Bishkek

Bishkek (Kyrgyz: Бишке́к, بىشکەک, IPA: [biʃˈkek]; Russian: Бишке́к, tr. Bishkék, IPA: [bʲɪˈʂkʲek]), formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic). Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the Chuy Region. The province surrounds the city, although the city itself is not part of the province, but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.

Bishkek

Бишкек
City
Kyrgyz transcription(s)
 • ISO 9Biškek
 • BGN/PCGNBishkek
 • ALA-LCBishkek
Flag
Coat of arms
Bishkek
Location in Kyrgyzstan
Bishkek
Bishkek (Asia)
Coordinates: 42°52′29″N 74°36′44″E
Country Kyrgyzstan
ShaarBishkek[1]
Founded1825
Raion[2]
Districts
Government
 • MayorAziz Surakmatov
Area
 • Total169.9 km2 (65.6 sq mi)
Elevation
800 m (2,600 ft)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total1,053,915[4]
Time zoneUTC+6 (KGT)
Postal code
720000–720085
Area code(s)(+996) 312
Vehicle registration01
HDI (2017)0.730[5]
high
Websitemeria.kg (in Kyrgyz and Russian)

In 1825, the Khanate of Kokand established the fortress of "Pishpek" to control local caravan routes and to collect tribute from Kyrgyz tribes. On 4 September 1860, with the approval of the Kyrgyz, Russian forces led by Colonel Apollon Zimmermann destroyed the fortress. In 1868, a Russian settlement was established on the site of the fortress under its original name, "Pishpek". It lay within the General Governorship of Russian Turkestan and its Semirechye Oblast.

In 1925, the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was established in Russian Turkestan, promoting Pishpek to its capital. In 1926, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union renamed the city as Frunze, after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze (1885–1925), who was born there. In 1936, the city of Frunze became the capital of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, during the final stages of the national delimitation in the Soviet Union. In 1991, the Kyrgyz parliament changed the capital's name to "Bishkek".

Bishkek is situated at an altitude of about 800 meters (2,600 ft), just off the northern fringe of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too range, an extension of the Tian Shan mountain range. These mountains rise to a height of 4,895 meters (16,060 ft). North of the city, a fertile and gently undulating steppe extends far north into neighboring Kazakhstan. The Chui River drains most of the area. Bishkek is connected to the Turkestan-Siberia Railway by a spur line.

Bishkek is a city of wide boulevards and marble-faced public buildings combined with numerous Soviet-style apartment blocks surrounding interior courtyards. There are also thousands of smaller privately built houses, mostly outside the city centre. Streets follow a grid pattern, with most flanked on both sides by narrow irrigation channels, watering innumerable trees to provide shade in the hot summers.

History
See also: Timeline of Bishkek

Kokhand rule

Originally a caravan rest stop (possibly founded by the Sogdians) on one of the branches of the Silk Road through the Tian Shan range, the location was fortified in 1825 by the khan of Kokand with a mud fort. In the last years of Kokhand rule, the Pishpek fortress was led by Atabek, the Datka.

Tsarist era

In 1860, the fort was conquered and razed by the military forces of Colonel Zimmermann when Tsarist Russia annexed the area. Colonel Zimmermann rebuilt the town over the destroyed fort and put field Poruchik Titov as head of a new Russian garrison. The site was redeveloped from 1877 onward by the Russian government, which encouraged the settlement of Russian peasants by giving them fertile land to develop.

Soviet era
Frunze statue near the railway station

In 1926, the city became the capital of the newly established Kirghiz ASSR and was renamed "Frunze" after Mikhail Frunze, Lenin's close associate who was born in Bishkek and played key roles during the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 and during the Russian civil war of the early 1920s.

