Rabat

Rabat (/rəˈbɑːt/, also UK: /rəˈbæt/, US: /rɑːˈbɑːt/;[3][4][5] French: [ʁaba]; Arabic: الرِّبَاط‎, romanized: ar-ribāṭ; Berber languages: ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟ, romanized: Aṛṛbaṭ) is the capital city of Morocco and the country's seventh largest city with an urban population of approximately 580,000 (2014)[2] and a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million. It is also the capital city of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region.[6] Rabat is located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg, opposite Salé, the city's main commuter town.

For other uses, see Rabat (disambiguation).
Rabat

الرِّبَاط  (Arabic)
ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟ  (Berber languages)
City
Clockwise from top:
River Bou Regreg and the Kasbah of the Udayas, Dâr-al-Makhzen the main royal residence, Hassan Tower, Chellah Necropolis, Kasbah of the Udayas, Mausoleum of Mohammed V
Seal
Rabat
Location in Morocco & Africa
Rabat
Rabat (Africa)
Coordinates: 34°02′N 6°50′W[1]
Country Morocco
RegionRabat-Salé-Kénitra
Founded by Almohads1146
Government
 • MayorMohamed Sadiki
Area
 • City117 km2 (45.17 sq mi)
Highest elevation
160 m (520 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2014)[2]
 • City577,827
 • Rank7th in Morocco
 • Density4,900/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,120,192
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Websitewww.rabat.ma
Official nameRabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iv
Designated2012 (36th session)
Reference no.1401
State PartyMorocco
RegionArab States

Rabat was founded in the 12th century by the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min as a military town. The city steadily grew but went into an extended period of decline following the collapse of the Almohads. In the 17th century Rabat became a haven for Barbary pirates. The French established a protectorate over Morocco in 1912 and made Rabat its administrative center. Morocco achieved independence in 1955 and Rabat became its capital.

Rabat, Temara, and Salé form a conurbation of over 1.8 million people. Silt-related problems have diminished Rabat's role as a port; however, Rabat, and Salé still maintain important textile, food processing and construction industries. In addition, tourism and the presence of all foreign embassies in Morocco serve to make Rabat one of the most important cities in the country. The Moroccan capital was ranked at second place by CNN in its "Top Travel Destinations of 2013".[7] It is one of four Imperial cities of Morocco, and the medina of Rabat is listed as a World Heritage Site. Rabat is accessible by train through the ONCF system and by plane through the nearby Rabat–Salé Airport.

Etymology

The name Rabat comes from الرِّبَاط (ar-ribāṭ) meaning the ribat, an Islamic base or fortification. This name is short for رِبَاط الفَتْح (ribāṭu l-fatḥ) meaning the ribat of conquest or stronghold of victory—a title the city acquired in 1170, due to its military importance.[8]

History
See also: Timeline of Rabat
Bab Oudaia gate

12th to 17th century

Rabat has a relatively modern history compared to the nearby ancient city of Salé. In 1146, the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min[9] [10] turned Rabat's ribat into a full-scale fortress to use as a launching point for attacks on Iberia.

Yaqub al-Mansur (known as Moulay Yacoub in Morocco), another Almohad Caliph, moved the capital of his empire to Rabat.[11] He built Rabat's city walls, the Kasbah of the Udayas and began construction on what would have been the world's largest mosque. However, Yaqub died and construction stopped. The ruins of the unfinished mosque, along with the Hassan Tower, still stand today.

Yaqub's death initiated a period of decline. The Almohad empire lost control of its possessions in Spain and much of its African territory, eventually leading to its total collapse. In the 13th century, much of Rabat's economic power shifted to Fez. In 1515 a Moorish explorer, El Wassan, reported that Rabat had declined so much that only 100 inhabited houses remained. An influx of Moriscos, who had been expelled from Spain, in the early 17th century helped boost Rabat's growth.

Corsair republics

Rabat and neighboring Salé united to form the Republic of Bou Regreg in 1627.[12] The republic was run by Barbary pirates who used the two cities as base ports for launching attacks on shipping. The pirates did not have to contend with any central authority until the Alaouite Dynasty united Morocco in 1666. The latter attempted to establish control over the pirates, but failed. European and Muslim authorities continued to attempt to control the pirates over many years, but the Republic of Bou Regreg did not collapse until 1818. Even after the republic's collapse, pirates continued to use the port of Rabat, which led to the shelling of the city by Austria in 1829 after an Austrian ship had been lost to a pirate attack.

