Smolensk

Smolensk (Russian: Смоленск, IPA: [smɐˈlʲensk] (listen)) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, 360 kilometers (220 mi) west-southwest of Moscow.

For other uses, see Smolensk (disambiguation).
Smolensk

Смоленск
City[1]
Smolensk Art Gallery
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Smolensk
Smolensk
Location of Smolensk
Smolensk
Smolensk (European Russia)
Smolensk
Smolensk (Europe)
Coordinates: 54°46′58″N 32°02′43″E
CountryRussia
Federal subjectSmolensk Oblast[1]
Founded863[2]
Government
 • BodySmolensk City Council[3]
 • HeadAndrew Borisov
Area
 • Total166.35 km2 (64.23 sq mi)
Elevation
242 m (794 ft)
Population
 • Total326,861
 • Estimate 
(2018)[6]
330,025 (+1%)
 • Rank54th in 2010
 • Density2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi)
 • Subordinated toSmolensk Urban Okrug[1]
 • Capital ofSmolensk Oblast[1], Smolensky District[1]
 • Urban okrugSmolensk Urban Okrug[7]
 • Capital ofSmolensk Urban Okrug[7], Smolensky Municipal District[7]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK [8])
Postal code(s)[9]
214ХХХ
Dialing code(s)+7 4812
OKTMO ID66701000001
Websitewww.smoladmin.ru

The walled city in the center of Smolensk (along with the outskirts) was destroyed several times throughout its long history because it was on the invasion routes of the Mongol Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Tsardom of Russia, First French Empire and Nazi Germany. Today, Smolensk is noted for its electronics, textiles, food processing, and diamond faceting industries.

Etymology

The name of the city is derived from the name of the Smolnya River. The origin of the river's name is less clear. One possibility is the old Slavic word смоль (smol) for black soil, which might have colored the waters of the Smolnya. An alternative origin could be the Russian word смола (smola), which means resin, tar, or pitch. Pine trees grow in the area, and the city was once a center of resin processing and trade. The third possibility is that this name was given by Lithuanian tribes living in this region prior to Slavic occupation (the Lithuanian tribe called Goliads lived between Mozhaisk and Tula/Protva until circa 1580, when Tsar Ivan genocided them completely in a military conflict), where the word for the resin or tar or pitch is "smala" in the Lithuanian language; most names for rivers in that region are of Lithuanian origin). The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII (r. 913–959) recorded its name as Μιλινισκα (Miliniska).[10]

Geography

The city is located in European Russia on the banks of the upper Dnieper River, which crosses the city within the Smolensk Upland, which is the western part of the Smolensk–Moscow Upland. The Dnieper River flows through the city from east to west and divides it into two parts: the northern (Zadneprove) and southern (center). Within the city and its surroundings the river takes in several small tributaries.

In the valleys are stretched streets, high ridges, hills, and headlands form the mountain. Smolensk is situated on seven hills (mountains). The old part of the city occupies the high, rugged left (south) bank of the Dnieper River. The area features undulating terrain, with a large number of tributaries, creeks and ravines.

History
See also: Timeline of Smolensk

Medieval origins

Smolensk is among the oldest Russian cities. The first recorded mention of the city was 863 AD, two years after the founding of Kievan Rus'. According to Russian Primary Chronicle, Smolensk (probably located slightly downstream, at the archaeological site of Gnezdovo) was located on the area settled by the East Slavic Radimichs tribe in 882 when Oleg of Novgorod took it in passing from Novgorod to Kiev. The town was first attested two decades earlier, when the Varangian chieftains Askold and Dir, while on their way to Kiev, decided against challenging Smolensk on account of its large size and population.

St. Michael's Church (Svirskaya) was built in 1180–1197 and is one of the few surviving structures in Russia from before the Mongol conquests

The first foreign writer to mention the city was the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus. In De Administrando Imperio (c. 950) he described Smolensk as a key station on the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Rus' people sailed from the Baltics up the Western Dvina as far as they could then they portaged their boats to the upper Dnieper. It was in Smolensk that they supposedly mended any leaks and small holes that might have appeared in their boats from being dragged on the ground and they used tar to do that, hence the city name.

