Constitution Act 1986

The Constitution Act 1986[1] is an Act of the New Zealand Parliament that forms a major part of the constitution of New Zealand. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles of governance, and establishes the powers of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of state. It outlines the roles and duties of the Monarch, the Governor-General, ministers and judges. The Act repealed and replaced the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 and the Statute of Westminster, and removed the ability of the British Parliament to pass laws for New Zealand with the consent of the New Zealand Parliament.

Constitution Act 1986
New Zealand Parliament
Commenced1 January 1987
Amended by
1987, 1999, 2005
Related legislation
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, the Electoral Act 1993
Status: Current legislation

Background

1984 constitutional crisis
Main article: 1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis

After the 1984 election there was an awkward transfer of power from the outgoing Third National government to the new Fourth Labour government in the midst of a financial crisis. Outgoing Prime Minister Sir Robert Muldoon was unwilling initially to accept instructions from incoming Prime Minister David Lange to devalue the currency. Ministers hurriedly constructed an argument to convince Muldoon to comply, drawing on the ethos of past transitions, as there was no convention.[2] Eventually he relented, but only after his own party caucus had threatened to replace him. A press statement was made on June 17 outlining the behaviour of outgoing governments, which was dubbed the "caretaker convention".[3]

An Officials Committee on Constitutional Reform was established by the Labour Government to review New Zealand's constitutional law, and the Constitution Act resulted from two reports by this Committee. The issue of the transfer of power from outgoing to incoming governments (and hence prime ministers) was not resolved by this Act, however, and the transfer of executive powers remains a matter of unwritten constitutional conventions.

Committee's report

The Officials Committee on Constitutional Reform reported back to Parliament during February 1986.[4] The Committee recommended that New Zealand adopt an Act to restate various constitutional provisions in a single enactment that would replace the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, thus "patriating" the Constitution Act to New Zealand.

The recommendation followed events in Canada and Australia, which had recently patriated their own constitutions. The Canadian Parliament began the process by passing the Constitution Act, 1982, and the British Parliament had renounced its right to pass legislation on behalf of Canada in the Canada Act 1982. The Australian Parliament passed the Australia Act 1986 in 1985, and the British Parliament would pass its own Act in February 1986. This left New Zealand as the only original Dominion from 1931 that still had residual constitutional links to the United Kingdom.

Parliamentary process

A Bill was introduced into Parliament during mid-1986, and was passed unanimously with the support of both the Labour and National parties on 13 December 1986. The act came into force on 1 January 1987. Amendments were passed during 1987 and 1999.

Effect

The Act repealed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, renamed the General Assembly as the "Parliament of New Zealand" and ended the right of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to make laws for New Zealand.

Key provisions

The Act consists of four main parts:

Part I: The sovereign

Part II: The Executive

Part III: The Legislature

The House of Representatives

Parliament

  • Parliament consists of the Sovereign in right of New Zealand (currently the Queen) and the House of Representatives; Parliament is stated to be the same body as the General Assembly established by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 (section 14).
  • Parliament has full power to make laws (section 15).
  • The term of Parliament is to be three years unless it is dissolved sooner (section 17).
  • Parliament meets not later than six weeks after the day fixed for the return of the writs for the general election (section 19).

Parliament and public finance

  • Bills providing for the appropriation of public money or for the imposition of any charge upon public money are not to be passed unless they have been recommended to the House of Representatives by the Crown (section 21).
  • It is not lawful for Crown, except by or under an Act of Parliament, to levy a tax, to raise a loan from any person or to spend any public money (section 22).

Part IV: The Judiciary
  • The rules relating to the protection of judges against arbitrary removal from office are set out (section 23).
  • The salary of a judge of the High Court is not to be reduced during the judge's term.
  • Section 21, covering bills appropriating public money, is repealed.

Entrenchment

Only section 17 of the Act, which says that the term of Parliament is "three years from the day fixed for the return of the writs issued for the last preceding general election of members of the House of Representatives, and no longer", is entrenched, by section 268 of the Electoral Act 1993. This provision requires that any amendment to section 17 can be made only by a majority of three-quarters of all votes cast in Parliament, or by a referendum. However, section 268 of the Electoral Act 1993 itself is not entrenched, which means that Parliament could repeal the section and then amend section 17 of the Act. Thus, the provision is said to only be "singly entrenched". Some academics, including Sir Geoffrey Palmer,[5] argue that the whole of the Constitution Act should be entrenched.

United Kingdom

The Act replaced the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, repealed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 and removed the ability of the United Kingdom to pass laws for New Zealand with the consent of New Zealand's Parliament.

Unlike Canada and Australia, New Zealand was able to patriate its constitution without British approval. The British Parliament had already passed the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947, as requested by the New Zealand Parliament in the New Zealand Constitution Amendment (Request and Consent) Act 1947. The British Act allowed the Parliament of New Zealand to amend any part of the 1852 Act, including the abolition of the Legislative Council in 1951. However, a number of sections of that Act had remained unamendable by the Parliament of New Zealand, including provisions establishing the Parliament itself.)

gollark: These are done → muahahaha.
gollark: ... also array literals, bee their bad docs.
gollark: Please also give me write access to the repo.
gollark: Oh, right, array indexing.
gollark: ```python# parsita-based pseudocode syntax parserfrom stmt import *from parsita import *from parsita.util import constantdef compose(f, g): return lambda x: f(g(x))def map_expr(x): start, end = x if end == "": return start return Op([start, end[1]], end[0])def map_unop_expr(x): return Op(x[1], x[0])def aliases(name, aliases): p = lit(name) for alias in aliases: p |= (lit(alias) > (lambda _: name)) return pclass ExprParser(TextParsers): ε = lit("") IntLit = reg("\-?[0-9]+") > compose(IntLit, int) StrLit = "'" >> reg("[^']*") << "'" > StrLit # TODO escapes (not in "spec" but could be needed) FloatLit = reg("\-?[0-9]+\.[0-9]+") > compose(FloatLit, float) Identifier = reg("[a-zA-Z_]+[a-zA-Z_0-9]*") > Var BracketedExpr = "(" >> Expr << ")" UnaryOperator = lit("NOT") Start = FloatLit | StrLit | IntLit | BracketedExpr | (UnaryOperator & Expr > map_unop_expr) | Identifier # avoid left recursion problems by not doing left recursion # AQA pseudocode does not appear to have a notion of "operator precedence", simplifying parsing logic nicely BinaryOperator = aliases("≤", ["<="]) | aliases("≠", ["!="]) | aliases("≥", [">="]) | lit("DIV") | lit("MOD") | lit("AND") | lit("OR") | reg("[+/*\-=<>]") End = (BinaryOperator & Expr) | ε Expr = (Start & End) > map_exprparse = ExprParser.Expr.parsex = parse("1+2+3 != 6 AND NOT 4 AND x + y")if isinstance(x, Failure): print(x.message)else: print(x.value)```

See also
Comparable acts

References
  1. "Constitution Act 1986". Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  2. McLay, Jim (2012). "1984 and all that" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. 10: 267–287.
  3. https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/our-business-units/cabinet-office/supporting-work-cabinet/cabinet-manual/6-elections-transitions-3
  4. Reports of the Officials Committee on Constitutional Reform. Wellington: Department of Justice. February 1986.
  5. Bridled Power by Sir Geoffrey and Matthew Palmer, Oxford University Press, 2001, page 22
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