20th century

French invasion

The French invasion of Morocco began in the east with General Hubert Lyautey's occupation of Oujda March 1907 and in the west with the Bombardment of Casablanca August 1907.[13] The Treaty of Fes established the protectorate March 1912.[14] Acting as French administrator of Morocco, Lyautey,[15] decided to relocate the country's capital from Fes to Rabat. Among other factors, rebellious citizens had made Fes an unstable place. Sultan Moulay Youssef followed the decision of the French and moved his residence to Rabat. In 1913, Lyautey hired Henri Prost who designed the Ville Nouvelle (Rabat's modern quarter) as an administrative sector. When Morocco achieved independence in 1955, Mohammed V, the then King of Morocco, chose to have the capital remain at Rabat.

Post World War II

Following World War II, the United States established a military presence in Rabat at the former French air base. By the early 1950s, Rabat Salé Air Base was a U.S. Air Force installation hosting the 17th Air Force and the 5th Air Division, which oversaw forward basing for Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-47 Stratojet aircraft in the country. With the destabilization of French government in Morocco, and Moroccan independence in 1956, the government of Mohammed V wanted the U.S. Air Force to pull out of the SAC bases in Morocco, insisting on such action after American intervention in Lebanon in 1958.[16] The United States agreed to leave as of December 1959, and was fully out of Morocco by 1963. SAC felt the Moroccan bases were much less critical with the long range capability of the B-52 Stratofortresses that were replacing the B-47s and with the completion of the USAF installations in Spain in 1959.[17]

With the USAF withdrawal from Rabat-Salé in the 1960s, the facility became a primary facility for the Royal Moroccan Air Force known as Air Base Nº 1, a status it continues to hold.

Geography

Neighbourhoods of Rabat

Rabat is an administrative city. It does have many shopping districts and residential neighbourhoods. The geographically spread out neighbourhoods are as follows:

The heart of the city consists of three parts: the Medina (old town); the Oudayas and Hassan both located to meet the Bou Regreg; and the Atlantic Ocean.

To the west, and along the waterfront, there is a succession of neighbourhoods.

First, around the ramparts, there is the old neighbourhoods, Quartier l'Océan and Quartier les Orangers. Beyond that, a succession of mostly working-class districts: Diour Jamaa, Akkari, Yacoub El Mansour, Massira and Hay el Fath are the main parts of this axis. Hay el Fath, which ends this sequence, evolves into a middle-class neighbourhood.

To the east, along the Bouregreg, the Youssoufia region (working and middle class) : Mabella; Taqaddoum; Hay Nahda(mostly middle class); Aviation(middle and upper middle class); and Rommani.

Between the two axes, from north to south, there are three main neighbourhoods (middle class to affluent): Agdal (Ward Building; a lively mix of residential and commercial buildings. The residents are predominantly upper middle class); Hay Riad (affluent villas; this neighbourhood has experienced a surge of momentum since the 2000s); and Souissi (residential neighborhood).

On the outskirts of Souissi, are a number of less-dense regions mainly comprising large private houses to areas that seem out of the city.[18]

  • The headquarters of Maroc Telecom
  • Riad District
  • Pietri Square
  • Rabat Hassan
  • Avenue Mohammed V

Bouregreg Marina

Located between the Atlantic and the Bouregreg Valley, this river marina is paved with famous historical sites like the esplanade of the Hassan Tower and the picturesque Chellah necropolis, which has witnessed many Mediterranean civilizations pass by.

Outfitted with the most modern equipment to host up to 240 boats, the Bouregreg Marina aims to become an essential destination for recreational boaters seeking long stays or just a stopover on their way to West Africa, the Caribbean or the shores of North America.

