 | 15 October | The United Kingdom claims Malden Island disputing the United State's claim.[82] |
July | The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is conquered by the Qing dynasty in China. | |
21 May | Britain transfers the Ionian Islands to Greece | |
10 April | The Mexican Empire supersedes the United Mexican States. | |
1863 | 20 June | The Union-occupied northwestern counties of the Commonwealth of Virginia (which considered itself a part of the Confederate States of America) secede from the state and are admitted to the United States of America as the State of West Virginia. |
6 July | The Northern Territory is annexed by the British colony of South Australia from the colony of New South Wales | |
8 May | The Granadine Confederation becomes the United States of Colombia | |
1862 | 30 December | The United States claims Swan Islands under the Guano Islands Act.[81] |
12 October | The State of Buenos Aires reunites with the Argentine Republic. | |
8 October | Buenos Aires is declared provisional capital of the Argentine Republic. | |
15 April | The Kingdom of Hawaii claims Palmyra Atoll disputing the United States claim.[89] | |
12 April | The British colony of Queensland's western border is shifted from 141°E to 138°E | |
The United Kingdom creates the Crown Colony of British Honduras at the Settlement of Belize in the Bay of Honduras. The capital is Belize City. | ||
1861 | 12 December | The Argentine Republic supersedes the Argentine Confederation. |
10 December | The splinter government of Kentucky is admitted to the Confederate States of America | |
2 December | Paraná is no longer the capital of the Argentine Confederation. | |
28 November | The splinter government of Missouri is admitted to the Confederate States of America | |
20 November | A splinter government of Kentucky declares the state's secession from the United States of America | |
31 October | A splinter government of Missouri declares the state's secession from the United States of America | |
17 September | After the Battle of Pavón the Capital city of Argentina is moved to Buenos Aires | |
10 December | Arizona Territory is annexed by the Confederate States of America | |
29 May | The Confederate States of America moves its capital from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia. | |
20 May | The State of North Carolina secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America. | |
7 May | The State of Tennessee secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America. | |
6 May | The State of Arkansas secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America. | |
17 April | The Commonwealth of Virginia secedes from the United States of America and joins the Confederate States of America. | |
28 March | Arizona Territory secedes from the United States of America | |
17 March | The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed in place of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont | |
13 February | Gaeta surrenders to Sardinia-Piedmont | |
4 February | The Confederate States of America, formed from the seven seceding states, declare their independence from the United States of America. Montgomery, Alabama, is the capital for three months. Four more slave states will join by 20 May. | |
1 February | The State of Texas secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Texas. | |
26 January | The State of Louisiana secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Louisiana. | |
19 January | The State of Georgia secedes from the United States of America, as the independent State of Georgia. | |
11 January | The State of Alabama secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Alabama Republic. | |
10 January | The State of Florida secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Florida. | |
9 January | The State of Mississippi secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of Mississippi. | |
The Dominican Republic returns to Spanish rule. | ||
The Principality of Monaco declares independence from the Second French Empire. Monaco itself is the capital. | ||
1860 | 20 December | The State of South Carolina secedes from the United States of America, declaring itself the Republic of South Carolina. |
4 November | Sardinia-Piedmont annexes the Papal States of Umbria and The Marches | |
21 October | The Kingdom of Two Sicilies is annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont, except for the Fortress of Gaeta | |
8 October | The Argentine Nation becomes the Argentine Republic | |
14 June | France annexes the Duchy of Savoy (Treaty of Turin) | |
12 June | France annexes the County of Nice (Treaty of Turin) | |
22 March | The United Provinces of Central Italy are annexed by Sardinia-Piedmont | |
8 February | The United States claims Atafu, Birnie Island, Butaritari, Caroline Island, Fanning Island, Flint Island, Gardner Island, Canton Island, Kingman Reef, Manihiki, Marakei, Nukunono, Palmyra Atoll, Penrhyn, Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Swains Island, Sydney Island, Vostok Island, and Washington Island under the Guano Islands Act.[81] | |
The British colony of South Australia's western border is changed from 132°E to 129°E | ||
Kashmir and Jammu annexes Gilgit[90] |
1850s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1859 | 29 December | The United States claims Christmas Island and Malden Island under the Guano Islands Act.[81] |
27 December | The United States claims Enderbury Island, McKean Island, Phoenix Island, and Starbuck Island.[81] | |
8 December | The Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the Papal Legations combine to form the Sardinian client state of the United Provinces of Central Italy | |
11 November | After the Battle of Cepeda, the State of Buenos Aires rejoins the Argentine Confederation | |
10 November | Austria cedes Lombardy from Lombardy-Venetia to France (Treaty of Zürich) | |
France immediately cedes Lombardy to Sardinia-Piedmont (Treaty of Zürich) | ||
6 September | The United States claims Johnston Atoll under the Guano Islands Act. This disputes the claim by the Kingdom of Hawaii.[81] | |
6 June | Queen Victoria signs the Proclamation separating the colony of Queensland from British New South Wales | |
24 January | Moldavia unites with Wallachia to form the Romanian United Principalities (later Romania) | |
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto. | ||
1858 | 3 December | The United States claims Howland Island under the Guano Islands Act.[81] |
13 August | The United States claims Navassa Island under the Guano Islands Act.[81] | |
2 August | The continental portion of Canada's part of Oregon Country organized as the Colony of British Columbia | |
28 May | The Qing dynasty of China cedes Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun. | |
22 May | The Republic of New Granada becomes the Granadine Confederation | |
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto back to the city of Québec. | ||
1857 | The Kingdom of Kongo becomes a vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal. | |
1856 | 28 October | The United States claims Baker Island and Jarvis Island under the Guano Islands Act.[81] |
30 March | Part of the territory (Southern Bessarabia) annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812 returns to Moldavia by the Treaty of Paris (1856) | |
1 January | The British colony Van Diemen's Land changes its name to Tasmania | |
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from the city of Québec back to Toronto. | ||
1855 | 7 February | Russians in north of Sakhalin Island, Japanese in south, with no defined border between (Treaty of Shimoda) |
Russia recognizes Japanese sovereignty of the Kuril Islands from Iturup on southwards (Treaty of Shimoda) | ||
1854 | 24 March | The Argentine Confederation moves its capital to Paraná. |
23 February | The Orange Free State is established. Bloemfontein is the capital. | |
1853 | 24 June | The Gadsden Purchase gives a portion of southern Arizona and New Mexico from Mexico to the United States |
1 May | The Argentine Confederation becomes a Federal Republic, renamed the Argentine Nation | |
March | The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom establishes its capital at Tianjing. | |
1852 | 2 December | The second French Empire supersedes the second French Republic. |
11 September | The Province of Buenos Aires secedes from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires remains the capital, the Confederation is without capital until 1854. | |
3 February | The Battle of Caseros ends the Argentine Civil War. Entre Ríos and Corrientes rejoin the Argentine Confederation. The Capital city is moved to Paraná | |
17 January | The South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) is established. Pretoria is the capital. | |
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Toronto to the city of Québec. | ||
1851 | 1 July | The colony of Victoria is split off from the British colony of New South Wales |
1 May | The Argentine Provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes secede from the Argentine Confederation | |
11 January | Hong Xiuquan establishes the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in China. | |
1850 | 9 December | The United Kingdom cedes less than one acre of underwater rock known as Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie to the United States.[91] |
1840s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1849 | 13 August | The Hungarian State capitulates and is reabsorbed by the Austrian Empire. |
2 July | The Papal States are restored as Rome falls | |
14 April | The Hungarian State declares its independence from the Austrian Empire. Debrecen is the temporary capital. | |
29 March | The Sikh Empire falls after the Sikh defeat in Anglo-Sikh wars and is merged in British India | |
9 February | Rebels under Giuseppe Garibaldi take over the area of the Papal States and create the Roman Republic | |
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Montréal to Toronto. | ||
1848 | 24 February | The second French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France. |
2 February | The United Mexican States surrenders its northern territory to the United States of America with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War. | |
1847 | 26 July | The African American colony of Liberia declares its independence as the Republic of Liberia. Monrovia is the capital. |
1846 | 28 November | The British colony of North Australia is reincorporated back into the colony of New South Wales |
22 August | The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Republic. | |
18 June | The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border between the Province of Canada and the United States. | |
17 February | The colony of North Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales | |
The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, ruled by the Dogra Dynasty, is created after the first Anglo-Sikh war, as per the Treaty of Amritsar.[92][56] | ||
1845 | 29 December | The Republic of Texas joins the United States of America as the State of Texas. Austin yields to Washington as federal capital while remaining capital of the state. |
The Netherlands splits its colonial possessions in the Americas into two parts: Suriname and Curaçao and Dependencies. Paramaribo remains the capital of Suriname, while Willemstad on Curaçao becomes the capital of the six Caribbean islands. | ||
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi moves its capital from Lāhainā to Honolulu. | ||
The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Falkland Islands from Port Louis to Stanley. | ||
1 March | The Riograndense Republic is reabsorbed by the Brazilian Empire as the province of Rio Grande do Sul again. | |
1844 | The United Kingdom moves the capital of the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada from Kingston to Montréal. | |
27 February | The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti. Santo Domingo is the capital. | |
1842 | 10 November | The Webster–Ashburton Treaty comes into effect ending several border disputes between the United States and United Kingdom.[93] |
1841 | 10 February | The United Kingdom unites Upper Canada and Lower Canada as the Crown Colony of the United Province of Canada. Kingston is the capital. |
2 February | The sole remnant of the Federal Republic of Central America changes its name back to the Republic of El Salvador. | |
1840 | 16 November | The colony of New Zealand is separated from the British colony of New South Wales |
1830s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1839 | 17 November | The Republic of Guatemala secedes from the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City becomes the capital. |
17 October | The Republic of Texas establishes its permanent capital at Austin. | |
25 August | The Peruvian Republic and the Bolivian Republic are formed from the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Lima and Sucre (previously Chuquisaca) are the respective capitals. | |
24 July | The Juliana Republic declares independence from Brazil. Laguna is the capital. The Republic capitulates and is reabsorbed later in the year. | |
19 April | The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg becomes independent, but remains in the personal Union with the Netherlands as a result of the Treaty of London. | |
The Principality of Serbia moves its capital from Kragujevac to Belgrade. | ||
1838 | 5 November | The Republic of Costa Rica, the Republic of Nicaragua, and the Republic of Honduras secede from the Federal Republic of Central America. San José, Managua, and Comayagua are the respective capitals. |
