East Kalimantan

East Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Timur) is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 Census (within the current boundary) and 3.42 million at the 2015 Census; the latest official estimate (as at mid 2019) is 3,619,700.[3] Its capital is Samarinda.

East Kalimantan
Province of Indonesia
Flag Coat of arms
Location of East Kalimantan (dark red) [Legend]
Coordinates: 1°3′N 116°19′E
Capital and largest city	Samarinda
Government
• Body	East Kalimantan Provincial Government
• Governor	Isran Noor
• Vice Governor	Hadi Mulyadi
Area
• Total	125,336.81 km^2 (48,392.81 sq mi)
Area rank	4th in Indonesia
Population  (mid 2019)[1]
• Total	3,619,700
• Density	29/km^2 (75/sq mi)
	(excluding population separated off in 2012 as North Kalimantan)
Demographics
• Ethnic groups	20% Javanese 18% Buginese 14% Banjarese 9.9% Dayak 40% Kutai 18.2% other
• Languages	Indonesian (official) Banjarese, Buginese, Dayak, Kutai Malay (regional)
Time zone	WITA (UTC+8)
HDI	0.766 (High)
HDI rank	3rd in Indonesia (2019)
GRP Nominal	$46.23 billion[2]
GDP PPP (2019)	$151.11 billion[2]
GDP rank	8th in Indonesia (2019)
Nominal per capita	US$ 12,423 (2019)[2]
PPP per capita	US$ 40,833 (2019)[2]
Per capita rank	2nd in Indonesia (2019)
Website	kaltimprov.go.id

The province will host the future capital city of Indonesia that will be built on the border of Kutai Kartanegara and Penajam North Paser regencies. While the future capital is yet to be named, its construction is projected to start in 2020, and conclude in 2024.

East Kalimantan has a total area of 125,336.81 square kilometres (48,392.81 sq mi)[4] and is the second least densely populated province in Kalimantan.[5] The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with West Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi; its Mangkalihat Peninsula separates the Makassar Strait from the Celebes Sea. Its former northernmost region was split off in October 2012 and is now North Kalimantan Province; meanwhile it still shares land border to the west with West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan Province; to its south, East Kalimantan borders the South Kalimantan province. The province bordered Sabah before the split, but still borders Sarawak.

In December 2012, the existing West Kutai Regency was split in two, with the northernmost five districts forming a new Mahakam Ulu Regency. East Kalimantan is now divided into seven regencies and three cities. Isran Noor is the current Governor of East Kalimantan and Hadi Mulyadi is its vice governor.[6]

History

The oldest known figurative painting, a depiction of a bull, was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave dated as over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old.[7]

East Kalimantan was once mostly covered by tropical rainforest. In prehistory period, there is limestone cave called Lubang Jeriji Saléh located in the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst in district of Bengalon, East Kutai, believed to contain the oldest figurative art in the world.[8] The cave paintings were first spotted in 1994 by the French explorer Luc-Henri Fage.[9] In 2018, a team of scientists investigating the cave, led by Maxime Aubert from Griffith University and Pindi Setiawan from the Bandung Institute of Technology, published a report in the journal Nature identifying the paintings as the world's oldest known figurative art.[10][11] The team had previously investigated cave paintings in the neighbouring island of Sulawesi.[12] In order to date the paintings, the team used dating techniques on the calcium carbonate (limestone) deposits close to them.[7][13]

There are several kingdoms in East Kalimantan, including the Kingdom of Kutai, Sultanate of Kutai ing Martadipura, and the Sultanate of Pasir. East Kalimantan region include Pasir, Kutai, Berau and also Karasikan (Buranun / pre-Sultanate of Sulu) claimed as conquered territory Suryanata Maharaja, the governor of Majapahit in the State Dipa (which is located in the Great Temple in Amuntai) until 1620 in the Sultanate of Banjar. Between the years 1620–1624, kingdoms in East Kalimantan turned into an area influence of the Sultanate of Sultan Alauddin Makassar, before the Bungaya agreement. According to the Hikayat Banjar, the Sultan of Makassar never borrowed land for trade covers an area east and southeast of Borneo to the Sultan Mustain Billah of Banjar when Kiai Martasura sent to Makassar and entered into an agreement with the Sultan Tallo I Mangngadaccinna Daeng I Ba'le 'Sultan Mahmud Karaeng Pattingalloang, which became Mangkubumi and principal advisor to the Sultan Muhammad Said, King of Gowa in 1638–1654 and also in-law of Sultan Hasanuddin, which will make the East Kalimantan region as a place to trade for the Sultanate of Makassar (Gowa-Tallo), since that began to arrive people from South Sulawesi. However, based on the agreement between the Sultanate of Banjar and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1635, VOC help Banjar restore lands in East Kalimantan into spheres of influence of the Sultanate of Banjar. It is embodied in the Bungaya agreement, that the Sultanate of Makassar are not allowed to trade up to the east and the north Borneo

