Île Amsterdam

Île Amsterdam (French pronunciation: ​[ilamstɛʁdam]), also known as Amsterdam Island, New Amsterdam, or Nouvelle Amsterdam, is an island of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the southern Indian Ocean that together with neighbouring Île Saint-Paul 90 km (49 nautical miles) to the south forms one of the five districts of the territory.

Amsterdam Island
(New Amsterdam)

Île Amsterdam
Flag
Orthographic projection centred over Île Amsterdam.
Île Amsterdam
Nickname: Nouvelle Amsterdam
Map of Île Amsterdam.
Geography
Coordinates37°49′33″S 77°33′17″E
Area55 km2 (21 sq mi)
Length10 km (6 mi)
Width7 km (4.3 mi)
Highest elevation867 m (2,844 ft)
Highest pointMont de la Dives
Administration
Demographics
Population28

The island is roughly equidistant to the land masses of Madagascar, Australia, and Antarctica – as well as the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (about 3,200 km, 1,700 nautical miles from each).

The research station at Martin-de-Viviès, first called Camp Heurtin and then La Roche Godon, is the only settlement on the island and is the seasonal home to about thirty researchers and staff studying biology, meteorology, and geomagnetics.

History

The first person known to have sighted the island was the Spanish explorer Juan Sebastián de Elcano, on 18 March 1522, during his circumnavigation of the world. Elcano did not give the island a name. On 17 June 1633, Dutch mariner Anthonie van Diemen sighted the island, and named it after his ship, Nieuw Amsterdam.[1] The first recorded landing on the island occurred in December 1696, led by the Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh.[2]

French mariner Pierre François Péron wrote that he was marooned on the island between 1792 and 1795. Péron's Memoires, in which he describes his experiences, were published in a limited edition, now an expensive collectors' item.[3][4][5] However, Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul were often confused at the time and Péron may have been marooned on Saint-Paul.

Sealers are said to have landed on the island, for the first time, in 1789.[6] Between that date and 1876, 47 sealing vessels are recorded at the island, 9 of which were wrecked. Relics of the sealing era can still be found.[7]

The island was a stop on the Macartney Mission during its voyage to China in 1793.[8]

On 11 October 1833, the British barque Lady Munro was wrecked at the island. Of the 97 persons aboard, 21 survivors were picked up two weeks later by a US sealing schooner, General Jackson.[9]

John Balleny in command of the exploration and sealing vessel Eliza Scott (154 tons) visited the island in November 1838 in search of seals. He returned with a few fish and reported having seen the remains of a hut and the carcase of a whale.[10]

The islands of Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul were first claimed by Martin Dupeyrat for France in 1843. However, the governor of Réunion refused to ratify the act of possession and France took formal control only in October 1892.[1]

In January 1871 an attempt to settle the island was made by a party led by Heurtin, a French resident of Réunion. After seven months, their attempts to raise cattle and grow crops were fruitless, and they returned to Réunion, abandoning the cattle on the island.[11]

In May 1880 HMS Raleigh circumnavigated the island searching for a missing ship the Knowsley Hall. A cutter and gig were despatched to the island to search for signs of habitation. There was a flagpole on Hoskin Point and 45–65 m (50–70 yards) north were two huts, one of which had an intact roof and contained three bunks, empty casks, an iron pot and the eggshells and feathers of sea-birds. There was also an upturned serviceable boat in the other hut, believed to belong to the fishermen who visited the island.[12]

The islands were attached to the French colony of Madagascar from 21 November 1924 until 6 August 1955 when the French Southern and Antarctic Lands was formed. (Madagascar gained independence in 1958.)

The first French base on Île Amsterdam was established in 1949, and was originally called Camp Heurtin. It is now the Martin-de-Viviès research station.

The Global Atmosphere Watch still maintains a presence on Île Amsterdam.

Amateur radio

From 1987–98, there were frequent amateur radio operations from Amsterdam Island. There was a resident radio amateur operator in the 1950s, using callsign FB8ZZ.[13]

In January 2014 Clublog listed Amsterdam and St Paul Islands as the seventh most-wanted DXCC entity.[14] On 25 January 2014 a DX-pedition landed on Amsterdam Island using MV Braveheart and began amateur radio operations from two separate locations using callsign FT5ZM. The DX-pedition remained active until 12 February and achieved over 170,000 two-way contacts with amateur radio stations worldwide.