Independence era

The early 1990s were tumultuous. In June 1990, a state of emergency was declared following severe ethnic riots in southern Kyrgyzstan that threatened to spread to the capital. The city was renamed Bishkek on 5 February 1991 and Kyrgyzstan achieved independence later that year during the breakup of the Soviet Union. Before independence, the majority of Bishkek's population were ethnic Russians. In 2004, Russians made up approximately 20% of the city's population, and about 7–8% in 2011.[6]

Today, Bishkek is a modern city with many restaurants and cafes, and with many second-hand European and Japanese cars and minibuses crowding its streets. However, streets and sidewalks have fallen into disrepair since the 1990s. At the same time, Bishkek still preserves its former Soviet feel with Soviet-period buildings and gardens prevailing over newer structures.

Bishkek is also the country's financial center, with all of the country's 21 commercial banks headquartered there. During the Soviet era, the city was home to a large number of industrial plants, but most have been shut down since 1991 or now operate on a much-reduced scale. One of Bishkek's largest employment centers today is the Dordoy Bazaar open market, where many of the Chinese goods imported to CIS countries are sold.

Geography

Orientation

Though the city is relatively young, the surrounding area has some sites of interest dating to prehistorical times. There are also sites from the Greco-Buddhist period, the period of Nestorian influence, the era of the Central Asian khanates, and the Soviet period.

Russian Orthodox cathedral of the Holy Resurrection.
National Historical Museum

The central part of the city is laid out on a rectangular grid plan. The city's main street is the east–west Chui Avenue (Chuy Prospekti), named after the region's main river. In the Soviet era, it was called Lenin Avenue. Along or near it are many of the most important government buildings and universities. These include the Academy of Sciences compound. The westernmost section of the avenue is known as Deng Xiaoping Avenue.

The main north–south street is Yusup Abdrakhmanov Street, still commonly referred to by its old name, Sovietskaya Street. Its northern and southern sections are called, respectively, Yelebesov and Baityk Batyr Streets. Several major shopping centers are located along it, and in the north it provides access to Dordoy Bazaar.

Erkindik ("Freedom") Boulevard runs from north to south, from the main railroad station (Bishkek II) south of Chui Avenue to the museum quarter and sculpture park just north of Chui Avenue, and further north toward the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the past it was called Dzerzhinsky Boulevard, named after a Communist revolutionary, Felix Dzerzhinsky, and its northern continuation is still called Dzerzhinsky Street.

An important east–west street is Jibek Jolu ('Silk Road'). It runs parallel to Chui Avenue about 2 km (1 mi) north of it, and is part of the main east–west road of Chui Province. Both the eastern and western bus terminals are located along Jibek Jolu.

There is a Roman Catholic church located at ul. Vasiljeva 197 (near Rynok Bayat). It is the only Catholic cathedral in Kyrgyzstan.[7]

There is a Stadium after Dolon Omurzakov located near centre of Bishkek. This is a largest stadium in Kyrgyz Republic.

City centre
Ala-Too Square, Bishkek's main square
  • State Historical Museum, located in Ala-Too Square, the main city square
  • State Museum of Applied Arts, containing examples of traditional Kyrgyz handicrafts
  • Frunze House Museum
  • Statue of Ivan Panfilov in the park near the White House.
  • An equestrian statue of Mikhail Frunze stands in a large park (Boulevard Erkindik) across from the train station.
  • The train station was built in 1946 by German prisoners of war and has survived since then without further renovation or repairs; most of those who built it perished and were buried in unmarked pits near the station.
  • The main government building, the White House, is a huge, seven story marble block and the former headquarters of the Communist Party of the Kirghiz SSR
  • At Ala-Too Square there is an independence monument where the changing of the guards may be watched.
  • Osh bazaar, west of the city centre, is a large, picturesque produce market
  • Kyrgyz National Philharmonic, concert hall

Outer neighbourhoods

The Dordoy Bazaar, just inside the bypass highway on the north-eastern edge of the city, is a major retail and wholesale market.

Outside the city

The Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountain range, some 40 kilometres (25 mi) away, provides a spectacular backdrop to the city; the Ala Archa National Park is only a 30 to 45 minutes drive away.