The Principality of Smolensk was founded in 1054. Due to its central position in Kievan Rus', the city developed rapidly. By the end of the 12th century, the princedom was one of the strongest in Eastern Europe, so that Smolensk Dynasty frequently controlled the Kievan throne. Numerous churches were built in the city at that time, including the church of Sts. Peter and Paul (1146, reconstructed to its presumed original appearance after World War II) and the church of St. John the Baptist (1180, also partly rebuilt). The most remarkable church in the city is called Svirskaya (1197, still standing); it was admired by contemporaries as the most beautiful structure east of Kiev.

Smolensk had its own veche since the very beginning of its history. Its power increased after the disintegration of Kievan Rus', and although it was not as strong as the veche in Novgorod, the princes had to take its opinion into consideration; several times in 12th and 13th centuries there was an open conflict between them.[11]

Between Russia, Lithuania, and Poland

Although spared by the Mongol armies in 1240, Smolensk paid tribute to the Golden Horde, gradually becoming a pawn in the long struggle between Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The last sovereign monarch of Smolensk was Yury of Smolensk; during his reign the city was taken by Vytautas the Great of Lithuania on three occasions: in 1395, 1404, and 1408. After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, some of Smolensk's boyars (e.g., the Sapiehas) moved to Vilnius; descendants of the ruling princes (e.g., the Tatishchevs, Kropotkins, Mussorgskys, Vyazemskys) fled to Moscow.

Capitulation of the Russian garrison of Smolensk before Władysław IV of Poland in 1634

With tens of thousands of people living there, Smolensk was probably the largest city in 15th-century Lithuania. Three Smolensk regiments took part in the Battle of Grunwald against the Teutonic Knights. It was a severe blow to Lithuania when the city was taken by Vasily III of Russia in 1514. To commemorate this event, the Tsar founded the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow and dedicated it to the icon of Our Lady of Smolensk.

In order to repel future Polish–Lithuanian attacks, Boris Godunov made it his priority to heavily fortify the city. The stone kremlin constructed in 1597–1602 is the largest in Russia. It features thick walls and numerous watchtowers. Heavy fortifications did not prevent the fortress from being taken by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1611 after a long twenty-month siege, during the Time of Troubles and Dimitriads. Weakened Muscovy temporarily ceded Smolensk land to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Truce of Deulino and for the next forty-three years it was the seat of Smolensk Voivodeship.

To recapture the city, the Tsardom of Russia launched the so-called "Smolensk War" against the Commonwealth in 1632. After a defeat at the hands of king Wladislaw IV, the city remained in Polish–Lithuanian hands. In 1632, the Uniate bishop Lew Kreuza built his apartments in Smolensk; they were later converted into the Orthodox Church of Saint Barbara. The hostilities resumed in 1654 when the Commonwealth was being affected by the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the Swedish deluge. After another siege, on September 23, 1654, Smolensk was recaptured by Russia. In the 1667 Truce of Andrusovo, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth renounced its claims to Smolensk.

Modern history

Smolensk has been a special place to Russians for many reasons, not least for the fact that the local cathedral housed one of the most venerated Orthodox icons, attributed to St. Luke. Building the new Cathedral of the Assumption was a great project which took more than a century to complete. Despite slowly sinking into an economic backwater, Smolensk was still valued by the Tsars as a key fortress defending the route to Moscow. It was made the seat of Smolensk Governorate in 1708.

French and Polish soldiers assault the burning city of Smolensk, 1812

In August 1812, two of the largest armies ever assembled clashed in Smolensk. During the hard-fought battle, described by Leo Tolstoy in War and Peace (Book Three Part Two Chapter 4), Napoleon entered the city. Total losses were estimated at 30,000 men. Apart from other military monuments, central Smolensk features the Eagles monument, unveiled in 1912 to mark the centenary of Napoleon's Russian campaign.