Environment
A large Kelvin wake cloud formation, caused by lee waves from Île Amsterdam (lower left).

Geography

The volcanic island is a potentially active volcano. No historical eruptions are known, although the fresh morphology of the latest volcanism at Dumas Crater on the NE flank suggests it may have occurred as recently as a century ago.[15][16] It has an area of 55 km2 (21 sq mi), measuring about 10 km (6.2 mi) on its longest side, and reaches as high as 867 m (2,844 ft) at the Mont de la Dives. The high central area of the island, at an elevation of over 500 metres (1,600 ft), containing its peaks and caldera, is known as the Plateau des Tourbières (Plateau of Bogs). The cliffs that characterise the western coastline of the island, rising to over 700 metres (2,300 ft), are known as the Falaises d'Entrecasteaux after the 18th-century French navigator Bruni d'Entrecasteaux.[17]

Climate

Île Amsterdam has a mild, oceanic climate under the Köppen climate classification, with a mean annual temperature of 14 °C (57.2 °F), rainfall of 1,100 mm (43.3 in), persistent westerly winds and high levels of humidity.[18] Under the Trewartha climate classification the island is well inside the maritime subtropical zone due to its very low diurnal temperature variation keeping means high.

Climate data for Martin-de-Vivies, Amsterdam Island (1981–2010, extremes 1950–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.0
(77.0)		 24.0
(75.2)		 21.0
(69.8)		 19.0
(66.2)		 19.0
(66.2)		 20.0
(68.0)		 19.0
(66.2)		 19.2
(66.6)		 22.2
(72.0)		 26.0
(78.8)		 26.4
(79.5)
Average high °C (°F) 20.3
(68.5)		 20.5
(68.9)		 19.5
(67.1)		 17.8
(64.0)		 15.9
(60.6)		 14.5
(58.1)		 13.7
(56.7)		 13.6
(56.5)		 14.3
(57.7)		 14.9
(58.8)		 16.3
(61.3)		 18.7
(65.7)		 16.6
(61.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5)		 17.7
(63.9)		 16.9
(62.4)		 15.4
(59.7)		 13.7
(56.7)		 12.3
(54.1)		 11.6
(52.9)		 11.4
(52.5)		 12.0
(53.6)		 12.4
(54.3)		 13.8
(56.8)		 16.0
(60.8)		 14.2
(57.6)
Average low °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5)		 14.9
(58.8)		 14.4
(57.9)		 13.1
(55.6)		 11.5
(52.7)		 10.1
(50.2)		 9.4
(48.9)		 9.2
(48.6)		 9.7
(49.5)		 10.0
(50.0)		 11.3
(52.3)		 13.3
(55.9)		 11.8
(53.2)
Record low °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8)		 8.8
(47.8)		 7.8
(46.0)		 6.4
(43.5)		 3.8
(38.8)		 3.7
(38.7)		 2.0
(35.6)		 2.8
(37.0)		 3.9
(39.0)		 4.4
(39.9)		 4.9
(40.8)		 7.5
(45.5)		 2.0
(35.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 88.6
(3.49)		 69.3
(2.73)		 92.2
(3.63)		 102.4
(4.03)		 119.5
(4.70)		 119.5
(4.70)		 105.7
(4.16)		 94.5
(3.72)		 77.2
(3.04)		 84.6
(3.33)		 75.2
(2.96)		 69.8
(2.75)		 1,098.5
(43.25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.3 8.7 10.5 12.4 16.7 18.3 17.9 17.1 14.8 14.6 11.6 10.4 162.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 177 145 134 110 107 99 104 121 123 141 150 170 1,581
Source 1: Météo France[19]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990),[20] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[21]

Flora and fauna
Further information: Amsterdam and Saint-Paul Islands temperate grasslands
Phylica arborea grove

Vegetation

Phylica arborea trees occur on Amsterdam, which is the only place where they form a low forest, although the trees are also found on Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island. It was called the Grand Bois ("Great Forest"), which covered the lowlands of the island until forest fires set by sealers cleared much of it in 1825. Only eight fragments remain.

Some sailors from HMS Raleigh landed on the island on 27 May 1880. They described the vegetation as[12]

Rough ground, grass several feet high, myrtle 10–15 feet [3–5 m] high in sheltered ravines, sedge, ferns (principally polypodium) and cabbages, grown into bushes with stumps several inches thick in the garden ....