Distances

Bishkek is about 300 km away directly from the country's second city Osh. However its nearest large city is Almaty of Kazakhstan, which is 190 km to the east. Furthermore, it is 470 km from Tashkent (Uzbekistan), 680 km from Dushanbe (Tajikistan), and about 1000 km each from Nur-Sultan (Kazakhstan), Ürümqi (China), Islamabad (Pakistan), and Kabul (Afghanistan).

Climate

Bishkek has a Mediterranean-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa.), as the average mean temperature in the winter is below 0 °C.[8] Average precipitation is around 440 millimetres (17 in) per year. Average daily high temperatures range from 3 °C (37.4 °F) in January to about 31 °C (87.8 °F) during July.[9] The summer months are dominated by dry periods, punctuated by the occasional thunderstorm, which produces strong gusty winds and rare dust storms. The mountains to the south provide a natural boundary and protection from much of the damaging weather, as does the smaller mountain chain which runs north-west to south-east. In the winter months, sparse snow storms and frequent heavy fog are the dominating features. There are sometimes temperature inversions, during which the fog can last for days at a time.

Climate data for Bishkek
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6)		 25.3
(77.5)		 30.5
(86.9)		 34.7
(94.5)		 35.6
(96.1)		 40.9
(105.6)		 42.8
(109.0)		 39.7
(103.5)		 36.8
(98.2)		 34.1
(93.4)		 27.9
(82.2)		 23.3
(73.9)		 42.8
(109.0)
Average high °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8)		 4.9
(40.8)		 11.2
(52.2)		 18.5
(65.3)		 23.6
(74.5)		 29.0
(84.2)		 31.7
(89.1)		 30.9
(87.6)		 25.5
(77.9)		 17.8
(64.0)		 11.0
(51.8)		 5.0
(41.0)		 17.7
(63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 5.3
(41.5)		 12.3
(54.1)		 17.4
(63.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 24.9
(76.8)		 23.8
(74.8)		 18.5
(65.3)		 11.0
(51.8)		 4.7
(40.5)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 11.3
(52.3)
Average low °C (°F) −7.1
(19.2)		 −5.2
(22.6)		 0.4
(32.7)		 6.4
(43.5)		 11.1
(52.0)		 15.6
(60.1)		 17.9
(64.2)		 16.4
(61.5)		 11.3
(52.3)		 5.0
(41.0)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 −5.1
(22.8)		 5.6
(42.1)
Record low °C (°F) −31.9
(−25.4)		 −34
(−29)		 −21.8
(−7.2)		 −12.3
(9.9)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 2.4
(36.3)		 7.4
(45.3)		 5.1
(41.2)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 −11.2
(11.8)		 −32.2
(−26.0)		 −29.1
(−20.4)		 −34
(−29)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26
(1.0)		 35
(1.4)		 55
(2.2)		 67
(2.6)		 61
(2.4)		 34
(1.3)		 21
(0.8)		 13
(0.5)		 19
(0.7)		 45
(1.8)		 42
(1.7)		 35
(1.4)		 453
(17.8)
Average rainy days 3 5 9 12 13 10 10 6 6 8 7 4 93
Average snowy days 9 9 5 2 0.3 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 37
Average relative humidity (%) 75 75 71 63 60 50 46 45 48 62 70 75 62
Mean monthly sunshine hours 137 128 153 194 261 306 332 317 264 196 144 114 2,546
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[9]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[10]

Demographics

Bishkek is the most populated city in Kyrgyzstan. Its population, estimated in 2019, was 1,012,500.[11] From the foundation of the city to the mid-1990s, ethnic Russians and other peoples of European descent (Ukrainians, Germans) comprised the majority of the city's population. According to the 1970 census, the ethnic Kyrgyz were only 12.3%, while Europeans comprised more than 80% of Frunze population. Now Bishkek is a predominantly Kyrgyz city, with around 66% of its residents Kyrgyz, while European peoples make up less than 20% of the population. Despite this fact, Russian is the main language while Kyrgyz continues losing ground especially among the younger generations.[12]

Historical populations in Bishkek
YearPop.
1876182
18822,135
18934,857
18976,615
19029,656
190713,752
191320,102
192636,610
193992,783
1970430,618
1982616,312
1999 762,300
2008822,100
2009832,500
2010846,500
2011859,800
2012874,400
20201,053,915
Source:[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Ecology and environment

Air quality

Emissions of air pollutants in Bishkek amounted to 14,400 tons in 2010.[22] Among all cities in Kyrgyzstan, the level of air pollution in Bishkek is the highest, occasionally exceeding maximum allowable concentrations by several times, especially in the city centre.[23] For example, concentrations of formaldehyde occasionally exceed maximum allowable limits by a factor of four.