1836 | 28 December | The colony of South Australia is separated from the British colony of New South Wales. |
28 October | The Republic of North Peru, the Republic of South Peru, and the Bolivian Republic unite to form the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Tacna is the capital. | |
6 September | The Riograndense Republic declares independence from Brazil. Piratini is the first of five provisional capitals. | |
11 August | The Republic of North Peru supersedes the Peruvian Republic. | |
17 March | The Republic of South Peru secedes from Peruvian Republic. Cusco is the capital. | |
2 March | The Republic of Texas declares its independence from México. Washington is the first of six cities that will serve as temporary capital until 1839. | |
1835 | 23 October | The Mexican Republic supersedes the United Mexican States. |
5 August | The Republic of Indian Stream is annexed by the United States.[94] other sources note a resolution passed by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2, 1836.[95] | |
1834 | The Federal Republic of Central America moves its capital from Guatemala City to San Salvador. | |
The Kingdom of Greece moves its capital from Nafplio to Athens. | ||
1833 | 3 January | The United Kingdom removes a garrison installed by the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in October 1832 reasserting its sovereignty claim over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). Port Louis becomes the capital. |
1832 | 3 September | The province of Catamarca joins the Federal Pact. End of the Unitarian League. |
9 July | The Republic of Indian Stream declares independence from both the United States and the United Kingdom as it was disputed teritorry.[95] | |
8 July | The province of Tucumán joins the Federal Pact. | |
8 July | The province of Tucumán joins the Federal Pact. | |
4 July | The province of Salta joins the Federal Pact. | |
May | The Kingdom of Greece supersedes the First Hellenic Republic. | |
The province of San Juan joins the Federal Pact. | ||
13 April | The province of San Luis joins the Federal Pact. | |
The colony of Western Australia supersedes the British Swan River Colony in Australia. | ||
1831 | 20 October | The Republic of New Granada supersedes Gran Colombia. |
12 October | The province of La Rioja joins the Federal Pact. | |
20 August | The province of Córdoba and the province of Santiago del Estero join the Federal Pact. | |
19 August | The province of Corrientes joins the Federal Pact. | |
9 August | The province of Mendoza joins the Federal Pact. | |
21 July | Belgium becomes the Kingdom of Belgium. | |
4 January | The United Kingdom combines Essequibo-Demerara and Berbice as the Crown Colony of British Guiana. Georgetown is the capital. | |
Signing of the Federal Pact by the province of Buenos Aires, the province of Entre Ríos, and the province of Santa Fe. Beginning of the Argentine Confederation. | ||
1830 | 4 October | Belgium declares its independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Brussels is the capital. |
28 June | The Oriental State of Uruguay is created from the Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. | |
13 May | The Republic of Ecuador, and the Republic of Venezuela declare independence from Gran Colombia. Quito, and Caracas are the respective capitals. | |
3 February | The Ottoman Empire recognizes the independence of Greece. Nafplio is the capital. | |
5 July | The Unitarian League is created among the Argentine provinces of San Luis, La Rioja, Catamarca, Mendoza, San Juan, Tucumán, Córdoba, Salta and Santiago del Estero. |
1820s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1829 | The British Swan River Colony is established in the west of Australia | |
1828 | 27 August | The Banda Oriental gains independence from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata as Government and Provisional General Captaincy of the Oriental State of Uruguay. Montevideo is the capital. |
Misiones Orientales are awarded to Brazil | ||
1827 | 18 August | The centralist and unitary state of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is dissolved. The Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty delegating the foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires. |
1826 | 9 July | The Republic of Chile supersedes the State of Chile. |
8 February | The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata is proclaimed as a centralist and unitary state. | |
1825 | 3 December | Van Diemen's Land is declared a separate British colony to New South Wales |
15 November | The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves changes its name back to the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. | |
29 August | The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves recognizes the independence of the Empire of Brazil. | |
25 August | Cisplatina declares its independence from the Empire of Brazil and reunites with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. | |
6 August | The Bolivian Republic gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain at the conclusion of the Bolivian War of Independence. Chuquisaca (later Sucre) is the capital. | |
16 July | The border of the British colony of New South Wales is extended from 133°E to 129°E | |
The Netherlands administratively combines its three colonies of Suriname, Curaçao and Dependencies (the ABC islands), and Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (the SSS islands). The capital is Paramaribo. | ||
1824 | 9 December | The Battle of Ayacucho end the Spanish American wars of independence in South America |
4 October | The United Mexican States supersedes the Mexican Empire upon the execution of Emperor Maximilian I. | |
6 August | Bolivia declares independence from Spain, and refuses to join either Peru or the United Provinces of South America | |
2 July | The Confederation of the Equator declares independence from Brazil. Recife is the capital, but the Confederation capitulates and is reabsorbed at the same year. | |
1823 | July | The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of El Salvador, the Republic of Nicaragua, the Republic of Honduras, and the Republic of Costa Rica unite to form the Federal Republic of Central America. Guatemala City is the capital. |
16 May | The Republic of Costa Rica moves its capital from Cartago to San José. | |
1822 | 19 December | The Peruvian Republic supersedes the State of Peru. |
12 October | The Empire of Brazil supersedes the Independent Kingdom of Brazil. | |
7 September | The Independent Kingdom of Brazil declares its independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro is the capital. | |
9 February | Haiti annexes the Republic of Spanish Haiti. Santo Domingo yields to Port-au-Prince as the capital. | |
1821 | 1 December | The Republic of Spanish Haiti gains independence from Monarchy of Spain. Santo Domingo is the capital. |
28 November | Independence of Panama from Spain | |
21 September | The Republic of Costa Rica gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Cartago is the capital. | |
15 September | The Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of Honduras, the Republic of Nicaragua and the Republic of El Salvador become independent from the Monarchy of Spain. Guatemala City, Comayagua, Managua, and San Salvador are the respective capitals. | |
24 August | The Monarchy of Spain recognizes the independence of the Mexican Empire. | |
3 August | Peru becomes the State of Peru. | |
28 July | Peru declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Lima is the capital. | |
18 July | Cisplatina formally declares itself as part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. | |
17 July | West Florida is formally ceded by Spain to the United States under the Adams–Onís Treaty.[96] | |
10 July | East Florida is formally ceded by Spain to the United States under the Adams–Onís Treaty.[96] | |
3 July | The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves returns the capital from exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Lisbon. | |
25 March | Greece declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire. Nafplion is the capital. | |
19 February | The United States of America and Spain define a border in the Adams–Onís Treaty leading to some land being swapped. | |
Alaska Boundary Dispute with Russia and Great Britain begins | ||
1820 | 8 October | The Kingdom of Haiti collapses upon the suicide of King Henri I. Haiti is unified under the Republic of Haiti with its capital at Port-au-Prince. |
1 February | Federal League defeats the central government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the Battle of Cepeda. The Federal League is dissolved and the Argentine Provinces resume their sovereignty, delegating the foreign affairs on the Province of Buenos Aires. | |
The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi establishes its capital at Lāhainā. |
1810s
![](../I/m/Non-Native_American_Nations_Control_over_South_America_1700_and_on.gif)
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1819 | 17 December | Gran Colombia is established from the previous Second Republic of Venezuela, United Provinces of New Granada, and the Presidency of Quito |
7 August | The United Provinces of New Granada gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Bogotá is the capital. | |
30 January | The Treaty of 1818 between the United States and United Kingdom sets 49° north as the border west of the Lake of the Woods and also establishes the Oregon Country as a shared region.[97][98][99] | |
1817 | 5 April | The Battle of Maipú secures Chilean independence from Spain |
12 February | The State of Chile again declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital. | |
20 January | The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves occupies the Banda Oriental (Uruguay) as Cisplatina. | |
1816 | 9 July | The United Provinces in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay) declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Buenos Aires remains the capital. |
6 May | Spanish reconquest of New Granada ends the early Colombian independent governments | |
1815 | 16 December | The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves supersedes the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. Rio de Janeiro remains the capital-in-exile. |
21 November | Miloš Obrenović establishes the Principality of Serbia. Kragujevac is the capital. | |
29 June | The Federal League, an alliance of several Argentine Provinces and modern-day Uruguay, is established. | |
8 July | The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the first French Empire. | |
9 June | The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia is formed from the Milanese and Venetian portions of the Kingdom of Italy and becomes a crown land of the Austrian Empire (Congress of Vienna) | |
Austria gains the territory of the former Republic of Ragusa (Congress of Vienna) | ||
Grand Duchy of Tuscany is re-established and is given Piombino (Congress of Vienna) | ||
The Duchy of Lucca is created in place of the former Republic of Lucca (Congress of Vienna) | ||
The Duchy of Warsaw is partitioned into the Grand Duchy of Posen (Prussia), Congress Poland (Russia) and the Free City of Kraków (jointly controlled by Prussia, Russia, and Austria) (Congress of Vienna) | ||
Prussia is awarded Danzig, much of the Kingdom of Saxony, Westphalia and the Rhineland. (Congress of Vienna) | ||
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is created from the former Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands, with Luxembourg in a personal union. (Congress of Vienna) | ||
Swedish Pomerania is ceded to Prussia. (Congress of Vienna) | ||
The Duchy of Lauenburg is ceded by Hanover to Denmark (Congress of Vienna) | ||
Hanover becomes a Kingdom annexes the former territories of the Bishop of Münster and East Frisia (Congress of Vienna) | ||
Bavaria gains the Palatinate and parts of the Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (Congress of Vienna) | ||
Hesse-Darmstadt gains Rhenish Hesse (Congress of Vienna) | ||
British control of various colonies, including the Cape Colony, Tobago, and Ceylon, is recognized (Congress of Vienna) | ||
The United States of the Ionian Islands is formed as a British protectorate (Congress of Vienna) | ||
German Confederation established. Frankfurt is the capital. (Congress of Vienna) | ||
20 March | The first French Empire supersedes the Kingdom of France. | |
16 March | The United Kingdom of the Netherlands supersedes the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands. Amsterdam and Brussels are the joint capitals. | |
Sir Robert Brownrigg establishes the Crown Colony of Ceylon. Colombo becomes the capital. | ||
The capital of Bermuda is moved from St George to Hamilton | ||
1814 | 4 November | The Kingdom of Norway joins a personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden. Stockholm and Christiania are the capitals. |
2 October | The Monarchy of Spain reconquers Chile. | |
17 May | Norway declares full independence, electing its own king and adopting its own constitution. | |
11 April | Napoleon abdicates from the Italian throne, effectively dissolving the Kingdom. | |
6 April | The restored Kingdom of France supersedes the First French Empire. | |
29 March | The Netherlands are reestablished from France as the Sovereign Princedom of the Netherlands. | |
17 May | Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden through the peace of Kiel. | |