Subdivisions

The prefecture is divided administratively into the following:[2]

NameGeographic codeTypeHouseholdsPopulation (2014)Foreign populationMoroccan populationNotes
Agdal Riyad421.01.01.Arrondissement22,39977,2574,57272,685
El Youssoufia421.01.03.Arrondissement42,312170,5612,858167,703
Hassan421.01.05.Arrondissement32,848108,1792,151106,025
Souissi421.01.06.Arrondissement5,92423,3661,20322,163
Touarga421.01.07.Municipality8123,93283,924
Yacoub El Mansour421.01.09.Arrondissement47,375194,5322,099192,433

Families of Rabat

Called Rbatis, these families have lived for more than 400 years with many events in common. From the expulsion of the Moriscos to arrive at the foundation of a culture that combines the Arabic and Andalusian cultures, through the Republic of Bouregreg events than other families coming to live in Rabat recently, have not known.

Since its founding, Rabat was inhabited by several families from the High Atlas with Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, who founded the city in 1198, then families from many parts of Morocco have settled. Rabat has around 1240 a few hundred fifty families whose families Chiadmi, Regragui, Loudiyi, etc.

Since the end of the thirteenth century, the city has had an influx of Moriscos expelled from Granada until 1609, the year of total expulsion of Muslims from Spain by Philip III. These families include: Bargach (Vargas); Guedira (Guadaira); Mouline (Molina); Sebbata (Zapata); and Frej.

The said families are considered, until today, as "Rbati's Families of strain". They are about four hundred families.

Other families in the city are considered residents of Rabat because they came at the time when Rabat became the capital of the country, either through rural exodus or to work in public administration based in the city since the establishment of the protectorate.

The city is on the territory of Zaer, an Arab tribe of Maqil origin. Leo Africanus in the early 16th century the signals in the region of Khenifra there, she continued on to the north to the Rabat region.

Climate

Rabat features a Mediterranean climate (Csa) with warm to hot dry summers and mild damp winters. Located along the Atlantic Ocean, Rabat has a mild, temperate climate, shifting from cool in winter to warm days in the summer months. The nights are always cool (or cold in winter, it can reach sub 0 °C (32 °F) sometimes), with daytime temperatures generally rising about 7–8 °C (13–14 °F). The winter highs typically reach only 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) in December–February. Summer daytime highs usually hover around 25 °C (77.0 °F), but may occasionally exceed 30 °C (86.0 °F), especially during heat waves. Summer nights are usually pleasant and cool, ranging between 11 °C (51.8 °F) and 19 °C (66.2 °F) and rarely exceeding 20 °C (68.0 °F). Rabat belongs to the sub-humid bioclimatic zone with an average annual precipitation of 560 mm (22 in).

Climate data for Rabat (Rabat–Salé Airport) 1961–1990, extremes 1943–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6)		 31.0
(87.8)		 32.6
(90.7)		 35.6
(96.1)		 39.8
(103.6)		 43.7
(110.7)		 45.6
(114.1)		 45.8
(114.4)		 42.3
(108.1)		 36.3
(97.3)		 35.1
(95.2)		 28.3
(82.9)		 45.8
(114.4)
Average high °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0)		 17.7
(63.9)		 19.2
(66.6)		 20.0
(68.0)		 22.1
(71.8)		 24.1
(75.4)		 26.8
(80.2)		 27.1
(80.8)		 26.4
(79.5)		 24.0
(75.2)		 20.6
(69.1)		 17.7
(63.9)		 21.9
(71.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7)		 13.1
(55.6)		 14.2
(57.6)		 15.2
(59.4)		 17.4
(63.3)		 19.8
(67.6)		 22.2
(72.0)		 22.4
(72.3)		 21.5
(70.7)		 19.0
(66.2)		 15.9
(60.6)		 13.2
(55.8)		 17.2
(63.0)
Average low °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4)		 8.6
(47.5)		 9.2
(48.6)		 10.4
(50.7)		 12.7
(54.9)		 15.4
(59.7)		 17.6
(63.7)		 17.7
(63.9)		 16.7
(62.1)		 14.1
(57.4)		 11.1
(52.0)		 8.7
(47.7)		 12.5
(54.5)
Record low °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2)		 −2.6
(27.3)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 3.8
(38.8)		 5.3
(41.5)		 10.0
(50.0)		 11.6
(52.9)		 13.0
(55.4)		 10.0
(50.0)		 7.0
(44.6)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 0.9
(33.6)		 −3.2
(26.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 77.2
(3.04)		 74.1
(2.92)		 60.9
(2.40)		 62.0
(2.44)		 25.3
(1.00)		 6.7
(0.26)		 0.5
(0.02)		 1.3
(0.05)		 5.7
(0.22)		 43.6
(1.72)		 96.7
(3.81)		 100.9
(3.97)		 554.9
(21.85)
Average precipitation days 9.9 9.8 9.0 8.7 5.7 2.4 0.3 0.4 2.4 6.4 10.2 10.4 75.6
Average relative humidity (%) 82 82 80 78 77 78 78 79 80 79 80 83 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 179.9 182.3 232.0 254.5 290.5 287.6 314.7 307.0 261.1 235.1 190.5 180.9 2,916.1
Source 1: NOAA[19]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, record highs and lows)[20]