In accordance with treaties, on January 1, 1817, Sultan Sulaiman of Banjar handed East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, part of West and South Kalimantan (including Banjarmasin) over to the Dutch East Indies. On May 4, 1826, Sultan Adam al-wathiq Billah of Banjar reaffirmed the handover of these territories to the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. In 1846, the Dutch began to put a Resident Assistant in East Borneo at Samarinda (now the province of East Kalimantan and the eastern part of South Kalimantan) named H. Von Dewall. East Kalimantan was then part of the Dutch East Indies. East Kalimantan with its then administrative area was established based on the Law No. 25 of 1956 with the first governor being APT Pranoto.

Geography

East Kalimantan Proviunce comprises a land area of 125,336.81 square kilometers and a comprehensive ocean management area of 25,656 km², located between 113°44'E and 119°00'E, and between 2°33'N and 2°25'S. The province is divided into seven regencies and three cities, subdivided into 103 districts and 1,026 villages (kelurahan). The regencies (with their administrative capitals) and cities are enumerated below. East Kalimantan is one of the main gates to the eastern part of Indonesia. The area is also known as a storehouse of timber and mining, has hundreds of rivers (scattered across almost all regencies and cities) which area the main means of transportation in addition to land transport, with the longest river being the Mahakam.

East Kalimantan borders North Kalimantan in the north, South Kalimantan in the south, Central Kalimantan in the southwest, and West Kalimantan and Sarawak in the east. It touches the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait in the east, with its large Mangkalihat Peninsula separating the two. There are hills in almost all districts, and there are numerous lakes. Most lakes are located in the Kutai Regency, with the most extensive lakes, Semayang and Melintang, having an area of 13,000 ha and 11,000 ha respectively.

Climate

Such a climate of Indonesia in general, East Kalimantan tropical climate and has two seasons, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season usually occurs in May to October, while the rainy season in November to April. This situation continued every year interspersed with transitional season in certain months. Moreover, because of its location on the equator, the climate in East Kalimantan are also affected by wind monsoon, monsoon wind is November–April west and east monsoon winds from May to October. In recent years, the situation in East Kalimantan season is sometimes erratic. In the months that it is supposed to rain, there is no rain at all, or vice versa in the months that should be dry it rains for a much longer time.

Temperature and humidity

Temperatures somewhere high and low are determined by the area of the ocean surface and the distance from the beach. In general, East Kalimantan hot climates with temperatures in 2013 ranged from 21.6 ⁰C in Berau October to 35.6 ⁰C in Berau in September. Aside from being a tropical area with extensive forests, in 2013 the average humidity between 83-87 percent of East Kalimantan. The lowest air humidity observed by the meteorological station Samarinda happens in a few months with 82 percent humidity. While the highest occurred in Berau in February with 91 percent humidity.

Rainfall and wind conditions

Rainfall in East Kalimantan region varies by month and location of monitoring stations. Average highest rainfall recorded at the Meteorological Station Berau amounted to 245.1 mm and the lowest for the year 2013 was recorded at the Meteorological Station Samarinda is 237.8 mm. At some monitoring stations monitor wind conditions in East Kalimantan in 2013. Observations show that wind speeds between 3 and 4 knots. The highest wind speed was 4 knots in Balikpapan and Berau, while the lowest was 3 knots in Samarinda.

Administrative divisions

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1971	733,797	—
1980	1,218,016	+66.0%
1990	1,876,663	+54.1%
1995	2,314,183	+23.3%
2000	2,451,895	+6.0%
2010	3,028,487	+23.5%
2015	3,422,676	+13.0%
2019	3,619,700	+5.8%
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2014. These figures before 2010 include the population of the city and four northerly regencies split off in that year to form the new North Kalimantan Province; subsequent figures exclude them.