View of Smolensk in 1912. Early colour photograph by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii

At the beginning of World War I, the 56th Smolensk Infantry Division was first assigned to the First Army of the Imperial Russian Army. They fought at the Battle of Tannenberg. It was subsequently transferred to the 10th Army and fought at the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. In March 1918, while the city remained part of Russia, the Belarusian People's Republic, proclaimed in Minsk under the German occupation, declared Smolensk part of it. In February–December 1918, Smolensk was home to the headquarters of the Western Front, North-West Oblast Bolshevik Committee and Western Oblast Executive Committee. On January 1, 1919, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in Smolensk,[12] but its government moved to Minsk as soon as the German forces had been driven out of Minsk several days later.

Soviet period

After the Revolution, for inclusion in its composition as claimed Smolensk Belarusian People's Republic and the Byelorussian SSR. Since April 1918 Smolensk was the center of the Western Region, which is based on January 1, 1919, Byelorussian SSR was formed. January 7 BSSR government moved from Minsk and Smolensk already January 16, 1919 decision of the Central Committee of the RCP Smolensk region was transferred to the RSFSR. In 1920 was held the new provincial census, according to which the Russian population prevailed over Belarus, but the Belarusian party leadership until 1926 left no hope for the inclusion of Smolensk in the Belorussian SSR. In 1940, 18 km (11 mi) from Smolensk, the Katyn Massacre occurred.

Smolensk under German occupation, 1941

During World War II, Smolensk once again saw wide-scale fighting during the first Battle of Smolensk when the city was captured by the Germans on July 16, 1941. The first Soviet counteroffensive against the German army was launched in August 1941 but failed. However, the limited Soviet victories outside the city halted the German advance for a crucial two months, granting time to Moscow's defenders to prepare in earnest. Camp 126 was situated close to Smolensk and at this time Boris Menshagin was mayor of Smolensk, with his deputy Boris Bazilevsky. Both of them would be key witnesses in the Nuremberg Trials over the Katyn massacre.[13] Over 93% of the city was destroyed during the fighting; the ancient icon of Our Lady of Smolensk was lost. Nevertheless, it escaped total destruction. In late 1943, Göring had ordered Gotthard Heinrici to destroy Smolensk in accordance with the Nazi "scorched earth" policy. He refused and was punished for it. The city was finally liberated on September 25, 1943, during the second Battle of Smolensk. The rare title of Hero City was bestowed on Smolensk after the war.

After the Germans captured the city in 1941, they found the intact archives of Smolensk Oblast Committee of the Communist Party, the so-called Smolensk Archive. The archive was moved to Germany, and a significant part of it eventually ended up in the United States, providing Western scholars and intelligence specialists with unique information on the local workings of the Soviet government during its first two decades. The archives were returned to Russia by the United States in 2002.[14][15]

Recent events

On April 10, 2010, a Tu-154 military jet carrying Polish president Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and many notable political and military figures crashed in a wooded area near Smolensk while approaching the local military airport. All ninety-six passengers died immediately on impact. The purpose of the visit was to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Katyn massacre, in which some 22,000 Polish POWs were murdered by the NKVD.

In 2013, archaeologists of the Russian Academy of Sciences discovered and unearthed in the ancient temples in Smolensk dated to middle to second half of the 12th century, built on the left bank at the time the city was the capital of Smolensk principality. From unique object preserved walls in some places low, in others the height of human growth.[16]

In September 2013, Smolensk widely celebrated the 1,150th anniversary with funds spent on different construction and renovation projects in the city.[17] In celebration the Central Bank of Russia issued commemorative coins made of precious metals.[18]

Attractions

Owing to its long and rich history, Smolensk is home to many fine examples of Russian architecture ranging from the Kievan Rus period to post-WWII Stalinist architecture. Although the city was destroyed several times over, many historically and culturally significant buildings still remain, including a large number of churches and cathedrals. The most famous of these are the Cathedral of the Assumption, the Immaculate Conception Church, and the Church of St. Michael the Archangel, which is one of the few structures remaining in Russia from before the Mongol invasion.