Culture
Hassan Tower

The biggest place for theatre is the Theatre Mohammed V in the centre of the town.

The city has the Rabat Archaeological Museum and the Musée Mohamed VI d'Art Moderne et Contemporain.

Many organizations are active in cultural and social issues. Orient-Occident Foundation and ONA Foundation are the biggest of these. An independent art scene is active in the city. L'appartement 22, which is the first independent space for visual arts created by Abdellah Karroum, opened in 2002 and introduced international and local artists. Other independent spaces opened few years after, such as Le Cube, also set up in a private space.

Mawazine
Main article: Mawazine

Mawazine is a music festival in Rabat welcomed by Mohammed VI King of Morocco, that started in 2001 where music groups, fans and spectators come together in a week-long celebration of culture and music both locally and internationally. Musicians such as Scorpions, Rihanna, Elton John, Stromae and many others have performed at the festival.

Mawazine was host to more than 2,500,000 in 2013. Workshops are available for teaching dances and other arts. The festival is free. However, while most areas are free, there are those that require payment, specifically the smaller stages being the historical site of Chellah, the Mohammed V National Theater, and the Renaissance Cultural Center.[21]

Places of worship

The places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques.[23] The last remaining synagogue in Rabat is the Rabbi Shalom Zawi Synagogue.[24] There are also Christian churches and temples, including an Evangelical church and St. Peter's Cathedral, which hosts the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rabat.

Education

The Mohammed V University was founded in 1957.

Notable people

Politicians:

Scientists, writers and philosophers:

Artists

Sportsmen

Royal descendants

Transport

Air

Rabat's main airport is Rabat–Salé Airport.

Trains
Rabat-Ville Railway Station

Rabat is served by two principal railway stations run by the national rail service, the ONCF.

Rabat-Ville is the main inter-city station, from which trains run south to Casablanca, Marrakech and El Jadida, north to Tanger, or east to Meknes, Fes, Taza and Oujda.

ONCF operates the Le Bouregreg urban rail for Rabat-Salé agglomeration.

Tram
Rabat-Salé tramway

The Rabat-Salé tramway is a tram system which was put into service on May 23, 2011 in the Moroccan cities of Rabat and Salé. The network has two lines for a total length of 19 km (12 miles) and 31 stops. It is operated by Veolia Transdev with Alstom Citadis trams.

Public transport

After some years of neglect as investment was directed at the tramway, the existing operator, STAREO, was displaced in 2019. A contract was awarded to Alsa-City Bus, a joint venture between Moroccan company City Bus and Spanish company Alsa s.a, a subsidiary of the UK's National Express Group. The new operator took over in July 2019 with a commitment to three hundred and fifty new buses. These will comprise 102 Mercedes-Benz and 248 Scania-Higer vehicles. The contract covers a 15-year period, renewable for seven years, and promises approximately 10 billion dinars investment into the bus transport system in the region. [25]

Sports

Prince Moulay Abdellah Stadium (Arabic: مركب الأمير مولاي عبد لله) is a multi-purpose stadium in Rabat, Morocco. It is named after Prince Moulay Abdellah. It was built in 1983 and is the home ground of ASFAR (football club). It is used mostly for football matches, and it can also stage athletics. The stadium holds 52,000. Since 2008 it is host of the Meeting International Mohammed VI d'Athlétisme de Rabat.

