Hatay State

Hatay State
Hatay State; Hatay Devleti; État du Hatay; دولة خطاي‎
	1938–1939
	Flag
	Anthem: İstiklâl Marşı
	The sanjak of Alexandretta / Hatay State (peach, top left); within the Mandate of Syria.
Capital	Antakya
Common languages	Turkish (official); French (second); Levantine Arabic
Government	Republic
• President	Tayfur Sökmen
• Deputy	Abdurrahman Melek
Legislature	Hatay State People's Assembly
Historical era	Interwar period
• Independence	7 September 1938
• Union with Turkey	29 June 1939
Area
1938	4,700 km2 (1,800 sq mi)
Population
• 1938	234379
Currency	Turkish liraa
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Sanjak of Alexandretta
Hatay Province
	Preceded by the Syrian pound.;

Hatay State (Turkish: Hatay Devleti, French: État du Hatay, Arabic: دولة خطاي‎ Dawlat Khaṭāy), also known informally as the Republic of Hatay, was a transitional political entity that existed from September 7, 1938, to June 29, 1939, in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939.

History

Background

Formerly part of the Aleppo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, the Sanjak of Alexandretta was occupied by France at the end of World War I and constituted part of the French Mandate of Syria.

The Sanjak of Alexandretta was an autonomous sanjak from 1921 to 1923, as a result of the French-Turkish treaty of October 20, 1921, considering the presence of an important Turkish community along with Arab and Armenian ones. Then it was attached to the State of Aleppo, then in 1925 it was directly attached to the State of Syria, still with a special administrative status.[1]

Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk refused to accept the Sanjak of Alexandretta to be part of the Mandate and, in a speech on March 15, 1923 in Adana, claimed, that it was "a Turkish homeland for 40 centuries" and that "can't be a captive at the hands of enemy".[2] In truth, the Turks first appeared in Anatolia during the 11th century when the Seljuk Turks occupied the eastern province of the Abbasid Empire and captured Baghdad.[3] Turkish politics aimed at incorporating the Sanjak of Alexandretta when the French mandate of Syria would expire in 1935. Local Turks initiated reforms in the style of Atatürk's, formed various organisations and institutions in order to promote the idea of union with Turkey.

The telegram of congratulation sent by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk after the proclamation of Hatay State.

In 1936, the elections returned two Syrian independentist MPs (favoring the independence of Syria from France) in the sanjak, and this prompted communal riots and passionate articles in the Turkish and Syrian press. In particular, Arab nationalist Zaki al-Arsuzi was influential in anti-irredentist agitation.

In response, Atatürk government coined the name Hatay for the Sanjak of Alexandretta, as a reference to Hittites (Syro-Hittite states), and raised the "Issue of Hatay" (Turkish: Hatay Meselesi) at the League of Nations. On behalf of the League of Nations, representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey prepared a constitution for the sanjak. The new statute came into power in November 1937, the Sanjak becoming 'distinct but not separated' from Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defense matters.[1]

Protests in Damascus in 1939 by women demonstrators against the secession of the Sanjak of Alexandretta, and its subsequent joining into Turkey as the Hatay Province. One of the signs reads: "Our blood is sacrificed for the Syrian Arab Sanjak."

On September 2, 1938, the sanjak assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The State lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision.

On June 29, 1939, following a referendum, the Hatay legislature voted to disestablish the Hatay State and join Turkey. This referendum has been labelled both "phoney" and "rigged" by some, and a way for the French to let Turks take over the area, hoping that they would turn on Hitler.[4] For the referendum, Turkey crossed tens of thousands of Turks into Alexandretta to register as citizens and vote.[5]

Syrian President Hashim al-Atassi resigned in protest at continued French intervention in Syrian affairs, maintaining that the French were obliged to refuse the annexation under the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936.

Legislature

Hatay State People Assembly (Turkish: Hatay Devleti Millet Meclisi), consisted of 40 members, whom 22 were Turks, 9 Alawites, 5 Armenians, 2 Orthodox Greeks and 2 Sunni Arabs.