Until 2012, East Kalimantan was divided into ten regencies (kabupaten) and four cities (kota). On 22 October 2012, the Indonesian House of Representatives agreed to the creation of a new province out of the four most northerly of the Regencies in East Kalimantan, namely Malinau Regency, Nunukan Regency, Tana Tidung Regency and Bulungan Regency, together with one city, Tarakan. Accordingly, these were split off to form the new province of North Kalimantan on 25 October 2012, while the existing West Kutai Regency was split into two in December 2012, leaving the following regencies and cities to comprise the reduced East Kalimantan:

Name	Area (km^2)	Population 2010 Census	Population 2015 Census	Capital	HDI[14] 2018
Balikpapan City	504.32	557,579	614,663	Balikpapan	0.798 (High)
Bontang City	163.11	143,683	165,606	Bontang	0.798 (High)
Samarinda City	694.96	727,500	811,314	Samarinda	0.799 (High)
Berau Regency	21,951.71	179,079	208,394	Tanjung Redeb	0.740 (High)
East Kutai Regency (Kutai Timur)	31,735.19	255,637	318,950	Sangatta	0.725 (High)
Kutai Kartanegara Regency	25,716.41	626,680	716,319	Tenggarong	0.731 (High)
Penajam North Paser Regency (Penajam Paser Utara)	3,131.95	142,922	154,020	Penajam	0.711 (High)
Paser Regency	10,745.26	230,316	261,736	Tana Paser	0.716 (High)
West Kutai Regency (Kutai Barat)	30,693.90	140,097	145,728	Sendawar	0.706 (High)
Mahakam Ulu Regency (Mahakam Ulu)	^(a)	24,994	25,946	Ujoh Bilang	0.666 (Medium)
Totals[15]	125,336.81	3,028,487	3,422,676	Samarinda	0.758 (High)

Note: ^(a) The area of Mahakam Ulu Regency is included in the total for West Kutai Regency.

Ecology

Logging road in East Kalimantan: logged forest on the left, primary forest on the right

Illegal logging has removed much of the original forests of the province. Less than half the original forest remains in places such as the Kayan Mentarang the Kutai national parks.

The projects that supports tropical rainforest conservation includes a WWF project[16] and Samboja Lestari lodge, one of Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation's reforestation and orangutan rehabilitation projects.[17]

Economy

Economy of East Kalimantan is very dependent on Petroleum and Mining, especially in Coal.

East Kalimantan's economy heavily depends on earth resources such as oilfield exploration, natural gas, coal and gold.[18][19] Balikpapan has an oil refinery plant that was built by Dutch governance before World War II, destroyed during World War II, and rebuilt after Indonesian independence.

Other developing economic sectors include agriculture and tourism.[20]

Obstacles to economic development include a lack of transportation infrastructure.[21] Transportation depends on traditional boats connecting coastal cities and areas along main river, Mahakam River.[22]

In 2012, Russia's state railway firm Joint Stock Company (JSC) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the East Kalimantan Governor over railway lines to transport coal and other freight. The first stage will connect an area near Balikpapan port to West Kutai Regency in a 183-kilometer line and is estimated to cost about $1.8 billion. It will commence in 2013 and by 2017 it is hoped that it carry 20 million tons of coal annually. The second phase will connect a line to Murung Raya in Central Kalimantan with a 60 kilometer line, which will cost an estimated $600 million.[23]

Several oil fields have been discovered in the Mahakam River Delta including Attaka, Badak (1971), Semberah, Nilam, Sanga Sanga, Bekapai (1972), Handil (1974), Samboja, Jakin and Sepinggan.[24][25][26] The Handil, Badak and Bekapai fields are anticline structural traps with oil reservoir sandstones between 450 and 2900 m.[24]^:399 The delta is in the Kutei basin, bounded by the Mankalihat and Paternoster carbonate arch, containing Eocene shales overlain by Oligocene fluvial deposits during marine regression, culminating in the formation of the delta in the late Miocene.[24]^:400

North Kalimantan Province

North Kalimantan was formally inaugurated as the 34th province of Indonesia on April 15, 2013. The new province was previously part of East Kalimantan Province and Irianto Lambrie will be acting as the governor until a new governor is chosen in an election.[27]

Demographics

Ethnicity

Ethnicities of East Kalimantan – 2010 Census[28]
Ethnic group			Percentage
Javanese			29.55%
Bugis			18.26%
Banjar			13.94%
Dayak			9.91%
Kutai			9.21%
Sundanese			1.59%
Madurese			1.24%
Chinese			1.16%
Toraja			1.16%
Others			13.18%

The most populous ethnic group in East Kalimantan is the Javanese (29.55%) which is spread in almost all regions, especially the transmigration areas to urban areas. The second largest ethnic namely Bugis (18.26%), which occupy many coastal areas and urban areas. The third largest Ethnicity is Banjar (13.94%) were quite dominant in the city of Samarinda and Balikpapan. East Kalimantan is a major destination of origin of Java, Sulawesi and South Kalimantan.