Rabat will host the 2019 African Games after Malabo, Equatorial Guinea stripped out of hosting due to economical matters. It will be the first time in an African Games to be hosted by Morocco.

Football

The local football teams are:

  • ASFAR (football club)
  • FUS de Rabat
  • Stade Marocain
  • Hilal de Rabat
  • Union de Touarga
  • Youssoufia Club de Rabat

Handball
  • ASFAR
  • FUS de Rabat
  • Le Stade Marocain

Basketball

The local basketball teams are:

  • ASFAR
  • FUS de Rabat
  • Moghreb de Rabat
  • FAR

Volleyball
  • ASFAR
  • FUS de Rabat
  • Crédit agricole Rabat
  • River Bou Regreg and the Kasbah of the Udayas
  • Chellah Minaret
  • Tour Hassan and Mausoleum of Mohammed V
  • Rabat, Mohammed V Avenue
  • The Parliament building
  • Rabat as seen from Spot Satellite
  • Rabat downtown
  • Rabat–Salé Airport
  • Sunset next to Quartier l'Océan
  • Old Town street
  • Old Town street
  • Old Town street
  • Old Town street
  • Al Shouhada Cemetery
  • Bab El-Had Gate
  • Bab Rouah Gate
  • Bab Oudaïa Gate
  • Mausoleum of Mohammed V
  • Possible descendants of the Barbary lion at Rabat Zoo near the city

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco

Twin towns—sister cities

Rabat is twinned with:

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gollark: I doubt anyone has destroyed any.

References
Notes
  1. "Hong Kong Observatory". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  2. "Population légale d'après les résultats du RGPH 2014 sur le Bulletin officiel N° 6354" (pdf). Haut-Commissariat au Plan (in Arabic). Retrieved 2015-07-11.
  3. "Rabat". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  4. "Rabat". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  5. "Rabat" (US) and "Rabat". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  6. "Décret fixant le nom des régions" (PDF). Portail National des Collectivités Territoriales (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
  7. "Top travel destinations for 2013 - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  8. تاريخ رباط الفتح - عبد الله السويسي (in Arabic).
  9. Britannica, Rabat, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019
  10. "Abd al-Mumin facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Abd al-Mumin". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  11. History of Morocco, Henri Terrasse, 1952
  12. Levant, Yves; Maziane, Leïla (2017-01-02). "The Republic of Salé (1627–1641/1666); an alternative pirate organization model?". Management & Organizational History. 12 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1080/17449359.2017.1296773. ISSN 1744-9359.
  13. Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9781139624695. OCLC 855022840.
  14. "History of Morocco". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  15. Morocco: The Islamist Awakening and Other Challenges 2005, Marvine Howe
  16. Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 253
  17. Pike, John. "Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco - United States Nuclear Forces". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  18. Rabat, Morocco Page. Directory of Cities, Towns, and Regions in Morocco
  19. "Rabat Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  20. "Klimatafel von Rabat-Salé (Int. Flugh.) / Marokko" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  21. Bill K. Anderson, Mawazine — The binding of cultures, the channeling of acceptance, http://digitaljournal.com/, 5 June 2014
  22. "جامع السنة". www.habous.gov.ma. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
  23. J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1959
  24. Yabiladi.com. "Les 10 plus belles synagogues du Maroc". www.yabiladi.com (in French). Retrieved 2019-10-11.
  25. Buses Worldwide magazine, October 2019, ISSN 0961-2122
  26. "::Bethlehem Municipality". www.bethlehem-city.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-24. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  27. "Kardeş Şehirler". Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  28. "Guangzhou and Rabat sign sister city agreement". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  29. "Lisboa - Geminações de Cidades e Vilas" [Lisbon - Twinning of Cities and Towns]. Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities] (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2013-08-23.
  30. "Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa" [Lisbon - Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship]. Camara Municipal de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2013-08-23.
  31. "Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas". Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26.
  32. "AN^MAR - Red de Hermanamientos entre Ciudades Marroquies y Andaluzas - Convenios y hermanamientas". An-mar.org. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
  33. "Cooperation Internationale" (in French). © 2003 City of Tunis Portal. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-31.

Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Rabat

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