  • House Engelhardt
  • House Budnikova
  • Sberbank Building
  • Editorial office of the newspaper Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda
  • Smolensk Philharmonic Concert Hall
  • Smolensk railway station
  • Department Store building
  • The A. Griboedov Smolensk Drama Theater

The Smolensk Kremlin

The Smolensk Kremlin, built at the end of the 16th century during the reign of Tsars Fyodor I Ioannovich and Boris Godunov, under the supervision of the architect Fyodor Kon, is one of the greatest achievement of Russian medieval architecture and military engineering.

  • The walls of Smolensk
  • Monument to Fyodor Kon
  • Bubleika Tower
  • Dolgochevskaya Tower
  • Oryol Tower

Churches and cathedrals
  • Cathedral of the Assumption
  • Immaculate Conception Church
  • Church of St. Michael the Archangel
  • Church of St. Peter and St.Paul on Gorodyanska
  • Temple of St. John the Divine
  • Church of St. Nicholas
  • Ascension Cathedral
  • Epiphany Cathedral
  • Savior-Transfiguration Avraamiev Monastery
  • Holy Trinity Cathedral

Monuments

Being the site of many great battles in Russian history, Smolensk is home to many monuments commemorating its rich military history.

  • The Scorched Flower, a monument to child prisoners of Nazi concentration camps
  • Eagles monument, commemorating the centenary of the Russian victory over Napoleon
  • Monument to Alexander Tvardovsky and Vasily Turkin

Lopatinsky garden

Square of Memory of Heroes
  • View of the Heroes' Square
  • The "Grateful Russia" Monument
  • The bust of Mikhail Kutuzov

Education buildings
  • Smolensk State University building
  • Smolensk Polytechnic College building
  • Smolensk Academy for Culture building
  • Smolensk College of Telecommunications building

Post-war Stalinist buildings

Administrative and municipal status

Smolensk serves as the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Smolensky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Smolensk Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.[7]

Climate

Smolensk has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).

Climate data for Smolensk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7)		 9.0
(48.2)		 19.4
(66.9)		 28.0
(82.4)		 30.6
(87.1)		 31.2
(88.2)		 34.5
(94.1)		 37.2
(99.0)		 29.5
(85.1)		 24.8
(76.6)		 14.6
(58.3)		 9.8
(49.6)		 37.2
(99.0)
Average high °C (°F) −3.8
(25.2)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 2.1
(35.8)		 11.2
(52.2)		 18.0
(64.4)		 21.0
(69.8)		 23.1
(73.6)		 21.7
(71.1)		 15.8
(60.4)		 9.0
(48.2)		 1.3
(34.3)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 9.4
(48.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.2
(20.8)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 6.3
(43.3)		 12.5
(54.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 17.8
(64.0)		 16.3
(61.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 5.3
(41.5)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 −5.1
(22.8)		 5.4
(41.7)
Average low °C (°F) −8.9
(16.0)		 −9.6
(14.7)		 −4.9
(23.2)		 1.9
(35.4)		 7.3
(45.1)		 10.9
(51.6)		 12.9
(55.2)		 11.5
(52.7)		 6.7
(44.1)		 2.2
(36.0)		 −3.2
(26.2)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 1.6
(34.9)
Record low °C (°F) −37.9
(−36.2)		 −36.8
(−34.2)		 −28.1
(−18.6)		 −19.8
(−3.6)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 4.4
(39.9)		 0.3
(32.5)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −12.8
(9.0)		 −24.8
(−12.6)		 −35.2
(−31.4)		 −37.9
(−36.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48
(1.9)		 42
(1.7)		 42
(1.7)		 38
(1.5)		 61
(2.4)		 87
(3.4)		 90
(3.5)		 85
(3.3)		 70
(2.8)		 66
(2.6)		 58
(2.3)		 51
(2.0)		 738
(29.1)
Average rainy days 9 8 10 15 17 18 16 16 16 18 15 11 169
Average snowy days 25 22 16 5 1 0 0 0 1 4 15 23 112
Average relative humidity (%) 87 84 78 69 69 75 77 79 83 85 89 89 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47 75 123 178 249 271 259 231 156 91 35 24 1,739
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[19]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[20]

Economy

Smolensk has several factories including the Smolensk Aviation Plant and several electronics and agricultural machinery factories.