Various Italian states are reinstated, including the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal States. | ||
17 May | The Kingdom of Sardinia reclaims its mainland territory and annexes the land of the former Republic of Genoa. (Ratified by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.) | |
14 January | The Kingdom of Norway secedes Denmark–Norway. Christiania is the capital. | |
The Principality of Andorra declares independence from the First French Empire. Andorra la Vella is the capital. | ||
1813 | 11 December | The Treaty of Valençay ends formally the Peninsular War, with the restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain and releasing the country from being a client state of the Napoleonic French Empire. |
2 December | The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is created from the ruins of the first French Empire. Amsterdam is the capital. | |
19 October | The Confederation of the Rhine dissolves. | |
12 October | Paraguay becomes the Republic of Paraguay. | |
7 August | The Second Republic of Venezuela is declared | |
23 July | The British Malta Colony supersedes the Malta Protectorate. | |
1812 | 28 July | The First Republic of Venezuela is crushed by the Spanish Empire |
28 May | The eastern portion of the Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia) is ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Bucharest | |
14 May | France annexes Catalonia from Spain, creating the départements of Bouches-de-l'Èbre, Montserrat, Sègre and Ter. Andorra is also annexed and incorporated into the département of Sègre. | |
1811 | 27 November | The United Provinces of New Granada (modern Colombia) are established |
5 July | Venezuela declares independence from Spain | |
14 May | Paraguay gains independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Asunción is the capital. | |
28 March | The Kingdom of Haiti supersedes the State of Haiti. Cap-Haïtien is the capital. | |
1810 | 13 December | France annexes northern Germany (Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck, Salm, Arenberg, Oldenburg, parts of Westphalia and Berg) |
10 December | The United States takes control of the Republic of West Florida.[100] | |
26 September | The Republic of West Florida declares itself independent from Spain.[100] | |
18 September | Chile declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. Santiago is the capital. | |
16 September | México declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. | |
20 July | Colombia declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. | |
13 July | The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) is annexed by the first French Empire. | |
25 May | May Revolution. The Spanish viceroy in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay) is replaced by the Primera Junta. Creation of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires remains the capital. | |
22 May | By the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the Principality of Regensburg is formally incorporated into the Kingdom of Bavaria | |
19 April | The First Republic of Venezuela is established, starting the Venezuelan War of Independence from Spain | |
April | Kamehameha I unifies the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. | |
The Rhodanic Republic is annexed by France and becomes the département of Simplon |
1800s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1809 | 14 October | Salzburg is ceded to Bavaria (Treaty of Schönbrunn) |
West Galicia is ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw (Treaty of Schönbrunn) | ||
Tarnopol is ceded to the Russian Empire (Treaty of Schönbrunn) | ||
Trieste and Croatia south of the Sava are ceded to France; these become the Illyrian provinces (Treaty of Schönbrunn) | ||
17 September | Sweden officially cedes Finland to Russia through the peace of Hamina | |
29 March | The Russian Tsar is declared Grand-duke of Finland, effectively separating Finland from Sweden and turning it into a Russian autonomous duchy | |
Napoleon dissolves the Teutonic Knights; their lands are redistributed between neighboring states of the Holy Roman Empire, mostly to Württemberg. | ||
1808 | 7 March | The Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves removes the capital from Lisbon to exile in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. |
Spain becomes a client state of the First French Empire after the country was partially occupied by French forces and Joseph I set as king by Napoleon. | ||
1807 | July | Napoleon creates the Duchy of Warsaw from land ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia by the Treaties of Tilsit |
1806 | 17 October | The Empire of Haiti collapses upon the assassination of Emperor Jacques I. Haiti splits in two with the State of Haiti in the north with its capital at Milot, and the Republic of Haiti in the south with its capital at Port-au-Prince. |
6 August | Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, dissolves the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. | |
25 July | Napoleon I of France establishes the Confederation of the Rhine. Frankfurt is the capital. | |
5 June | The Kingdom of Holland (Netherlands) supersedes the Batavian Republic. | |
8 January | The United Kingdom establishes the Cape Colony. Cape Town is the capital. | |
1805 | July | France annexes the Principality of Piombino and the Republic of Lucca and reconstitutes them as the Principality of Lucca and Piombino |
1804 | 22 September | Jean-Jacques Dessalines establishes the Empire of Haiti. |
11 August | Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, establishes the Austrian Empire. Vienna is the capital. | |
18 May | The first French Empire supersedes the first French Republic. | |
4 March | The French Republic sells Louisiane to the United States of America. New Orleans (Nouvelle-Orléans) is the capital of the unorganized territory. | |
1 January | The French colony of Saint-Domingue on Hispaniola declares its independence from the French Republic as Haiti. Port-au-Prince remains the capital. | |
1803 | 27 April | As a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, all but three (Archbishopric of Regensburg, and the lands of the Teutonic Knights and Knights of Saint John) ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire are either secularized or annexed by other states. The Duchy of Salzburg (formerly the Archbishopric of Salzburg) is also raised to an electorate. |
19 February | The Act of Mediation converts the Helvetic Republic into the Swiss Confederation | |
1802 | Napoleon separates the Canton of Valais from the Helvetic Republic to form the Rhodanic Republic | |
Gia Long establishes the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. Huế is the capital. | ||
1801 | 20 August | The Gozitan Nation is annexed by the British protectorate of Malta. |
6 June | The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Spain cedes the South American Misiones Orientales to Portugal. | |
The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal cedes Olivenza to Spain. | ||
1 January | The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland unite to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin yields to London as the capital. | |
1800 | 17 November | The United States of America moves its capital from Philadelphia to its permanent location at Washington in the District of Columbia. |
5 September | French forces in Malta surrender to the British. The island becomes the British protectorate of Malta with Valletta as capital. | |
1 October | After a secretly negotiated treaty between France and Spain, Spain returns the colony of Louisiana to France | |
1800 | 17 February | The French département of Mont-Terrible is merged into the département of Haut-Rhin5 |
18th century
1790s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1799 | 7 July | Establishment of the Sikh Empire after capture of Lahore by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and unification of the Sikh Confederacy under him. |
1798 | 28 October | The Gozitan Nation gains de facto independence from Malta with Rabat as its capital. |
11 June | The Order of Saint John capitulates to French forces and Malta is under French occupation with Valletta remaining the capital. | |
12 April | The Napoleonic Helvetic Republic is declared | |
4 January | France annexes Mulhouse | |
1797 | 17 April | The House of Habsburg annexes the Republic of Venice. |
18 October | The Austrian Netherlands and various Mediterranean islands, including Corfu, are ceded to France. (Treaty of Campo Formio) | |
The Republic of Venice is dissolved. Venetia (the eastern portion of Domini di Terraferma, roughly modern Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Istria and Dalmatia are annexed by Austria (Treaty of Campo Formio) | ||
Austria recognizes the Cisalpine Republic and Ligurian Republic (Treaty of Campo Formio) | ||
The Kingdom of Italy is recognized as defunct and all subordinate territories are formally released from the Holy Roman Empire (Treaty of Campo Formio) | ||
1796 | 25 April | Spain cedes the northern half of West Florida to the United States.[101][102] |
1795 | 19 January | The Batavian Republic supersedes the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Amsterdam is the capital. |
24 October | The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is partitioned. Its vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with Poland-Lithuania, are annexed to the Russian Empire together as its Courland Governorate. | |
France annexes Southern Netherlands | ||
1793 | 25 June | Avignon is transferred from the Papal States to France |
23 March | The Rauracian Republic is annexed by France to form the département of Mont-Terrible | |
2 March | France annexes the Principality of Salm-Salm | |
1792 | 17 December | Most of the Prince-Bishopric of Basel becomes the Napoleonic Rauracian Republic, retaining only Schliengen |
21 September | The first French Republic supersedes the Kingdom of France. | |
23 January | Second partition of Poland | |
1791 | 4 March | The Vermont Republic joins the United States of America as the State of Vermont. Windsor yields to Philadelphia as the federal capital. |
1790 | 7 December | The United States of Belgium capitulates to the House of Habsburg. |
6 December | The United States of America moves its temporary capital from New York City to Philadelphia pending the construction of the new capital permitted by the new United States Constitution. | |
11 January | The United States of Belgium declares its independence from the House of Habsburg. Brussels is the capital. |
1780s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1789 | The Later Lê dynasty of Vietnam collapses. | |
1788 | 26 January | British colony of New South Wales is established |
1785 | 11 January | The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Trenton to New York City. |
1784 | 1 November | The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Annapolis to Trenton. |
King Joseph II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda. | ||
1784 | 1 July | King Gustav III of Sweden acquires the island of Saint Barthélemy in the Caribbean from France. It becomes a Swedish colony for nearly a century, until it is sold back to France in 1878. |
Russian seafarer and merchant Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrives in Three Saints Bay in Alaska | ||
1783 | 26 November | The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Princeton to Annapolis. |
3 September | The Kingdom of Great Britain signs the Treaty of Paris, recognizing the independence of the United States of America. | |
26 November | The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Princeton. | |
20 January | Great Britain surrenders East Florida and West Florida to Spain | |
19 April [O.S. 8 April] | The Crimean Khanate is annexed by the Russian Empire and incorporated as the Taurida Governorate | |
Province of Trinidad moves its capital from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España, its present location. | ||
1782 | 21 April | Siam moves its capital from Thonburi to Bangkok, its present location. |
22 February | The Vermont Republic abandons its claims of the East Union from New Hampshire and the West Union from New York.[103][104][105][106] | |
1781 | 16 June | The Vermont Republic claims what was called the "West Union," consisting of some towns in New York.[103][107][108][105] The specific date this occurred is unclear; sources suggest June 16, June 26, and July 18. |
4 April | The Vermont Republic once again claims the "East Union," consisting of some towns in New Hampshire that wished to join with Vermont, though the exact extent of the borders is unknown. Vermont never gained full control over the area.[103][109][110][107] |
1770s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1778 | Thái Đức establishes the Tây Sơn dynasty in Vietnam. | |
21 October | The Vermont Republic rescinds its claim to the "East Union," consisting of some towns in New Hampshire, United States.[111][107][104] | |
27 July | The United States of America moves its temporary capital from York back to Philadelphia. | |
11 June | The Vermont Republic claims what was called the "East Union," consisting of some towns in New Hampshire, United States that petitioned on March 12, 1778, to join with Vermont. Vermont never gained full control over the area.[112][111][107] | |
1777 | 1 October | The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the First Treaty of San Ildefonso, confirming almost all the borders defined by the Treaty of Madrid, with the exception that Spain would rule both Colonia del Sacramento and the Misiones Orientales. |
