Tucumán Province

Tucumán (Spanish pronunciation: [tukuˈman]) is the most densely populated, and the second-smallest by land area, of the provinces of Argentina. Located in the northwest of the country, the province has the capital of San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán. Neighboring provinces are, clockwise from the north: Salta, Santiago del Estero and Catamarca. It is nicknamed El Jardín de la República (The Garden of the Republic), as it is a highly productive agricultural area.

"Tucumán" redirects here. For other uses, see Tucumán (disambiguation).
Tucumán

Provincia de Tucumán
Province
Province of Tucumán
Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 

The Garden of the Republic
Location of Tucumán within Argentina
Coordinates: 26.94°S 65.34°W / -26.94; -65.34
CountryArgentina
CapitalSan Miguel de Tucumán
Subdivisions
List
Government
 • GovernorJuan Luis Manzur (PJ-FPV)
 • Provincial Legislature49
 • National Deputies
 • National Senators
Area
 • Total22,524 km2 (8,697 sq mi)
Population
 (2010[1])
 • Total1,448,188
 • Rank6th
 • Density64/km2 (170/sq mi)
Demonym(s)tucumano
Time zoneUTC−3 (ART)
ISO 3166 codeAR-T
HDI (2016)0.838 (14th)[2]
Websitewww.tucuman.gov.ar

Etymology

The word Tucumán probably originated from the Quechua languages. It may represent a deformation of the term Yucumán, which denotes the "place of origin of several rivers". It can also be a deformation of the word Tucma, which means "the end of things". Before Spanish colonization, the region lay in the outer limits of the Inca empire.[3]

History
Ruins of the Quilmes civilization, a Diaguita culture in the area
The Tucumán House: Argentine Independence was signed here in 1816.
Downtown Tucumán in the 1920s
Sugar mill in Ingenio San Pablo
Mercedes Sosa, a folk singer from Tucumán

Before the Spanish colonization, this land was inhabited by the Diaguitas and Tonocotes.

Operativo Independencia: Military zones of Argentina, 1975-1983 (Tucumán Province is in zone 3, the smallest province in the middle).

In 1533, Diego de Almagro explored the Argentine Northwest, including Tucumán. In 1549 the Peruvian governor Pedro de la Gasca granted Juan Núñez de Prado the territory of Tucumán. Prado established the first Spanish settlement at the town of Barco on the Dulce River.[4] Prado named his province "Tucumán" after Tucumamahao, one of the leaders of the local people who formed an alliance with him.[5] In 1552, Francisco de Aguirre was dispatched to take possession of the territory for Chile. Aguirre followed a repressive policy, triggering a rebellion by the native people. Outnumbered, the colonists were forced to move in 1553 to a new location, where they founded the town of Santiago del Estero.[4]

By 1565, Diego de Villaroel founded San Miguel de Tucumán and the Provincia de Tucumán, Juríes y Diaguitas was organized. Because of frequent attacks by the indigenous peoples, the Malones, in 1685, San Miguel de Tucumán was moved by Miguel de Salas some 65 km from its first location, where it was redeveloped. The aborigines of the region presented a strong resistance to the Spanish, who decided to move the defeated tribes toward Buenos Aires. The most noted of these relocations was the case of the Quilmes, who were moved to the city of Quilmes.

Tucumán was a midpoint for shipments of gold and silver from the Viceroyalty of Peru to Buenos Aires. It produced cattle, textiles, and wood products that provided supplies for the convoys on their way to Buenos Aires. Because of its important geographical position, and as head of the civil and Catholic governments, it acquired special importance during the 18th century.

The creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 meant the end of the convoys from Perú to Buenos Aires. Tucumán, with 20,000 inhabitants by that time, suffered also from the British imports from the newly opened customs of Buenos Aires, no longer under the monopoly of the Spanish Crown.

In 1783, the Intendancy of Tucumán was divided; Tucumán was set under the control of the Intendancy of Salta del Tucumán, with its centre in Salta. José de San Martín arrived in Tucumán in 1813 and installed the military school. In 1814, the Intendancy of Salta was divided into the present provinces.

On July 9, 1816, at the Congress of Tucumán, the Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata ("United Provinces of the Río de la Plata") declared their independence from Spain. Internal conflicts delayed the final fusion of the provinces into the República Argentina.

Following the failure of Argentina's first independence-era government, the Directorio, Governor Bernabé Aráoz on March 22, 1820, proclaimed the creation of the Federal Republic of Tucumán. The experiment collapsed, however, when the neighboring provinces of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero withdrew the following year.