Transportation
Smolensk railway station

Smolensk is located on the M1 main highway and Moscow–Brest Railway. Since 1870, there is a railway connection between Smolensk and Moscow.[21] Local public transport includes buses and trolleybuses. Public transportation network includes buses, trolleybuses, trams, and marshrutkas.

There are two airports located in the outskirts of the city; Smolensk South (civilian) and Smolensk North (military); however, there are no regular flights scheduled to Smolensk South Airport.

Education

Smolensk is home to the Smolensk State University (SMOLGU) and the Smolensk State Medical University (affiliated as university in 2015) (SSMU); together with colleges of further education and other educational institutes.

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Smolensk is twinned with:[22]

Notable people

Honors

Smolensk Strait between Livingston Island and Deception Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the city.[23][24]

A Soviet post World War II project planned the creation of a light cruiser vessel named Smolensk. It was never constructed.

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See also

References

Notes
  1. Resolution #261
  2. Историческая справка
  3. "Смоленский городской Совет - Официальный сайт органа местного самоуправления". www.smolsovet.ru.
  4. "Результат запроса". www.gks.ru.
  5. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  6. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  7. Decision #164
  8. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  9. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  10. Paul Stephenson (April 21, 2000). "Byzantine Relations with Northern Peoples in the Tenth Century" (PDF).
  11. Алексеев, Л. В. (1980). Смоленская земля в IX-XIII вв (in Russian). Moscow: Наука. pp. 111–115.
  12. Marples, D. (2016). Belarus: From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe. Springer. p. 11. ISBN 978-0230378315.
  13. Sanford, George. Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory, Part 804, 2005, p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-33873-8.
  14. Archived January 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  15. "Prologue: Selected Articles". Archives.gov. October 19, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
  16. "Интерфакс-Религия: Археологи обнаружили в Смоленске храм XII века". www.interfax-religion.ru.
  17. 1150-летие Смоленска: от проектов к реализации Archived April 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  18. "К 1150-летию основания Смоленска отчеканили памятные монеты из драгоценных металлов". www.35kopeek.ru.
  19. "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Somlensk" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  20. "Smolensk Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  21. Train Station in Smolensk (in Russian) Archived March 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  22. "Города-побратимы". smoladmin.ru (in Russian). Smolensk. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  23. Smolensk Strait. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
  24. Ivanov, L. General Geography and History of Livingston Island. In: Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28. ISBN 978-954-07-3939-7

Sources
  • Администрация Смоленской области. Постановление №261 от 30 апреля 2008 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и территориальных единиц Смоленской области», в ред. Постановления №464 от 27 июня 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в реестр административно-территориальных единиц и территориальных единиц Смоленской области». Опубликован: База данных "Консультант-плюс". (Administration of Smolensk Oblast. Resolution #261 of April 30, 2008 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Territorial Units of Smolensk Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #464 of June 27, 2014 On Amending the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Territorial Units of Smolensk Oblast. ).
  • Смоленский городской Совет. Решение №164 от 28 октября 2005 г. «Устав города Смоленска (новая редакция)», в ред. Решения №1419 от 29 мая 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав города Смоленска». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован: "Смоленские новости", №71, 22 декабря 2005 г. (Smolensk City Council. Decision #164 of October 28, 2005 Charter of the City of Smolensk (New Edition), as amended by the Decision #1419 of May 29, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the City of Smolensk. Effective as of the day of the official publication, with the exception of the clauses for which other dates of taking effect are specified.).
  • "Była notatka o opcjach prawnych śledztwa". Były dyplomata o katastrofie smoleńskiej - Polsat News, polsatnews.pl [dostęp 2020-03-18] (pol.)https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2016-10-24/byla-notatka-o-opcjach-prawnych-sledztwa-byly-dyplomata-o-katastrofie-smolenskiej/.

Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Smolensk

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