30 September | The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Lancaster to York. | |
27 September | United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Lancaster for one day, following the capture of Philadelphia by British forces. | |
8 July | The Republic of New Connecticut changes its name to the Vermont Republic. | |
4 June | The Republic of New Connecticut moves its capital to Windsor. | |
4 March | The United States of America moves its temporary capital back from Baltimore to Philadelphia. | |
15 January | The Republic of New Connecticut declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Westminster is the temporary capital. | |
1776 | 20 December | The United States of America moves its temporary capital from Philadelphia to Baltimore. |
4 July | The United States of America (including the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations) declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Philadelphia is the first of eight cities that will serve as a temporary capital until 1800. | |
4 May | Rhode Island and Providence Plantations declares its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Providence is the capital. | |
1775 | The Kingdom of Portugal reunites its South American colonies of the State of Brazil, the State of Great-Pará, and the State of Maranhão into the Colony of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is the capital. | |
The Habsburg Monarchy annexes the northwestern part of Moldavia (which became known as Bukovina). | ||
1772 | The Kingdom of Portugal divides its colony of the State of Great-Pará and Maranhão into the State of Great-Pará (capital, Belém) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis). | |
Ayutthaya having been destroyed in 1767, the new capital of Siam is created in Thonburi. | ||
5 August | First partition of Poland |
1760s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1768 | 21 December | Prithvi Narayan Shah unifies the Kingdom of Nepal. Kathmandu is the capital. |
15 May | Genoa sells to France its rights to Corsica | |
1763 | 12 February | The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colony of the State of Brazil from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. |
10 February | The Treaty of Paris creates a number of territory transfers between Great Britain, France, and Spain. New France (Canada) now belongs to the British. | |
1762 | The Louisiana Territory is transferred from France to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau | |
1761 | 12 February | The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of El Pardo, nullifying the Treaty of Madrid. |
1750s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1758 | The Dzungar Khanate is annexed by the Qing dynasty of China. | |
1751 | The Kingdom of Portugal changes the name of its colonial State of Maranhão to State of Great-Pará and Maranhão. | |
21 September | Through the Treaty of Strömstad, the border between Sweden and Norway is finally settled, from the beginning of the land border in Iddefjord until Norway's border on Russia at Varanger (since Finland was part of Sweden at this time, the border between the two countries continued beyond the present end point of the border between Norway and Sweden). | |
1750 | 13 January | The Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal signs the Treaty of Madrid. Based on the uti possidetis concept, Portugal gains lands on the actual south, central and north regions of Brazil. The treaty also stipulated that Spain would receive the Colonia del Sacramento and Portugal the Misiones Orientales. |
1740s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1747 | Safavid Empire collapses[113] | |
October | The Durrani Empire is founded near Kandahar on a Loya jirga, when Ahmad Shah Abdali is chosen as the king of the newly independent empire. He is later regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. | |
1744 | The Kingdom of Matamba is annexed to Portuguese Angola. | |
1740 | Prussia annexes Silesia from Austria |
1730s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1739 | 18 September | The Habsburg Monarchy cedes the Kingdom of Serbia, the southern part of the Banat of Temeswar and northern Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Belgrade) |
The Habsburg Monarchy returns Lesser Walachia (Oltenia) to Wallachia (Treaty of Belgrade) | ||
1 January | Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean | |
1737 | The Kingdom of Portugal moves the capital of its colonial State of Maranhão from São Luís to Belém. | |
1732 | Georgia Colony is founded. Savannah is the capital. |
1720s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1728 | On Greenland (then part of Denmark-Norway), Hans Egede founds the colony of Godthåb | |
1721 | 22 October | Peter the Great proclaims the Tsardom of Russia an Empire |
30 August | Swedish Estonia, Ingria, Livonia, and most of Karelia is ceded by Sweden to the Tsardom of Russia according to the terms of the Treaty of Nystad. | |
1720 | 21 January | Sweden cedes the portion of Swedish Pomerania south of the Peene and east of the Peenestrom to Prussia |
1710s
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1719 | 9 November | Sweden cedes Bremen-Verden to the Electorate of Hanover |
1718 | 21 July | The Ottoman Empire cedes to the Habsburg Monarchy the Banat, southeastern Syrmia, central Serbia, and part of northern Bosnia, while part of Wallachia (an Ottoman vassal) known as the Lesser Wallachia (Oltenia) is also ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy (Treaty of Passarowitz) |
The Kingdom of Serbia is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz) | ||
The Banat of Temeswar is established as a Habsburg crown land (Treaty of Passarowitz) | ||
Venice return Morea (gained by the Treaty of Karlowitz) and its Cretan holdings to the Ottomans. | ||
The Ottoman Empire cede parts of Dalmatia (Imotski, Sinj, and Vrgorac). | ||
1717 | The former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, it in turn a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, comes into personal union directly with Poland-Lithuania. | |
1715 | The Kingdom of Spain returns Colonia del Sacramento to the Kingdom of Portugal. | |
28 November | Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Majorca, the last part of the Crown of Aragon, through invasion | |
1714 | 11 September | Fall of the Crown of Aragon invaded by Kingdom of Castile marked by the invasion of the City of Barcelona (Siege of Barcelona). Creation of a unified Kingdom of Spain through the Nueva Planta decrees. |
7 September | The Duchy of Milan is ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy | |
1713 | March and April | The Treaty of Utrecht is signed. The United Kingdom takes sovereignty over Gibraltar and Menorca from the Kingdom of Spain. Spain also ceded: Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan to Savoy; Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor; lands in South America between Amazon River and Oiapoque River to the Kingdom of Portugal. |
Gibraltar passes from Spain to Great Britain | ||
1712 | Carolina Colony is split into North Carolina Colony and South Carolina Colony. | |
1711 | 21 July | The Russian Empire returns Azov to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of the Pruth. |
The Principality of Transylvania is integrated de jure into the Habsburg Monarchy as a crown land (Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)) |
1700s
17th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1707 | 1 May | The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland unite to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[114] Edinburgh yields to London as the capital for all but judicial functions. |
25 April | Kingdom of Castile integrates the Kingdom of Valencia part of the Crown of Aragon through invasion (Battle of Almansa) | |
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1700 | The Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Constantinople | |
1699 | 26 January | The Ottoman Empire cede the Eğri Eyalet, the Varat Eyalet, northern parts of the Temeşvar Eyalet, most of the Budin Eyalet and parts of the Bosnia Eyalet to the Habsburg Monarchy. This territory plus the Principality of Transylvania corresponds to most of the territory of mediaeval Hungary previously lost to the Ottomans (Ottoman Hungary). (Treaty of Karlowitz) |
The Principality of Transylvania, while nominally independent, becomes de facto under Habsburg rule. (Treaty of Karlowitz) | ||
The Ottoman Empire returns Podolia to Poland-Lithuania. (Treaty of Karlowitz) | ||
The Ottoman Empire cedes Morea and most of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice. (Treaty of Karlowitz) | ||
1695 | The capital of Maryland Colony is moved from St. Mary's City to Annapolis. | |
1692 | Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are reorganized as Province of Massachusetts Bay. | |
1689 | Ludlow ceases to be the administrative capital of Wales following the end of Council of Wales and the Marches. Wales ceases to have an official or administrative capital. | |
1684 | The English Crown Colony of Bermuda supersedes the Somers Isles Company. Hamilton is the capital. | |
1682 | Robert de La Salle sails down the Mississippi River[115] | |
1681 | The Pennsylvania Colony is founded. Philadelphia is the capital. | |
1680 | The Kingdom of Burundi is established. | |
1677 | The Mạc dynasty of Vietnam collapses. | |
1674 | Shivaji founded Maratha Empire in Maharashtra | |
1665 | The Kingdom of Lunda is established. | |
1664 | The Dutch Republic signs the Treaty of Breda, which cedes New Netherland to the Kingdom of England. | |
Delaware Colony is founded. New Castle is the capital. | ||
New Jersey Colony is founded. | ||
New York Colony is founded. New York City is the capital. | ||
New Haven Colony is merged into Connecticut Colony. | ||
1661 | 25 February | The former Bishopric of Courland, a vassal state of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, it in turn a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, comes into personal union with Courland and Semigallia. |
Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire gives the port of Bombay to the British | ||
1660 | 27 May | The Kingdom of Sweden cedes Trøndelag and Bornholm to Denmark-Norway as part of the Treaty of Copenhagen. |
3 May | The Treaty of Oliva cedes Runö Island in Estonia from the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia to Sweden. | |
4 April | The restored Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland supersede the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. London, Edinburgh, and Dublin are the respective capitals. | |
1658 | 16 December | The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland supersedes the Commonwealth of England, the Kingdom of Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland. Edinburgh and Dublin yield to London as the capital. |
26 February | Denmark-Norway cedes Skåne, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, Båhus and Trøndelag to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Roskilde. | |
1656 | The former Bishopric of Courland, until then in personal union with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, is sold to the Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and becomes its vassal state instead. | |
1653 | 4 May | The precise borders between Swedish Pomerania and Farther Pomerania (Brandenburg-Prussia) are determined in the Treaty of Stettin |
1649 | 19 May | The republican Commonwealth of England supersedes the Kingdom of England. |
1648 | The Netherlands, Switzerland, and many Italian city-states are made independent of the Holy Roman Empire | |
The Duchy of Pomerania is divided between Sweden (Swedish Pomerania) and Brandenburg-Prussia (Farther Pomerania), although the precise borders would not be determined until 1653 | ||
1645 | 13 August | The Kingdom of Denmark and Norway, the Wends and the Goths cedes Jämtland, Härjedalen, Idre & Särna, Gotland, Ösel and Halland, the latter for a period of 30 years, to the Kingdom of Sweden as part of the Treaty of Brömsebro. |
1644 | 30 October | The Qing dynasty supersedes the Ming dynasty as the legitimate dynasty of China. |
Hongguang establishes the Southern Ming dynasty in China. | ||
Saybrook Colony sold to Connecticut Colony. | ||
1640 | 1 December | Portugal separates from personal union with Spain |
The Emirate of Trarza is established. | ||
1638 | New Haven Colony is founded. New Haven is the capital. | |
1636 | 3 March | Connecticut Colony is founded. Hartford is the capital. |
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is founded. | ||
Taizong establishes the Qing dynasty in China. | ||
1635 | Fasilides makes Gondar the first permanent capital of Ethiopia since the fall of the Zagwe Dynasty | |
Saybrook Colony is founded. Old Saybrook is the capital. | ||
1632 | Maryland Colony is founded. St. Mary's City is the capital. | |
1631 | The Kingdom of Matamba is established. | |
1629 | 26 September | The Truce of Altmark cedes most of the Duchy of Livonia in real union with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Sweden as Swedish Livonia. The eastern part of the duchy is retained by Poland-Lithuania and is annexed as the Inflanty Voivodeship. |
Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded. | ||
New Hampshire Colony is founded. | ||
Carolina Colony is founded. | ||
1628 | The Colony of Barbados moves its capital from Saint James Town to Bridgetown. | |
1627 | The Kingdom of England establishes the Colony of Barbados with its capital at Saint James Town. | |