The fourth largest group is the Dayak (9.91%), which occupies the interior part of the province. Kutai (9.21%) which inhabit Kutai, East Kutai and Kutai Barat was fifth. In the sixth to ten consecutive namely Toraja (1.16%), Paser (1.89%), Sunda (1.59%), Madura (1.24%) and Auto Buton (1.25%) and other tribes from various regions in Indonesia.

Language

People in East Kalimantan generally use Indonesian in official purposes and Banjarese for inter-ethnic communication. Due to the large number of Banjarese people in the province, their language became the main lingua franca especially in cities like Samarinda and Balikpapan. Besides Banjarese, there is a significant presence of Javanese and Buginese speakers as well, due to the large migration of Javanese and Buginese people into the region.

Other languages spoken in East Kalimantan is Kutai Malay (a distinct Malay variety closely related but distinct from Banjarese), Paser, Tidung, Berau Malay, Tunjung, Bahau, Modang Lundayeh and others more.

Religion

Religion in East Kalimantan (2010 census)[29]
Religion			Percent
Islam			85.38%
Protestantism			9.50%
Roman Catholicism			3.90%
Buddhism			0.46%
Not asked			0.44%
Hinduism			0.22%
Not stated			0.05%
Confucianism			0.03%
Others			0.02%

A long time ago, Indic influenced native pagan cults dominated Borneo from old Kutai until Islam gradually supplanted Paganism in the 14th and 15th century. Islam spread from eastern coast of Kalimantan with non-native people (transmigran) and Kutai people. Inland Borneo with most of native people (Dayak) dominated by Christianity and Tribal religions.

References

1. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.
2. "Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
3. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.
4. revised area following the removal of Tarakan city and four regencies to form the new North Kalimantan province in 2012, and subsequently amended by BPS.
5. Badan Pusat Statistik. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 Data Agregat Per Provinsi" (PDF). Badan Pusat Statistik. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2010.
6. "Organisasi". Kaltimprov.go.id. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
7. Zimmer, Carl (7 November 2018). "In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
8. Aubert, M.; Setiawan, P.; Oktaviana, A. A.; Brumm, A.; Sulistyarto, P. H.; Saptomo, E. W.; Istiawan, B.; Ma’rifat, T. A.; Wahyuono, V. N.; Atmoko, F. T.; Zhao, J.-X.; Huntley, J.; Taçon, P. S. C.; Howard, D. L.; Brand, H. E. A. (7 November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. Springer Nature America, Inc. 564 (7735): 254–257. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 30405242.
9. Delbecq, Denis (7 November 2018). "A Bornéo, des fresques parmi les plus anciennes du monde ont été découvertes". Le Temps (in French). Retrieved 8 November 2018.
10. Maxime Aubert; et al. (November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. 564 (7735): 254–257. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. PMID 30405242.
11. Gabbatiss, Josh (8 November 2018). "Oldest ever figurative painting discovered in Borneo cave". The Independent. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
12. Weule, Genelle (8 November 2018). "Scientists say this is the world's oldest known animal rock art". ABC News. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
13. Aubert, M.; et al. (7 November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. 564 (7735): 254–257. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. PMID 30405242. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
15. Totals adjusted to take account of the removal of Tarakan City and four regencies, as confirmed by Biro Pusat Statistik.
16. http://www.panda.org/heart-of-borneo/ WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative – orang-utan, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant cling for survival.
17. http://www.sambojalodge.com/
18. "Post-Era of Natural Resources Development in East Kalimantan | GEOTIMES". GEOTIMES. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
19. "East Kalimantan's Economy Still Heavily Relies on Coal Price". Retrieved 15 November 2018.
20. "Expedition Magazine | Agriculture in Interior Borneo". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
21. Diplomat, Dikanaya Tarahita and Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, The. "Solving Indonesia's Infrastructure Gap". The Diplomat. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
22. "The Mighty Mahakam River [with PHOTOS] – INDONEO". Indoneo. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
23. "Russian firm signs MoU to build $2.4 billion railway". 8 February 2012.
24. Verdier, A.C., Oki, T., and Suardy, A., 1980, Geology of the Handil Field (East Kalimantan-Indonesia), in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 401
25. Huffington, R.M., and Helmig, H.M., Discovery and Development of the Badak Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia,1980, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 441
26. DeMatharel, M., Lehmann, P., Oki, T., Geology of the Bekapai Field, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 459
27. "Provinsi Kalimantan Utara Diresmikan 15 April". 22 March 2013.
28. "BPS -". Kaltim.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
29. "Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia". BPS. 2010.