The beginning of the 20th century, with the customs restrictions and the arrival of the railway, brought prosperous economic times for the province and its sugarcane production. Numerous landmarks were built, such as Ninth of July Park and the Tucumán Government Palace, and a daily newspaper founded in 1912, La Gaceta, became the most circulated Argentine daily outside Buenos Aires, but the sugar price crisis of the 1960s and President Juan Carlos Onganía's order to have 11 large state-owned sugar mills closed in 1966, hit Tucumán's economy hard, and ushered in an era of instability for the province.[6]

In 1975, President Isabel Perón declared a state of emergency in the province. The decree led to Operation Independence, an official military campaign at least as brutal on local magistrates, lawmakers, and faculty as it was on its stated target, the ERP. Violence did not fully abate until the appointment of General Antonio Domingo Bussi, the operation's commander, as governor at the behest of the dictatorship that deposed Perón in 1976. Efficient as well as ruthless, Bussi oversaw the completion of several stalled public works, but also presided over some of the worst human rights abuses during that painful 1976-77 period.[7] Retaining a sizable following, Bussi was elected governor in his own right in 1995, but lost much of his earlier popularity during his four-year tenure.

Life in Tucumán has since returned to a certain normality. Its economy has recovered strongly during the expansive period Argentina has had in the decade since 2002. José Alperovich, elected governor in 2003, has presided over record investment in public works while reaping criticism for attempts to eliminate term limits for his office.

Geography
Tucumán: La Angostura Lake

Despite Tucumán's small size, it has two main different geographical systems. The east is associated with the Gran Chaco flat lands, while the west presents a mixture of the Sierras of the Pampas to the south and the canyons of the Argentine Northwest to the north. The Cerro del Bolsón is the highest peak at an elevation of 5,550 metres (18,209 ft).

The Salí is the province's main river. Tucumán also has four dams that are used for hydroelectricity and irrigation: El Cadillal on Salí River, the province's most important dam; Embalse Río Hondo on the Hondo River; La Angostura on de los Sosa River; and Escaba on the Marapa River. The Santa María River crosses the Valles Calchaquíes.

Climate
See also: Climate of Argentina and Climatic regions of Argentina
Tafí del Valle
Cristo Bendicente by the tucumano artist Juan Carlos Iramain, on top of Cerro San Javier

Tucuman lies at the convergence of temperate climates and tropical climates further north, retaining characteristics of both in the lowlands. Furthermore, it is highly monsoonal, and depends also on elevation. As a rule of thumb, the far east is drier and hotter, whereas the Piedmont has many storms in the summer which moderate temperatures. The first foothills are very humid, supporting a dense jungle, and as altitude increases, a thick forest and then cool grasslands. The westernmost areas are once again a bit dryer because of a rain shadow.

The eastern parts have an average annual temperature of 18 to 20 °C (64.4 to 68.0 °F).[8] Summers are hot with mean temperatures averaging between 24 to 26 °C (75.2 to 78.8 °F) while in winter, the mean temperatures are between 10 to 12 °C (50.0 to 53.6 °F).[8][9] Easternmost parts of the province, which borders the Chaco region are home to the highest and lowest temperatures in the province where absolute maximum temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) while absolute minimum temperatures can reach close to −7 °C (19.4 °F) owing to the accumulation of cold air that descends from the mountains.[8][10] At higher altitudes, the climate is cooler with summer temperatures averaging 20 °C (68.0 °F) and winter temperatures averaging 10 °C (50.0 °F).[8] The annual temperature in the higher altitudes is 12 to 14 °C (53.6 to 57.2 °F) at an altitude of 2,500 metres (8,202.1 ft) above sea level.[10] Within the valleys located between the mountains, temperatures are cooler with a mean annual temperature of 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) (summers average 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) while winters average 9.0 °C (48.2 °F)) in the Tafi valley.[8]

Precipitation in the lowlands ranges from 600 mm (24 in) in the east, to close to 1,200 mm in the foothills (48 in), in a very monsoonal pattern with 4-5 completely dry winter months, and a peak of about 200 mm (7.9 in) in the rainiest summer month.

The eastward-facing slopes concentrate not only the heaviest precipitation, with spots around 1,800 mm (71 in) falling mostly in the 5 months of the summer monsoon, but also have a unique characteristic, which is that during part of the year, they are constantly immersed in a thick fog, providing humidity for the development of a thick jungle. The climate quickly becomes decidedly temperate with altitude, supporting different kinds of forest which even receive some snow every winter, finally reaching high-altitude grasslands with cool, windy weather year-round.

The abundant precipitation creates a wide area of abundant vegetation and justifies Tucumán's title of "Jardín de la República" (Garden of the Republic).

Economy
San Miguel de Tucumán.