1626 | Dutch purchase Manhattan[116] | |
1621 | The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into the State of Brazil (capital, Salvador) and the State of Maranhão (capital, São Luis). | |
1620 | Plymouth Colony is founded. | |
The Kasanje Kingdom is founded. | ||
1617 | 9 May | The Polish-Lithuanian vassal state Bishopric of Courland comes into personal union with Poland-Lithuania. |
1617 | 27 February | In the treaty of Stolbovo Sweden gained the Russian province and fortress of Kexholm (Käkisalmi, now Priozersk) and the province of Ingria including the fortress of Nöteborg (now Shlisselburg, Russia) |
1616 | 30 October | Taizu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China. |
1612 | The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador. | |
1610 | Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay | |
1608 | The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro) for the second time. | |
1607 | Virginia Colony is founded. | |
1601 | 17 January | France gains Bresse, Bugey, and Gex from Savoy, and cedes Saluzzo to Savoy in exchange |
16th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1598 | Kuchum, Khan of Sibir is killed in battle with Russian forces, thus completing the Russian conquest of Siberia. | |
1596 | Willem Barentsz makes the first indisputable discovery of the Svalbard archipelago | |
1594 | Virmadhalasuriya I of Sri Lanka moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kandy | |
1591 | *Moroccans conquer Timbuktu[117] | |
1585 | The Treaty of Kronborg cedes the nominally Danish, but Polish-Lithuanian-controlled former Bishopric of Courland formally to Poland-Lithuania. | |
The Kingdom of Luba is established. | ||
1584 | 20 March | Areas under Swedish control in Northern Estonia are annexed as the Duchy of Estonia. |
1583 | 10 August | The Treaty of Plussa cedes all the remaining Russian-controlled areas in former Livonia to Sweden. |
1582 | 15 January | The Truce of Yam-Zapolsky cedes the Russian-controlled areas in former Central and Southern Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. |
1581 | 26 July | The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declares its independence from the Monarchy of Spain. |
1581 | 14 January | The Treaty of Drohiczyn cedes the free imperial city of Riga into the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia. |
1580 | July | Yermak Timofeyevich invades the territory of the Voguls, beginning the Russian conquest of Siberia. |
1580 | July | Personal union of Spain and Portugal |
1578 | The Kingdom of Portugal reunites North Brazil and South Brazil into the Colony of Brazil. The capital is Salvador. | |
1578 | The Danish-controlled Bishopric of Courland becomes a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. | |
1577 | The Russian vassal state Kingdom of Livonia is disestablished. | |
1575 | The capital of Chile is moved from Concepción to Santiago | |
1573 | The Kingdom of Portugal divides the Colony of Brazil into North Brazil (capital, Salvador) and South Brazil (capital, Rio de Janeiro). | |
1572 | 9 May | The Danish-controlled former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is annexed as Danish Ösel. |
1571 | 18 March | The Order of Saint John moves the capital of Malta from Birgu to Valletta. |
1570 | 13 December | Denmark cedes its nominal rights over Dagö and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth its nominal rights over Harrien-Wierland (including Reval), Jerwen and Wiek to Sweden. |
1570 | 10 June | The Kingdom of Livonia is established as a vassal state of Russia in some of its conquered lands in Livonia. |
1569 | 1 July | The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania unite to form the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vilnius yields to Kraków as the capital. |
1566 | 25 December | The Union of Grodno turns the personal union between the Principality of Livonia and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a real union and the former is reorganized as the Duchy of Livonia. The Lithuanian vassal state Archbishopric of Riga is annexed to the Duchy of Livonia. |
1564 | The Bailiff of Soneburg of the former Livonian Order, now the Principality of Livonia (later Duchy of Livonia), sells its bailiwick in the West Estonian archipelago to the Danish-controlled former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek. In return, Denmark cedes its nominal rights over Swedish-controlled Wiek to the Lithuanian Principality of Livonia. | |
1563 | Sweden conquers from Denmark the former Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek areas in Wiek and Dagö, leaving Denmark only with its possessions in Ösel. | |
1561 | 28 November | The Treaty of Vilnius dissolves the Livonian Order, which is in part organized as the Principality of Livonia in personal union with Lithuania, and in part organized as the Lithuanian vassal state Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, taking effect on 5 March 1562. The Archbishopric of Riga also becomes a vassal state of Lithuania and the former condominium town of Riga becomes a free imperial city. |
1561 | 6 June | The northern Livonian Order town Reval pledges allegiance to Sweden. |
1561 | 4 June | The northern Livonian Order regions of Harrien-Wierland (without Reval) and Jerwen pledge allegiance to Sweden. |
1560 | 20 May | The Bishopric of Courland in Western Latvia is sold to Denmark. |
1559 | November | The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek in Western Estonia is sold to Denmark. |
1558 | 18 July | Russia conquers the Bishopric of Dorpat in Estonia. |
1558 | The Nguyễn lords establishes de facto control over Central and Southern Vietnam. | |
1550 | The Kingdom of Loango is established. | |
1549 | The Kingdom of Portugal establishes a central government for its Colony of Brazil, with Salvador as the capital. | |
1545 | The Trịnh lords establishes de facto control over Northern Vietnam. | |
1542 | The Kingdom of Ireland supersedes the feudal Lordship of Ireland. | |
The Kingdom of England annexes the Principality of Wales. | ||
1536 | King Ferdinand I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Pozsony. | |
1534 | The Kingdom of Portugal divides its Colony of Brazil into 15 independent captaincies. | |
1533 | The Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam is restored under Trang Tông. | |
1532 | The Kingdom of France annexes the Duchy of Brittany. | |
1532 | Francisco Pizzaro conquers the Inca. | |
1530 | 26 October | The Order of Saint John annexes Malta and moves the capital from Mdina to Birgu. |
1529 | 22 April | Representatives of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain sign the Treaty of Zaragoza, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in Asia and Oceania at a meridian about 144°40' west of Greenwich.) |
1527 | Thái Tổ establishes the Mạc dynasty in Vietnam. | |
1526 | Babur of the Mughal Empire defeats the sultan of Delhi | |
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, uniting the lands which would come to be known as the Habsburg Monarchy under a single ruler. | ||
1525 | 14 January | The Teutonic Order relinquishes its rights over its autonomous Livonian Order. |
1523 | The Kalmar Union is dissolved. | |
1522 | Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the Earth | |
1521 | 13 August | The combined forces of Hernán Cortés conquer Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire. The Kingdom of Spain subsequently renames the region New Spain. The destroyed capital is rebuilt and renamed México. |
King Mayadunne I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Sitawaka. | ||
1513 | Juan Ponce de León claims Florida for Spain. | |
1504 | The Kingdom of Naples is ceded to the Crown of Aragon. | |
1501 | João da Nova discovers Ascension Island. | |
The Wadai Sultanate is established. | ||
1500 | 22 April | Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives at the coast of Brazil and claims all land in South America east of the Tordesillas Meridian for the Kingdom of Portugal, thus establishing the Portuguese Colony of Brazil. |
15th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1499-1501 | Safavids conquer Persia | |
1494 | 7 June | Representatives of the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas, settling the countries' boundary of conquest in the Americas (and Africa and Asia) at a meridian about 46°0' west of Greenwich. |
1493 | 4 May | Spanish Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Inter caetera granting to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain) all newly discovered lands west of the meridian 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the Azores (approximately 38°11' west of Greenwich.) |
1492 | 12 October | While seeking a route to the East Indies, Genoese navigator Cristoforo Colombo (Christopher Columbus) lands on the island of Guanahani in the Lucayan Archipelago,[118] which he mistakes for the Japanese Archipelago. Columbus claims the archipelago for his patrons the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (Spain), and subsequently explores and claims Cuba and Hispaniola. |
3 May | Christopher Columbus arrives at Xamayca. | |
1490 | King Vladislaus II moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda. | |
20 May | Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India | |
2 January | The combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada, completing the Spain's Reconquista. | |
1488 | Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope | |
1485 | King Matthias I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Bécs. | |
1482 | The Burgundian Netherlands are disestablished | |
1481 | France gains the County of Provence | |
1480 | According to temple records, a cyclone destroys the landbridge connecting the Kingdom of Kandy and Mainland India (Adam's Bridge). | |
1478 | Commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands by Catholic Monarchs' Spain. | |
1472 | Ludlow becomes the administrative capital of Wales, as the site of the Council of Wales and the Marches | |
1472 | The Kingdom of Scotland annexes Orkney and Shetland. | |
1469 | The crowns of the Iberian Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs. | |
1459 | The Teutonic Order cedes its already leased-out former Danish Estonia over to its autonomous Livonian Order. | |
1453 | 29 May | The Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottoman Empire. The capital of the Ottoman Empire is moved to Constantinople, present day Istanbul. Silk Road closed to trade causing European merchants to seek sea routes to Asian markets thus opening the "age of discovery." |
1452 | The Archbishopric of Riga and the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order agree with a condominium over the nominally free town of Riga, until then de facto controlled by the Livonian Order. | |
1444 | March | The Albanian Principalities are unified to form the Albanian Confederate of League of Lezhe. |
1435 | 1 September | The Archbishopric of Riga, the bishoprics of Courland, Dorpat and Ösel-Wiek, the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order, and the town of Riga form the Livonian Confederation. |
1434 | The Archbishopric of Riga sells its Dondangen Parish to the Bishopric of Courland. | |
1432 | March | Burgundy acquires the County of Hainaut |
1428 | Thái Tổ establishes the Later Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Đông Kinh is the capital. | |
1427 | End of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam. | |
1415 | 21 August | The Conquest of Ceuta marks the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. |
1413 | 7 June | The autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order becomes de facto independent from its parent order. |
The Ming dynasty of China defeats the Later Trần dynasty of Vietnam. | ||
1412 | Glyndŵr in 1409 loses Harlech Castle and his ally Edmund Mortimer dies. By 1412 English rule spreads and Machynlleth ceases to assert any claim to be Wales' capital. | |
King Parakramabahu VI moves the capital of Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Kotte. | ||
1408 | King Zsigmond of Luxemburg moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom back to Buda. | |
1407 | The Ming dynasty of China conquers the Hồ dynasty of Vietnam. Start of the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam. | |
Giản Định establishes the Later Trần dynasty in Vietnam. | ||
1404 | Owain Glyndŵr is crowned Prince of Wales, holding his Parliament at the capital, Machynlleth. | |
1400 | Hồ Quý Ly establishes the Hồ dynasty in Vietnam. Tây Đô is the capital. |
14th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1397 | The Kalmar Union between the Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Norway and Kingdom of Sweden is established. | |
1392 | The Joseon Dynasty succeed the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea. Hanseong is the capital. | |
1390 | The Kingdom of Kongo is established. | |
1384 | The Burgundian Netherlands are established. | |
1368 | Hongwu establishes the Ming dynasty in China. Yingtian and Shuntian are the capitals. | |
Huizong establishes the Northern Yuan dynasty in what is now Northern China and Mongolia. | ||
1366 | Liège annexes the County of Loon | |
1358 | Duke Rudolf IV of Austria has the Privilegium Maius forged, a set of documents which purports to elevate the Duchy of Austria to the status of "Archduchy". This status remains unrecognised. | |
1350 | With the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, its capital is created in Ayutthaya, instead of the former Sukhothai. | |