Responsibility for ambient air quality monitoring in Bishkek lies with the Kyrgyz State Agency of Hydrometeorology. There are seven air quality monitoring stations in Bishkek, measuring levels of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde and ammonia.[22]

Economy
Dordoy Bazaar

Bishkek uses the Kyrgyzstan currency, the som. The som's value fluctuates regularly, but averaged around 75 som per U.S. dollar as of July 2020. The economy in Bishkek is primarily agricultural, and agricultural products are sometimes bartered in the outlying regions. The streets of Bishkek are regularly lined with produce vendors in a market style venue. In most of the downtown area there is a more urban cityscape with banks, stores, markets and malls. Sought after goods include hand-crafted artisan pieces, such as statues, carvings, paintings and many nature-based sculptures.

Housing

As with many cities in Post-Soviet states, housing in Bishkek has undergone extensive changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union. While housing was formerly distributed to citizens in the Soviet-era, housing in Bishkek has since become privatized.

Though single family houses are slowly becoming more popular, the majority of the residents live in Soviet-era apartments. Despite the Kyrgyz economy experiencing growth, increases in available housing has been slow with very little new construction. As a result of this growing prosperity and the lack of new formal housing, prices have been rising significantly – doubling from 2001 to 2002.[24]

Those unable to afford the high price of housing within Bishkek, notably internal migrants from rural villages and small provincial towns often have to resort to informal squatter settlements on the outskirts of the city. These settlements are estimated to house 400,000 people or about 30 percent of Bishkek's population. While many of the settlements have lacked basic necessities such as electricity and running water, recently there has been a push by the local government to provide these services.[25]

Government

Local government is administered by the Bishkek Mayor's Office. Askarbek Salymbekov was mayor until his resignation in August 2005, after which his deputy, Arstanbek Nogoev, took over the mayorship. Nogoev was in turn removed from his position in October 2007 through a decree of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and replaced by businessman and former first deputy prime minister Daniar Usenov.[26][27][28] In July 2008 former head of the Kyrgyz Railways Nariman Tuleyev was appointed mayor, who was dismissed by the interim government after 7 April 2010. From April 2010 to February 2011 Isa Omurkulov, also a former head of the Kyrgyz Railways, was an interim mayor,[29] and from 4 February 2011 to 14 December 2013 he was re-elected the mayor of Bishkek.[30][31] Kubanychbek Kulmatov was nominated for election by parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan in city kenesh, and he was elected as a new mayor on 15 January 2014,[32] and stepped down on 9 February 2016 [33] The next mayor, Albek Sabirbekovich Ibraimov, was also nominated for election by parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan in city kenesh, and he was elected by Bishkek City Kenesh on 27 February 2016.[34] The current mayor is Aziz Surakmatov, who was elected on August 8, 2018.

Administrative divisions

Bishkek city covers 169.6 square kilometres (65.5 square miles)[3] and is administered separately and not part of any region. Besides the city proper, one urban-type settlement and one village are administered by the city: Chong-Aryk and Orto-Say.[3] The city is divided into 4 districts: Birinchi May, Lenin, Oktyabr and Sverdlov. Chong-Aryk and Orto-Say are part of Lenin District.

Sports

Bishkek is home to Spartak, the largest football stadium in Kyrgyzstan and the only one eligible to host international matches.[35] Several Bishkek-based football teams play on this pitch, including six-time Kyrgyzstan League champions, Dordoi-Dynamo.

Bishkek hosted the 2014 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia – Division I.