Long among the most underdeveloped Argentine provinces, Tucumán Province has been growing strongly, and its economy, the nation's seventh-largest, reached US$7.2 billion in 2006. Its per capita output of US$5,400 (around US$7,900 in 2011) was nearly 40% below the national average, but compares favourably with that of most of its neighbors.[11] In 2012, the per capita income of the province is of 8,000 dollars

Known internationally for its prodigious sugarcane (with 2,300 km2, and the sugar production, 60% of the country's), Tucumán's economy is quite diversified, and agriculture accounts for about 7% of output. After the sugar crisis of the 1960s, Tucumán tried to diversify its crops, and now cultivates, among others, lemons (world first producer), strawberries, kiwifruit, beans, maize, alfalfa, and soybeans.

Cattle, sheep, and goats are raised mainly for local consumption.

Manufacturing in Tucumán initially centered on sugar production, but has diversified significantly since 1960. Sugar mills comprise about 15% to the total economy. Besides the industrialisation of the sugarcane into sugar, paper, and alcohol, food, textile, automotive, and metallurgical industries are present. Among the latter, the freight-truck assembly operated by the Volkswagen Group-controlled Swedish Scania company is probably the best known. Mining is a minor activity, centered on salt, clay, lime, and other non-metallic extractions. The province is also big in lemons and blueberries; they export almost 80% of the harvest to other countries.

Cultural and sport tourism is common in the province, and attracts a number of Argentine tourists every year. The Panamerican Highway (Route 9) crosses San Miguel de Tucumán, and connects it with Santiago del Estero and Buenos Aires. The city also serves as a mid-stop for tourists visiting other provinces of the Argentine Northwest. The Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo International Airport has regular flights to Buenos Aires , Lima , Santiago de Chile , Cordoba and Sao Paulo , and receives almost 800,000 passengers every year.

The most visited destinations of the Province are the Campo de los Alisos National Park, Valles Calchaquíes, Tafí del Valle, Ruins of Quilmes, the Diaguita community of Amaicha del Valle, and the city of San Miguel de Tucumán.

Four important universities are in the province: Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (with 60,000 students), Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, and Universidad de San Pablo-T.

Government

The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.

Main articles: Legislature of Tucumán and Governor of Tucumán Province

The Constitution of Tucumán Province forms the formal law of the province.

Tucumán Provincial Police

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Tucumán Provincial Police.

Political division

The province is divided into 17 departments (Spanish departamentos).

Departments of Tucumán Province
Department Population Area Seat
Burruyacú 32,936 3,605 km2 Burruyacú
Capital 527,607 90 km2 San Miguel de Tucumán
Chicligasta 75,133 1,267 km2 Concepción
Cruz Alta 162,240 1,255 km2 Banda del Río Salí
Famaillá 30,951 427 km2 Famaillá
Graneros 13,063 1,678 km2 Graneros
Juan Bautista Alberdi 28,206 730 km2 Juan Bautista Alberdi
La Cocha 17,683 917 km2 La Cocha
Leales 51,090 2,027 km2 Bella Vista
Lules 57,235 540 km2 Lules
Monteros 58,442 1,169 km2 Monteros
Rio Chico 52,925 585 km2 Aguilares
Simoca 29,932 1,261 km2 Simoca
Tafí del Valle 13,883 2,741 km2 Tafí del Valle
Tafí Viejo 108,017 1,210 km2 Tafí Viejo
Trancas 15,473 2,862 km2 Trancas
Yerba Buena 63,707 160 km2 Yerba Buena
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See also
  • List of Governors of Tucumán Province

References
  1. "Censo 2010 Argentina resultados definitivos: mapas". 200.51.91.231. Archived from the original on 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  2. "Información para el desarrollo sostenible: Argentina y la Agenda 2030" (PDF) (in Spanish). United Nations Development Programme. p. 155. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  3. El nombre "Tucumán" (in Spanish)
  4. Moses, Bernard (November 1966). The Spanish Dependencies In South America. Routledge. pp. 184–186. ISBN 978-0-7146-2034-3. Retrieved 2013-07-20.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  5. Page, Thomas Jefferson (1859). La Plata, the argentine Confederation, and Paraguay: Being a narrative of the exploration of the tributaries of the river La Plata and adjacent countries during the years 1853, '54, '55, and '56, under the orders of the United States government. Trubner & Co. p. 404. Retrieved 2013-07-20.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  6. Archdiocese of Tucumán
  7. Andersen, Martin. Dossier Secreto. Westview Press, 1993.
  8. Sesma, Pablo; Guido, Elvira; Puchulu, Maria (1998). "Clima de la Provincia de Tucuman" (PDF). Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  9. Bravo, Gonzalo; Bianchi, Alberto; Volante, José; Salas, Susana; Sempronii, Guillermo; Vicini, Luis; Fernandez, Miguel. "Regiones Agroeconómicas del Noroeste Argentino" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  10. "Provincia de Tucuman–Clima Y Metéorologia" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina). Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  11. "I.A.D.E.R".

Further reading
  • Juarez-Dappe, Patricia (2010). When Sugar Ruled: Economy and Society in Northwestern Argentina, Tucuman, 1876-1916. Ohio University Press.
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