Đinh dynasty
The Đinh dynasty (Vietnamese: Nhà Đinh) was the imperial dynasty of Vietnam starting in 968 when Đinh Tiên Hoàng vanquished the upheavals of Twelve warlords and ended as the son of Đinh Tiên Hoàng, Đinh Phế Đế, ceded the throne to Lê Hoàn in 980.[4][5]
Đại Cồ Việt Đại Cồ Việt Quốc (大瞿越國) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 968–980 | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Status | Song tributary (970–980)[1][2][3] | ||||||||
| Capital | Hoa Lư | ||||||||
| Common languages | Middle Chinese | ||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism, Taoism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||
• 968–979 | Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (First) | ||||||||
• 979–980 | Đinh Phế Đế (Last) | ||||||||
| Chancellor | |||||||||
• 968–979 | Duke of Định | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 944–968 | |||||||||
• Unification of Vietnam | 968 | ||||||||
• Đinh Bộ Lĩnh declared as first monarch of Vietnam | 968 | ||||||||
| 979 | |||||||||
• General Lê Hoàn succeeded the throne | 980 | ||||||||
| Currency | Copper-alloy cash coins (Thái Bình Hưng Bảo) | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Vietnam China | ||||||||
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Naming
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Previously, since the rule of Đinh Tiên Hoàng (r. 968–979), the country had been referred to officially as "Đại Cồ Việt" (wikt:大瞿越); cồ (瞿) in the name of Gautama Buddha (瞿曇·喬達摩). The term "Việt" is cognate with the Chinese word "Yue", a name applied in ancient times to various non-Chinese groups who lived in what is now southern China and northern Vietnam ; so it means "Great Buddhist Viet".
History
Background
The Ngô dynasty ended with a period of civil strife known as the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords.
Đinh Tiên Hoàng
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Đinh Bộ Lĩnh's father was Đinh Công Trứ, a general under the reigns of Ngô Quyền (939–944) and Ngô Xương Văn (950–954). Đinh Công Trứ died while Bộ Lĩnh was still very young. His mother then took him back to her village to live with her family. There Đinh Bộ Lĩnh attended the village school and in his free time rode atop water buffaloes and played games with other children. When he reached adulthood he joined Trần Minh Công (Trần Lãm), one of the Twelve Warlords (Thập Nhị Sứ Quân), who made him a general due to his skills and talents.[6]
One by one, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (924–979) defeated or subdued the other 11 lords. His multitude victories over other lords earned him the title Vạn Thắng Vương, which means "King of Ten Thousand Victories." After unifying the country in 968 and bringing peace back to the land, he proclaimed himself Đinh Tiên Hoàng Đế. He renamed the country "Đại Cồ Việt." Worried that his country was still weak (where outside influences could be easily made), he sought to strengthen the government by appointing military men to important positions. Among his top generals were Nguyễn Bạc, his oldest son Đinh Liễn, Lê Hoàn, etc. The latter became a major figure for the Đinh Dynasty succession and the rise of the Anterior Lê Dynasty.
The end of Đinh Tien Hoàng's reign was marked by the following successive events.
- He removed his oldest son Đinh Liễn from the throne as he had decided to have his second son, Đinh Hang Lăng, succeed him. His infant son, Đinh Tuệ, would be next in line.
- One night in 980, as Đinh Tiên Hoàng and his son Đinh Liễn were having a party, a mandarin official sneaked into the palace and killed both father and son. Thus fate decreed that the infant son Đinh Tuệ would inherit the kingdom.
Đinh Phế Đế (980)
When Đinh Tuệ became emperor, because of his age, his mother the Dowager Empress Dương Vân Nga assumed the role of regent.
Lê Hoàn's accession to the throne
Appalled by this new threat, the Dowager Empress Dương Vân Nga threw her support to Lê Hoàn who was now commander-in-chief of the army. To confront the Song army who had already arrived at the border, the Empress Dowager agreed to recognize Lê Hoàn and let him step up to the throne as a new king. With the crowning of Lê Hoàn, the Anterior Lê Dynasty was founded. As Lê Hoàn was being crowned Emperor, the Song army approached the boundary of the two countries.
Foreign relations
From 970 to 975, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established the status of Đại Việt as a protectorate and tributary state of the Song dynasty to gain Chinese recognition of the independence of Đại Việt.[1][2][3] The tributary relationship would last until the French protectorate was established in 1883.[1]
References
- Rutherford, Scott (2002). Vietnam. Langenscheidt Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 9789812349842.
- Đinh dynasty at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Dar, Ku Boon (2019). "The Tributary Relations between China's Song Dynasty and Vietnam's Dinh, Le and Ly Dynasties: Effects on Their Political Sustainability". Sejarah: Journal of the History Department, University of Malaya. 28 (1): 1–13.
- J. Wills Burke Origines: the streets of Vietnam : a historical companion 2001– Page 16 "Though short-lived, the Đinh Dynasty was important to the formation of the Vietnamese nation. Following the death of Ngỏ Quyển, who had driven the Chinese from Vietnam after a thousand years of domination, the Ngô Dynasty disintegrated."
- Renowned Vietnamese intellectuals prior to the 20th century – Page 11 2004 "For the sake of the nation's interests, Queen Mother Dương Vân Nga decided to hand the throne to Le Hoãn (980–1005), Comrnander-in-Chief of the Army of the Đinh Dynasty. Le Hoàn led the army to defeat the Song troops."
- Hữu Ngọc Wandering through Vietnamese culture 2004– Page 393 "Nguyễn Bặc... and statesman who helped Đinh Bộ Lĩnh put an end to the period of anarchy of the Twelve Warlords before the Đinh Dynasty."
| Preceded by Ngô dynasty |
Dynasty of Vietnam 968–980 |
Succeeded by Early Lê dynasty |