1349 | Dauphiné sold to France | |
1347 | 7 June | The Teutonic Order leases the former Danish Estonia to its autonomous Livonian Order. |
1346 | 1 November | Denmark sells and hands the Duchy of Estonia over to the Teutonic Order |
1341 | King Magnus Eriksson of Sweden buys the county of Halland from Denmark. | |
1330 | March | The autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order gains control over the nominally free town of Riga. |
1326 | The Crown of Aragon conquers Sardinia, creating the Kingdom of Sardinia | |
1325 | 13 March | The Mexicas (Aztecs) founded Tenochtitlan, the foundation of México. It is the oldest continuous capital in the Americas. |
1323 | King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Visegrád. | |
1323 | 12 August | The treaty of Nöteborg is signed between Sweden and Novgorod, resulting in the first true border regulation in Swedish Finland. |
1316 | France gains the Counties of Valentinois and Diois | |
1315 | King Charles I moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Temesvár. | |
1305 | France gains the County of Vivarais | |
1301 | France gains Barrois mouvant (County of Bar west of Meuse River) |
13th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1299 | Ottoman Empire founded | |
1293 | 10 March | Sweden conquers the southeastern parts of Finland. |
1290 | February | The Archbishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquer Semigallia, the last independent Latvian territory. |
1287 | King Parakramabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka back to Polonnaruwa. | |
1279 | 19 March | The Song dynasty is conquered by the Yuan dynasty in China. |
1279 | The Kingdom of Majorca becomes a vassal of the Crown of Aragon | |
1278 | 8 September | The Paréage of Andorra is signed, establishing a condominium between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell in the territory of Andorra. |
1278 | Andorra granted independence from the Crown of Aragon | |
1276 | Kingdom of Majorca is split from the Crown of Aragon, which are inherited by different sons of James I of Aragon | |
1272 | The Yuan dynasty of China moves its capital from Shangdu to Dadu. | |
1 February | The Kingdom of Albania (medieval) established. | |
10 August | Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Zagwe dynasty, establishing the Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia. Lalibela ceases to be the capital, and the Emperor of Ethiopia rules from a continually moving encampment around his domains for the following centuries. | |
1271 | Shizu establishes the Yuan dynasty in China. | |
1266 | 2 July | Caithness and the territory of the Kingdom of the Isles (the Hebrides and Mann) is ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland by the Treaty of Perth |
1260 | 2 July | Mongol Empire splits |
1258 | 11 May | The Treaty of Corbeil formally ends French feudal overlordship of the counties in the Spanish March and Catalan counties in the March of Gothia |
1258 | Mongols occupy Baghdad | |
1256 | King Béla IV moves the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom to Buda. | |
1255 | 20 January | The Bishopric of Riga is elevated to the Archbishopric of Riga. |
1253 | The Bishopric of Courland cedes some of its land to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order. | |
1245 | The Crown of Aragon completes the reconquest of what would become the Kingdom of Valencia up to the limits agreed upon in the Treaty of Almizra | |
1238 | 7 June | The Treaty of Stensby returns Danish Estonia from the Livonian Order back to Denmark, while the order retains Jerwen. |
1238 | Sweden conquers central Finland. | |
1238 | The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek cedes some area in and around Leal in Western Estonia to the autonomous Livonian Order of the Teutonic Order. | |
1237 | 12 May | The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are incorporated into the Teutonic Order as the autonomous Livonian Order. |
1236 | Mongols invade Northern Korea | |
1235 | Aragon conquers Ibiza, which becomes part of the Kingdom of Majorca | |
1235 | September | Kingdom of Mali established |
1234 | 24 July | The Bishopric of Courland is established from the Western Latvian territory of the Bishopric of Riga. |
1231 | Aragon completes the Conquest of Majorca and Menorca, establishing the Kingdom of Majorca as part of the Crown of Aragon | |
1228 | August | The Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek is established from the Western Estonian territory of the Bishopric of Riga. Some of its land is ceded to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. |
1227 | February | The Bishopric of Riga and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword subjugate Saaremaa, the last independent Estonian county and the Sword Brothers conquer Danish Estonia. |
1225 | Thái Tông establishes the Trần dynasty in Vietnam. | |
1225 | The town of Riga gains independence from the Bishopric of Riga. | |
1224 | August | The Bishopric of Estonia is renamed the Bishopric of Dorpat. |
1224 | 24 July | The Bishopric of Estonia cedes Wiek to the Bishopric of Riga. |
1224 | 21 July | The Livonian Brothers of the Sword cede Southern Estonia to the Bishopric of Estonia (established in 1211). The bishopric returns some of the lands to the Sword Brothers. |
1223 | Mongols defeat East Slavic warriors | |
1220 | King Vijayabahu III moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Dambadeniya. | |
1219 | Denmark annexes the Northern Estonian counties of Revala, Harju County, Viru County and Järva County as the Duchy of Estonia. | |
1218 | The Principality of Wales is recognized in the Treaty of Worcester. | |
1217 | Serbian Kingdom established. | |
1216 | The Principality of Wales is founded at the Council of Aberdyfi. | |
1216 | The Livonian Brothers of the Sword establish first presence in Southern Estonia. | |
1210 | The Mongol Empire captures much of the Western Liao dynasty. | |
1207 | August | The Bishopric of Riga cedes one third of its lands to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (established in 1202). |
1206 | Genghis Khan establishes the Mongol Empire. | |
1202 | The Bishopric of Livonia is renamed the Bishopric of Riga. |
12th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1199 | The Principality of Galicia–Volhynia is established. | |
1197 | The Kingdom of Deheubarth is disestablished. | |
1190 | The Principality of Arbanon is established. | |
1186 | The Bishopric of Livonia establishes its first presence in modern Latvia. | |
1185 | The Second Bulgarian Empire gains independence from the Byzantine Empire under Peter IV of Bulgaria. | |
1172 | Jämtland is conquered by the Kingdom of Norway. | |
1162 | The Viking Kingdom of Dublin is conquered by England. | |
Alfonso II/I ascends to the thrones of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona, establishing the Crown of Aragon. | ||
1154 | Al-Idrisi creates an early world map named Tabula Rogeriana, which describes the Eurasian continent and the northern half of Africa. | |
1156 | King Erik den helige of Sweden leads the first crusade to Finland and incorporates it with Sweden. | |
1139 | The Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the Kingdom of León. | |
1139 | The County of Portugal declares independence from the Kingdom of León, as the Kingdom of Portugal. | |
1130 | 25 December | The Norman Kingdom of Sicily is established; the Duchy of Apulia and Calabria is disestablished |
1127 | Gaozong establishes the Southern Song dynasty in China. Lin'an is the capital. | |
1124 | Dezong establishes the Western Liao dynasty in what is now Northwest China and Central Asia. Balasagun is the capital. | |
1115 | Taizu establishes the Jin dynasty in China. |
11th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1097 | King William II moves the capital of the Kingdom of England to London. | |
1092 | William Rufus, son of William the Conqueror, invades Cumberland (then part of Scotland) and incorporates it into England. | |
1091 | Noto, Sicily is conquered by the County of Sicily, ending the Muslim Emirate of Sicily | |
1088 | The Principality of Taranto is established | |
1076 | Muslim Almoravids conquer Ghana. | |
1076 | The kingdoms of Pamplona and Aragon are reunited (in a personal union) under Sancho Ramírez, who styled himself "King of the Aragonians and Pamplonese". The two kingdoms are now de jure separate entities | |
1076 | Muslims conquer Syria | |
1076 | Palermo, the capital of the Emirate of Sicily is taken by the Normans. The Norman County of Sicily is established. | |
1066 | England is conquered by William, Duke of Normandy, thus bringing England and the Duchy of Normandy into a personal union | |
1065 | The kingdoms of Castile and Galicia are split from the Kingdom of León | |
1065 | The Duchy of Limburg is established | |
1061 | Estonians reconquer Ugandi County from the Kievan Rus' | |
1061 | Messina, Sicily is captured from the Muslims by the Normans | |
1059 | The County of Apulia and Calabria is raised to a Duchy by the Pope | |
1055 | King Vijayabahu I moves the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Lanka to Polonnaruwa. | |
1018-1054 | At some point between 1018 and 1054 the Kingdom of Strathclyde is conquered by Scotland | |
1043 | Kingdom of Aragon becomes de facto independent from the Kingdom of Pamplona | |
1042 | The Norman County of Apulia and Calabria is established | |
1038 | Jingzong establishes the Western Xia dynasty in China. Xingqing is the capital. | |
1035 | The territory that would come to be the Kingdom of Aragon is united under Ramiro I of Aragon | |
1032 | Kingdom of Arles is inherited by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor and incorporated in the Holy Roman Empire. | |
1030 | Kievan Rus' conquers Ugandi County in Southeastern Estonia. | |
1018 | English (Northumbrian) land north of the Tweed is ceded to Scotland | |
1009 | Thái Tổ establishes the Lý dynasty in Vietnam. | |
1003 | Leif Ericson discovers Newfoundland and establishes a short-lived colony at L'Anse aux Meadows. | |
1000 | King Stephen I establishes the Hungarian Kingdom. Esztergom and Székesfehérvár are the official capitals. | |
1000 | Gunnbjörn Ulfsson spots islands off the coast of Greenland. European discovery of the island itself is dated to the 980s, when explorers arrived from Iceland and Norway. |
1st Millennium CE
10th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
987 | Hughe Capet confirmes Paris as the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks (soon to become the Kingdom of France). | |
980 | Lê Hoàn establishes the Early Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital. | |
975 | Erik Segersäll becomes first king of Sweden | |
968 | Đinh Bộ Lĩnh establishes the Đinh dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital. | |
965 | The Ngô dynasty of Vietnam collapses. | |
962 | 2 February | Otto the Great re-establishes the Holy Roman Empire. Rome is the official capital. |
960 | 3 January | Taizu establishes the Northern Song dynasty in China. Bianjing is the capital. |
ca. 965 | The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania. | |
ca. 965 | The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy. | |
ca. 965 | The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily. | |
962 | King Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire. | |
961 | King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which his wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King. | |
The Kingdom of Nri is established | ||
959 | Lower Lorraine is established | |
954 | The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the Kingdom Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw | |
951 | Taizu establishes the Later Zhou dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital. | |
Shizu establishes Northern Han in China. Taiyuan is the capital. | ||
948 | The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily | |
947 | Gaozu establishes the Later Han dynasty in China. Bianzhou is the capital. | |
942 | England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw | |
941 | Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes | |
939 | Ngô Quyền establishes the Ngô dynasty in Vietnam. Cổ Loa is the capital. | |
938 | Vietnam declares independence from the Southern Han of China. End of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam. | |
937 | Liezu establishes Southern Tang in China. Jinling is the capital. | |
Taizu establishes Dali in what is now Southwest China. | ||
936 | Gaozu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China. | |
Goryeo Dynasty unified the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea. | ||
934 | Gaozu establishes Later Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital. | |
927 | 12 July | King Athelstan of Wessex establishes the Kingdom of England. Winchester is the capital. |
927 | The Kingdom of Northumbria is conquered by Wessex, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and forming what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England | |
924 | Wuxin establishes Jingnan in China. Jingzhou is the capital. | |
923 | Zhuangzong establishes the Later Tang dynasty in China. Luoyang is the capital. | |
922 | The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona | |
920 | The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth | |
920 | The County of Horne is established | |
918 | King Taejo establishes Goryeo Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Gaegyeong is the official capital. | |
918 | The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex | |
918 | The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex | |
917 | Gaozu establishes Southern Han in China. Xingwang is the capital. | |
916-917 | Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes | |
916 | Taizu establishes the Liao dynasty in China. | |
910 | 10 December | The Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León |
907 | Taizu establishes Min in China. Changle is the capital. | |
The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate | ||
907 | Taizu establishes the Later Liang dynasty in China. Luoyang and Kaifeng are the capitals. | |
Gaozu establishes Former Shu in China. | ||
Liezu establishes Yang Wu in China. | ||
Wumu establishes Ma Chu in China. | ||
Taizu establishes Wuyue in China. | ||
905 | The Khúc clan establishes de facto rule over Vietnam. | |
902 | The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya |
9th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
895 | Grand Prince Árpád establishes the Principality of Hungary. | |
891 | The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the Theme of Longobardia. | |
891 | Harald Fairhair unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway and establishes the Kingdom of Norway. Stavanger becomes the capital. | |
880's | Byzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria. | |
880 | ![]() Frankish kingdoms in 888 | |
878 | The Emirate of Ifriqiya takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire. | |
876 | The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari. | |
873 | The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens. | |
872 | The Kingdom of Norway is unified. | |
870 | As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia and the Kingdom of Italy. | |
860 | Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent. | |
858 | Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent. | |
855 | Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm. | |
851 | The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento. | |
843 | Partitions of Francia by the Treaty of Verdun | |
843 | The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified. | |
843 | The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle and East Francia. | |
831 | September | Palermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily. |
825 | The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex. | |
825 | The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex. | |
824 | The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established. | |
820 | The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks. | |
814 | Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom. | |
804 | Charlemagne establishes the Holy Roman Empire. While Rome is the official capital of the empire, Aix-la-Chapelle is the de facto capital. | |
800 | Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony. |
8th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
795 | The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against the Moors | |
788 | The Franks conquer Bavaria[119] | |
788 | The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto | |
787 | Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retain effective autonomy | |
785 | Franks defeat Widukind thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony. | |
774 | Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy) | |
774 | The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento | |
769 | Franks conquer Gascony | |
768-769 | Franks conquer Aquitania | |
759 | Franks conquer Septimania | |
754 | The Papal States is established | |
751 | The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade | |
744 | Franks conquer Alemannia | |
734 | Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers | |
718 | Kingdom of Asturias established | |
717 | Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus. | |
711 | A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus. | |
705 | The Tang dynasty in China is restored under Zhongzong. |
7th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
690 | King Go establishes Balhae in Manchuria and northern Korean Peninsula. | |
Wu Zhao establishes Wu Zhou in China. Shendu is the capital. | ||
Muslims conquer North Africa[120] | ||
681 | Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube Delta and settles in the Ongal area (Southern Bessarabia or northern Dobruja). Asparukh, with his Slav allies, defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes the First Bulgarian Empire. Pliska is the capital. | |
680 | The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg. | |
676 | Silla unified the Three Kingdoms of Korea. | |
634 | The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria. | |
630 | 11 January | The Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquers Mecca and unites Arabia. Medina is the capital. |
628 | Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia. | |
618 | 18 June | Gaozu establishes the Tang dynasty in China. Chang'an and Luoyang are the capitals. |
602 | The Early Lý dynasty of Vietnam is conquered by the Sui dynasty of China. Start of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam. |
6th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
581 | Wen establishes the Sui dynasty in China. | |
557 | Xiaomin establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China. | |
Wu establishes the Chen dynasty in China. | ||
555 | Xuan establishes the Western Liang dynasty in China. | |
553 | The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire | |
550 | Wenxuan establishes the Northern Qi dynasty in China. | |
544 | Lý Nam Đế establishes the Early Lý dynasty in Vietnam. End of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam. | |
538 | The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Ungjin to Sabi. | |
538 | The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire | |
534 | Wen establishes the Western Wei dynasty in China. | |
534 | Xiaojing establishes the Eastern Wei dynasty in China. | |
508 | Frankish King Clovis the Frank makes Paris the capital of the Frankish Kingdom. | |
502 | Wu establishes the Liang dynasty in China. |
5th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
493 | Ostrogoths establish a kingdom in Italy | |
490 | Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees | |
486 | The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks | |
480 | A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered | |
479 | Gao establishes the Southern Qi dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital. | |
476 | 4 September | Germanic General Odoacer forces Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end. |
475 | The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Wirye to Ungjin by pressure of Goguryeo. | |
469 | The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies | |
457-461 | Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul | |
451-453 | Huns attack the Western Roman Empire | |
435 | The Vandals establish a kingdom in North Africa | |
429 | Vandals enter Africa | |
427 | The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Gungnae City to Pyongyang. | |
426 | Alans leave Hispania | |
420 | Wu establishes the Liu Song dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital. | |
418 | The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul | |
411 | The Burgundians establish a kingdom in the western bank of the Rhine | |
405 | A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine | |
402 | Western Roman Empire capital moved to Ravenna |
4th century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
407 | Wulie establishes Hu Xia in China. | |
Huiyi establishes Northern Yan in China. | ||
400 | Wuzhao establishes Western Liang in China. | |
398 | Xianwu establishes Southern Yan in China. | |
397 | Wu establishes Southern Liang in China. | |
Duan Ye establishes Northern Liang in China. | ||
395 | 17 January | At his death, Roman Emperor Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) permanently splits the Roman Empire between his two sons. Arcadius (Flavius Arcadius) rules the Eastern Roman Empire from Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey), and Honorius (Flavius Honorius) rules the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy). |
386 | Yiwu establishes Later Liang in China. Guzang is the capital. | |
Daowu establishes the Northern Wei dynasty in China. | ||
385 | Xuanlie establishes Western Qin in China. | |
384 | Chengwu establishes Later Yan in China. | |
Wuzhao establishes Later Qin in China. Chang'an is the capital. | ||
Liewen establishes Western Yan in China. | ||
370 | The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished | |
370 | Huns appear north of the Black Sea | |
358 | Franks allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium) | |
351 | Jingming establishes Former Qin in China. | |
337 | Wenming establishes Former Yan in China. | |
330 | 11 May | Roman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for the Roman Empire at Byzantium which he renames Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey).[121] |
324 | 18 September | Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) reunites the Roman Empire. Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital. |
320 | Ming establishes Former Liang in China. | |
319 | Ming establishes Later Zhao in China. | |
317 | Yuan establishes the Eastern Jin dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital. | |
304 | Guangwen establishes Han Zhao in China. | |
Wu establishes Cheng Han in China. Chengdu is the capital. | ||
301 | 3 September | Saint Marinus establishes the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from the Roman Empire. The City of San Marino is the capital. |
3rd century
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
293 | Roman co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian split the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy), Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany), Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia). | |
286 | 1 April | Roman Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appoints Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) co-emperor, splitting the Roman Empire into a dyarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy) and Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany). |
274 | Roman Emperor Aurelian conquers the Palmyrene Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire. | |
273 | Roman Emperor Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers the Gallic Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire. | |
271 | Roman Dacia is abandoned | |
269 | The Palmyrene Empire conquers the Roman Province of Egypt. | |
Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire | ||
266 | Wu establishes the Western Jin dynasty in China. Luoyang and Chang'an are the capitals. | |
260 | Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Palmyrene Empire. Palmyra is the capital. | |
Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Gallic Empire. Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne, Germany) is the capital. | ||
240 | Gupta Empire forms in India | |
222 | Da establishes Eastern Wu in China. Wuchang and Jianye are the capitals. | |
221 | Zhaolie establishes Shu Han in China. Chengdu is the capital. | |
220 | Wen establishes Cao Wei in China. Xuchang and Luoyang are the capitals. |
1st century
![](../I/m/BlankMap-World-1ce.png)
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
71-84 CE | Conquest of Wales and southern Scotland by Romans | |
43-47 CE | The Romans found Londinium, a town that will with time become modern London | |
43 CE | Start of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam. | |
40 CE | The Trưng Sisters rebel against Chinese rule in Vietnam. | |
25 CE | Guangwu establishes the Eastern Han dynasty in China. | |
9 CE | Wang Mang establishes the Xin dynasty in China. | |
5 CE | Romans conquer much of the Middle East | |
3 CE | The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Jolbon to Gungnae. |
Before the Common Era
First Millennium BCE
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
18 BCE | Onjo establishes Baekje on the central Korean Peninsula. Wiryeseong is the capital. | |
27 BCE | 16 January | The Roman Senate grants Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the title Augustus. This effectively ends the Roman Republic and establishes the Roman Empire. |
30 BCE | 1 August | Roman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizes Egypt as a province under his personal control. |
35 BCE | The Romans conquer the city of Sirmium, modern Sremska Mitrovica | |
37 BCE | Dongmyeong establishes Goguryeo on the northern Korean Peninsula. Jolbon is the capital. | |
58-50 BCE | Romans conquer Gaul | |
57 BCE | Hyeokgeose establishes Silla on the southeast Korean Peninsula. Gyeongju is the capital. | |
63 BCE | Romans conquer Jerusalem | |
63 BCE | Romans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II. | |
111 BCE | By this date, the Han dynasty under Wu had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from Nanyue. Start of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam. | |
133 BCE | Upon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic. | |
133 BCE | Romans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia | |
135 BCE | Western half of Minyue conquered by the Han dynasty. | |
146 BCE | Romans conquer Iberia | |
146 BCE | Ancient Carthage is disestablished | |
146 BCE | Romans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League | |
146 BCE | Roman provinces of Macedon and Achaea formed | |
148 BCE | Mithridates I of Parthia conquers Ectebana | |