Education

Educational institutions in Bishkek include:

In addition, the following international schools serve the expatriate community in Bishkek:

Transportation
A typical Bishkek passenger van passes by the East Bus Terminal
The electronic board in the main hall of Bishkek-2, the main train station, shows Bishkek and Moscow time
Bishkek-2 railway station

Mass public transport

Public transportation includes buses, electric trolley buses, and public vans (known in Russian as marshrutka). The first bus and trolley bus services in Bishkek were introduced in 1934 and 1951, respectively.[49]

Taxi cabs can be found throughout the city.

The city is considering designing and building a light rail system (Russian: скоростной трамвай).

Commuter and long-distance buses

There are two main bus stations in Bishkek. The smaller old Eastern Bus Station is primarily the terminal for minibuses to various destinations within or just beyond the eastern suburbs, such as Kant, Tokmok, Kemin, Issyk Ata, or the Korday border crossing.

Long-distance regular bus and minibus services to all parts of the country, as well as to Almaty (the largest city in neighboring Kazakhstan) and Kashgar, China, run mostly from the newer grand Western Bus Station; only a smaller number run from the Eastern Station.

The Dordoy Bazaar on the north-eastern outskirts of the city also contains makeshift terminals for frequent minibuses to suburban towns in all directions (from Sokuluk in the west to Tokmak in the east) and to some buses taking traders to Kazakhstan and Siberia.

Rail

As of 2007, the Bishkek-2 railway station sees only a few trains a day. It offers a popular three-day train service from Bishkek to Moscow.

There are also long-distance trains that leave for Siberia (Novosibirsk and Novokuznetsk), via Almaty, over the Turksib route, and to Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) in the Urals, via Nur-Sultan. These services are remarkably slow (over 48 hours to Yekaterinburg), due to long stops at the border and the indirect route (the trains first have to go west for more than a 100 kilometres (62 mi) before they enter the main Turksib line and can continue to the east or north). For example, as of the fall of 2008, train No. 305 Bishkek-Yekaterinburg was scheduled to take 11 hours to reach the Shu junction—a distance of some 269 kilometres (167 mi) by rail, and less than half of that by road.[50]

Air

The city is served by Manas International Airport (IATA code FRU), located approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of the city centre, and readily reachable by taxi.

In 2002, the United States obtained the right to use Manas International Airport as an air base for its military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Russia subsequently (2003) established an air base of its own (Kant Air Base) near Kant, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Bishkek. It is based at a facility that used to be home to a major Soviet military pilot training school; one of its students, Hosni Mubarak, later became president of Egypt.

Notable people
  • Mikhail Frunze (1885–1925), after whom the city was named from 1926 to 1991
  • Alexander Mashkevich (born 1954), Kazakh-Israeli billionaire businessman and investor
  • Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva (born 1950), the third president of Kyrgyzstan
  • Chingiz Aitmatov (1928–2008), writer and public activist
  • Nasirdin Isanov (1943–1991), first prime minister of Kyrgyzstan
  • Talant Duyshebaev (born 1968), handball coach and former handball player (voted 2nd IHF World Player of the Century)
  • Valentina Shevchenko (born 1988) kickboxer and UFC Champion
  • Vladimir Perlin (born 1942), cellist
  • Natalya Tsyganova (born 1971), 800m medallist at the World and European championships, representing Russia
  • Orzubek Nazarov (born 1966), former WBA lightweight boxing champion
  • Salizhan Sharipov (born 1964), first cosmonaut of the independent Kyrgyz Republic
  • Tugelbay Sydykbekov (1912–1997), writer
  • Dmitrii Boldyrev (born 1978), Data Scientist

Twin towns and sister cities

Sister cities of Bishkek include:

gollark: PotatOS Chronometer runs every tick so that it can display a nice live-updating milliseconds counter, but it doesn't do much on each tick so I figure it's probably okayish.
gollark: Yield for a reasonable amount of time in loops.
gollark: Yes, I know, it does `coroutine.yield` and all, but IIRC it runs more than once per tick.
gollark: I thought you could with queue/pullevent.
gollark: I think Chorus City's uses my algorithm™ and updates really fast.