Annexation

On July 7, 1939, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey approved the law establishing the Hatay Province and incorporating districts from Adana Province (then Seyhan Province) and Gaziantep Province. By July 23, 1939, the last vestiges of the French Mandate authorities had left Antakya, and the territory was fully annexed to Turkey. The result was a flight of many Arabs and Armenians to Syria. The region's Armenian population having been survivors of the Armenian Genocide, who had fled for their lives to the French Mandate of Syria and therefore weren't able to contemplate Turkish sovereignty.[6] Following the annexation, almost the entire Armenian population of Hatay left the province and resided in Aleppo, with many others moving to Lebanon where they founded the modern town of Anjar near the ruins of its historic castle.

Population and demographics

According to the estimates of the French high commission in 1936, out of a population of 220,000 39% were Turks, 28% Arabic-speaking Alawites, 11% Armenians, 10% Sunni Arabs, 8% other Christians and 4% were Circassians, Kurds and Jews. Although Turks formed the largest single ethno-religious minority, Arabic speakers including Sunnis, Alawites and Christians were more numerous.[7]

Ethnic composition of Hatay (1936)

Ethnoreligious groups	Inhabitants	%
Population of Hatay State in 1936 according to the French census[7]
Alawis	61,600	28%
Sunni Arabs	22,000	10%
Melkites, Greeks and other Christians	17,600	8%
Turks	85,800	39%
Armenians	24,200	11%
Circassians, Jews, Kurds	8,800	4%
Total	220,000	100%

Popular Culture

Fictionalised flag of Hatay seen in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

The Republic of Hatay is seen in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, as the resting place of the Holy Grail. When Indiana Jones and his father meet up with Sallah in İskenderun, they learn of Marcus Brody's abduction. The Nazis have been equipped by the Sultan of Hatay, in exchange for a Rolls-Royce Phantom II, and are already moving toward the Grail's location, in the fictional Canyon of the Crescent Moon, using the map possessed by Marcus.[8] However, the car used in the film was actually a Rolls-Royce Barker Saloon with 20/25 hp.[9] Additionally, the exterior of the temple in which the Grail is discovered was actually Al-Khazneh, located in Petra, Jordan.

gollark: I'll try Codex.

gollark: I might implement actual MCTS.

gollark: The current implementation is just """monte carlo tree search""" which plays 128 games entirely at random and sees how many it wins. I tried minimax/α-β pruning but those caused RAM implosions.

gollark: That would be effort, though.

gollark: Implementing a good "AI" opponent is proving surprisingly hard since I can't do tree-searchy things with any significant depth or the browser just runs out of memory.

References

Picard, Elizabeth (Spring 1982). "Retour au Sandjak". Maghreb-Machrek (in French). Paris: Documentation française (99).
"History of Hatay (In Turkish)". Antakyarehberi.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
Duiker & Spielvogel 2012, 192.
Jack Kalpakian (2004). Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems (Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 0-7546-3338-1.
Robert Fisk (2007). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (Paperback ed.). Vintage. p. 335. ISBN 1-4000-7517-3.
"ARMENIA AND KARABAGH" (PDF). Minority Rights Group. 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
Brandell, Inga (2006). State Frontiers: Borders and Boundaries in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-84511-076-5. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-03-27
"Rolls-Royce 20/25 h.p. in "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"". IMCDb.org. Retrieved 2020-06-03.

Sources

Sökmen, Tayfur: Hatay'ın Kurtuluşu İçin Harcanan Çabalar, Ankara 1992, ISBN 975-16-0499-0.
Dr. Abdurrahman Melek, Hatay Nasıl Kurtuldu, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1966

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[picard-1] Picard, Elizabeth (Spring 1982). "Retour au Sandjak". Maghreb-Machrek (in French). Paris: Documentation française (99).

[2] "History of Hatay (In Turkish)". Antakyarehberi.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2012-06-19.

[3] Duiker & Spielvogel 2012, 192.

[JackKalpakian-4] Jack Kalpakian (2004). Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems (Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 0-7546-3338-1.

[RobertFisk-5] Robert Fisk (2007). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (Paperback ed.). Vintage. p. 335. ISBN 1-4000-7517-3.

[6] "ARMENIA AND KARABAGH" (PDF). Minority Rights Group. 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[Brandell2006-7] Brandell, Inga (2006). State Frontiers: Borders and Boundaries in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-84511-076-5. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

[8] Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-03-27

[9] "Rolls-Royce 20/25 h.p. in "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"". IMCDb.org. Retrieved 2020-06-03.