168 BCE | Romans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna. | |
180 BCE | Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom. | |
187 BCE | The Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed | |
194 BCE | Wanggeom-seong becomes the capital of Wiman Joseon on the Korean Peninsula. | |
194 BCE | Seleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt | |
194 BCE | Romans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself. | |
202 BCE | 28 February | Gaozu establishes the Western Han dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital. |
204 BCE | Wu establishes Nanyue in what is now Southern China. Panyu is the capital. | |
209 BCE | The Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control | |
211 BCE | Romans capture Syracuse | |
221 BCE | Qin Shi Huang unifies ancient China and establishes the Qin dynasty in China. Xianyang is the capital. | |
230 BCE | Han conquered by Qin. | |
238 BCE | Arsaces I of Parthia establishes the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. Hecatompylus becomes the capital. | |
238 BCE | Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces | |
238 BCE | Sicily becomes first Roman province | |
266 BCE | Ashoka unifies most of South Asia | |
281 BCE | Lysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids | |
291 BCE | Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege. | |
294 BCE | Demetrius I of Macedon kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt. | |
301 BCE | The death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander. | |
305 BCE | Macedonian general Ptolemy establishes the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as King Ptolemy I Soter. | |
306 BCE | Following the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander. | |
309 BCE | Seleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one third of his empire. | |
312 BCE | Macedonian general Seleucus establishes the Seleucid Empire. Babylon is the capital. | |
316 BCE | The states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin. | |
322 BCE | Chandragupta establishes the Maurya Empire of ancient India. Pataliputra (now Patna) is the capital. | |
323 BCE | Alexander dies and his empire splits | |
329 BCE | Alexander conquers Samarkand | |
330 BCE | Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persia. Alexander makes Babylon the capital. | |
332 BCE | Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persian-occupied Egypt and establishes the Argead Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital at Alexandria. | |
338 BCE | Phillip II of Macedon unites Greece | |
343 BCE | Artaxerxes III of Persia reconquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Artaxerxes III. | |
375 BCE | Zheng annexed by Han | |
380 BCE | November | Pharaoh Nectanebo I establishes the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Sebennytos becomes the capital. |
387 BCE | The Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus. | |
399 BCE | autumn | Pharaoh Nefaarud I establishes the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Mendes becomes the capital. |
404 BCE | Amyrtaeus expels the Persians from Egypt and establishes the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Amyrtaeus. Sais is the capital. | |
404 BCE | Athens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony | |
405 BCE | Gela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage | |
406 BCE | Akragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage | |
409 BCE | Selinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage | |
479 BCE | Delian League established | |
504 BCE | King Panduvasudeva moves the capital of the Kingdom of Lanka to Upatissa Nuwara. | |
509 BCE | The Roman Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Rome. | |
515 BCE | Darius the Great moves the capital of the Persian Empire to Persepolis. | |
525 BCE | May | Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Cambyses II. |
535 BCE | Cyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom | |
539 BCE | Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire | |
543 BCE | King Vijaya establishes the Kingdom of Lanka and makes Tambapanni the new capital. | |
546 BCE | Cyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire | |
546 BCE | Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire and makes Pasargadae the new capital. | |
586 BCE | Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians. | |
605 BCE | With the Battle of Carchemish, the Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt. | |
609 BCE | Harran, the new capital of Assyria, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians | |
612 BCE | Nineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians | |
650 BCE | Ancient Carthage is established | |
653 BCE | After the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians | |
657 BCE | Byzantium is settled by colonists from Megara | |
660 BCE | 11 February | Emperor Jimmu establishes the Empire of Japan. |
about 664 BCE | Pharaoh Necho I establishes the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais is the capital. | |
671 BCE | Esarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region. | |
694 BCE | Deioces is elected the first King of the Medes. Ecbatana (now Hamadan) is the capital. | |
695 BCE | Gordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians | |
about 700 BCE | Phoenicians establish a colony in Malta with Maleth as capital. | |
705 BCE | The capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh. | |
706 BCE | The capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin. | |
713 BCE | The Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians | |
717 BCE | The Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians | |
720 BCE | Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians | |
about 728 BCE | Pharaoh Tefnakhte establishes the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais becomes the capital. | |
732 BCE | The Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus. | |
733 BCE-734 BCE | The city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea. | |
about 740 BCE | Nubian King Piye establishes the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rules Egypt from Napata in Nubia. | |
745 BCE | Tiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon | |
753 BCE | 21 April | Romulus establishes the Kingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital. |
770 BCE | Ping establishes the Eastern Zhou dynasty in China. Wangcheng is the capital. | |
808 BCE | Karanus establishes the Argead Dynasty of Macedon and builds Aigai to be the capital. | |
about 875 BCE | Pharaoh Pedubast I establishes the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital of Upper Egypt. | |
879 BCE | Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of the New Assyrian Empire to Kalhu. | |
911 BCE | Adad-nirari II establishes the New Assyrian Empire. | |
about 930 BCE | The Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam I separates from the Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam. Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, Jerusalem remains the capital of Judah. | |
about 945 BCE | Pharaoh Shoshenq I establishes the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. |
Second Millennium BCE
Year | Event |
---|---|
about 1004 BCE | King David conquers the city of Jebus and makes the renamed City of David (now Jerusalem) the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. |
about 1046 BCE | Wu establishes Western Zhou dynasty in China. Fenghao is the capital. |
about 1047 BCE | Shaul ben Qysh establishes the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Gibeah is the capital. |
about 1070 BCE | Pharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis becomes the capital. |
about 1077 BCE | The New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt |
about 1184 BCE | Greeks destroy the city-state of Troy. |
about 1188 BCE | Pharaoh Setnakhte establishes the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 1230 BCE | Pharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site of Avaris and names it Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu. |
about 1243 BCE | Ashur-nadin-apli of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital back to Assur. |
Tukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital to Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta. | |
about 1272 BCE | Mursili III of the Hittite empire moves capital back to Hattusa. |
about 1293 BCE | Pharaoh Ramesses I establishes the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 1295 BCE | Pharaoh Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire moves capital to Tarhuntassa. |
about 1332 BCE | Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Memphis. |
about 1340 BCE | Ashur-uballit I establishes the Middle Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital. |
about 1345 BCE | Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Amarna (Akhetaton). |
about 1400 BCE | Kurigalzu I a Kassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital to Dur-Kurigalzu. |
about 1534 BCE | Agum II establishes the rule of the Kassites in Mesopotamia. Babylon becomes the capital. |
Pharaoh Ahmose I establishes the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. | |
about 1550 BCE | The New Kingdom of Egypt is established |
about 1600 BCE | Tang establishes the Shang dynasty in China. Yin is the capital. |
about 1619 BCE | Rahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 1620 BCE | Djehuti establishes the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital. |
about 1624 BCE | Salitis establishes the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital. |
about 1650 BCE | The Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt |
about 1710 BCE | Nehesy establishes the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Xois is the capital. |
about 1763 BCE | Hammurabi establishes the Babylonian Empire. |
about 1778 BCE | Wegaf Khutawyre establishes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 1810 BCE | Sumu-Epuh first attested king of the empire of Yamhad. Aleppo is the capital. |
about 1894 BCE | Sumu-abum establishes the First Babylonian dynasty. Babylon is the capital. |
about 1900 BCE | Zulilu establishes the Old Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital. |
about 1940 BCE | The Third Dynasty of Ur falls after an Elamite invasion |
about 1983 BCE | Amenemhat I establishes the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and builds Amenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital. |
Third Millennium BCE
Year | Event |
---|---|
about 2047 BCE | Ur-Nammu establishes the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur is the capital. |
about 2055 BCE | The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established. |
about 2070 BCE | Yu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China. Yangcheng and Zhenxun are the capitals. |
about 2112 BCE | Utu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Third Dynasty of Ur. |
about 2130 BCE | Mentuhotep I establishes the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes becomes the capital of Upper Egypt. |
Meryhathor establishes the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut remains the capital of Lower Egypt. | |
about 2160 BCE | Meryibre Khety establishes the Ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut becomes the capital of Lower Egypt. |
about 2165 BCE | Neferkare Pepiseneb establishes the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 2175 BCE | Netjerkare establishes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 2181 BCE | The Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. |
about 2193 BCE | The Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutian people. |
about 2270 BCE | Sargon of Akkad establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Akkad after defeating Lugal-zage-si at the Battle of Uruk. Akkad is the capital. |
about 2333 BCE | Dangun Wanggeom establishes Gojoseon on the Korean Peninsula. |
about 2380 BCE | Ur-Nanshe establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Lagash. Lagash is the capital. |
about 2336 BCE | Teti establishes the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 2494 BCE | Userkaf establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 2580 BCE | Mesannepada establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Ur becomes the de facto capital of Sumer. |
about 2655 BCE | Sneferu establishes the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 2686 BCE | The Old Kingdom of Egypt is established. This era sees the building of the Egyptian pyramids. |
about 2727 BCE | Djoser establishes the Third Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 2860 BCE | Hotepsekhemwy establishes the Second Dynasty of Egypt. |
about 2879 BCE | Dương Vương establishes the Hồng Bàng dynasty in Vietnam. |
Fourth Millennium BCE
Year | Event |
---|---|
about 3080 BCE | Narmer (or Menes) unites Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt under the First Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital of all Egypt. |
about 3200 BCE | The regional power centers of Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen dominate Upper Egypt. |
The city-states of Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak rise to prominence in Sumer. |
Tenth Millennium BCE
Year | Event |
---|---|
about 9000 BCE | First stone structures at Jericho are built. |
about 9500 BCE | Building begins at Göbekli Tepe. |
See also
References
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