Birds

The island is home to the endemic Amsterdam albatross, which breeds only on the Plateau des Tourbières. Other rare species are the brown skua, Antarctic tern and western rockhopper penguin. The Amsterdam duck is now extinct, as are the local breeding populations of several petrels. There was once possibly a species of rail inhabiting the island, as a specimen was taken in the 1790s (which has been lost), but this was either extinct by 1800 or was a straggler of an extant species.[22] The common waxbill has been introduced.[23] Both the Plateau des Tourbières and Falaises d'Entrcasteaux have been identified as Important Bird Areas by BirdLife International, the latter for its large breeding colony of Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses.[17]

Mammals

There are no native land mammals. Subantarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals breed on the island. Introduced mammals include the house mouse and brown rat. Feral cats are present.[23]

A distinct breed of wild cattle, Amsterdam Island cattle, also inhabited the island from 1871 to 2010. They originated from the introduction of five animals by Heurtin during his brief attempt at settlement of the island in 1871,[23] and by 1988 had increased to an estimated 2,000. Following recognition that the cattle were damaging the island ecosystems, a fence was built restricting them to the northern part of the island.[22] In 2007 it was decided to eradicate the population of cattle entirely, resulting in the slaughter of the cattle between 2008 and 2010.[24]

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gollark: Those don't support things like compressing using a shared dictionary, and also have inconsistent support for advanced features.
gollark: There are still cases where it might be useful to read part of an archive. Such as if you have tar-based backups, or you want to read just the metadata out of a package tarball, or you want to just list all the files in a big one.
gollark: Lzip is neat apart from being entirely tied to LZMA, which is now obsoleted by zstandard.
gollark: Or there are, but they seem to be basically unsupported.

See also

References
  1. http://www.btinternet.com/~sa_sa/amsterdam/amsterdam_history_early.html Archived October 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  2. Het Scheepvaartmuseum – Maritieme Kalender Archived March 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  3. Statewide County HI Archives: News, USGenWeb Archives Archived November 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  4. Forum Rare Books: In the news, Antiquariaat Forum
  5. Péron (captain) (1824). Mémoires du capitaine Péron sur ses voyages aux côtes d'Afrique, en Arabie, à l'île d'Amsterdam, aux îles d'Anjouan et de Mayotte, aux côtes nord-ouest de l'Amérique, aux îles Sandwich, à la Chine, etc. Brissot-Thivars.
  6. Headland, R.K. (ed.) (2018) Historical Antarctic Sealing Industry, Cambridge, Scott Polar Research Institute, p.166.
  7. Headland, p.166.
  8. Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China's Last Golden Age. Alfred A. Knopf. 2018. ISBN 978-0307961730.
  9. Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-521-30903-5.
  10. Jones, A,G.E., “John Balleny and Amsterdam Island,” The Great Circle, 8 (2) October 1886, pp.73-4
  11. Carroll, Paul (2003-06-29). "Amsterdam/St Paul: Discovery and early history". The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  12. "Editorial". The Cornishman (109). 12 August 1880. p. 4.
  13. R. M. Holoch (2012-09-16). "FT5/Z – Amsterdam / St. Paul Islands and a Special Appeal". Archived from the original on 2014-03-03.
  14. Clublog Most wanted list, updated Monthly Archived October 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  15. "Amsterdam Island volcano". Volcano Discovery. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  16. Nougier, Jacques (1982). "Volcanism of St-Paul and Amsterdam islands; some aspects of volcanism along plate margins". IIIth Symp. Antarct. Geol . Madison: 755–765.
  17. BirdLife International. (2012). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Falaises d'Entrecasteaux. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 2012-01-08. Archived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  18. Ile Amsterdam Archived November 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  19. "Nouvelle Amsterdam (984)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  20. "Climate Normals for Martin de Vivies 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  21. "Station Martin de Vivies" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  22. Micol, T.; & Jouventin, P. (1995). Restoration of Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, following control of feral cattle. Biological Conservation 73(3): 199–206.Restoration of Amsterdam Island, South Indian Ocean, following control of feral cattle Archived February 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  23. Amsterdam Island – Introduced fauna Archived May 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  24. Sophie Lautier: "Sur l'île Amsterdam, chlorophylle et miaulements".

Further reading

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