References
  1. Law on the Status of Bishkek Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 16 April 1994, article 2 (in Russian). Retrieved on 3 August 2009
  2. Districts of Bishkek Archived 17 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Retrieved on 3 August 2009
  3. "2009 population census of the Kyrgyz Republic: Bishkek City" (PDF). Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  4. "Population 2019-2020". Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  5. "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  6. Residential Real Estate Market in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: Current Conditions and Prospects Archived 21 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Catholic Church in Kyrgyzstan Archived 3 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Catholic-kyrgyzstan.org. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  8. "Koppen Map". Upload.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  9. "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Bishkek" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  10. "Frunze (Bishkek) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  11. "Kyrgyzstan: Regions, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Settlements - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  12. "Ferdinand, S. & Komlósi, F. 2016. Vitality of the Kyrgyz Language in Bishkek". IJORS 5–2, pp. 210–226. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  13. Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Наличное население в губерниях, уездах, городах Российской Империи (без Финляндии). Семиреченская область Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine – First General Russian Empire Census of 1897. Population in provinces, districts, towns of Russian Empire (without Finland). Semirech'e Province (Demoscope.ru) (in Russian)
  14. Petrov, Vladimir (2005). "Пишпек исчезающий 1825–1926 (Pishpek disappearing. 1825–1926)". Bishkek. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. Pisarskoy, Evgeniy; Kurbatov, Valentin (1976). "Архитектура Советской Киргизии (Architecture of Soviet Kirghizia.)". Moscow: Stroyizdat. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. "Review of Semirech'e Oblast for 1907 (Обзор Семиреченской области за 1907 год)". Verniy: Publishing House of Semirech'e Provincial Administration. 1908. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. "Review of Semirech'e Oblast for 1902 (Обзор Семиреченской области за 1902 год)". Verniy: Publishing House of Semirech'e Provincial Administration. 1903. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года : Киргизская АССР. (All-Union Census of 1926: Kyrgyz ASSR)". Moscow: CSU SSSR. 1928. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. Численность наличного населения городов, поселков городского типа, районов и районных центров СССР по данным переписи на 15 января 1970 года по республикам, краям и областям (кроме РСФСР) Archived 9 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Demoscope.ru. Retrieved on 11 March 2012.
  20. "Население Кыргызстана | Перепись населения и жилищного фонда Кыргызской Республики 2009". 212.42.101.100:8088. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  21. http://citypopulation.de/Kyrgyzstan.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. "Анализ загрязнения атмосферы". Nature.kg. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  23. Web-site of the State Agency on Environment Protection and Forestry: Assessment of Air Pollution. Meteo.ktnet.kg. Retrieved on 11 March 2012.
  24. Roseman, Gary. "The Residential Real Estate Market in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan". Real Estate Issues. Summer 2004.
  25. Isabaeva, Eliza (2013). "Migration into the "Illegality" and Coping with Difficulties in a Squatter Settlement in Bishkek". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 138.
  26. "New mayor of Bishkek promises to solve capital's problems". The Times of Central Asia. 17 October 2007. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  27. Marat, Erica (15 October 2007). "Upcoming referendum sinks Kyrgyzstan deeper into crisis". Eurasia Daily Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation. 4 (190). Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
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  29. "New Mayor for Bishkek". Lenta.Ru. 7 July 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
  30. "Isa Omurkulov elected mayor of Bishkek". Radio Azattyk. 4 February 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  31. "Isa Omurkulov resigned". Vecherniy Bishkek. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  32. "Kubanychbek Kulmatov elected mayor of Bishkek". Radio Azattyk. 27 February 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  33. "Kubanychbek Kulmatov stepped down". Radio Azattyk. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  34. "Albek Ibraimov elected mayor of Bishkek". Radio Azattyk. 27 February 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  35. Corporate Japanese companies to renovate Kyrgyzstan football stadium. The-afc.com (9 November 2007). Retrieved on 11 March 2012.
  36. October 2009+01:35:14
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Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Bishkek

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