Islamic State of Afghanistan

The Islamic State of Afghanistan[1] (Persian: دولت اسلامی افغانستان‎, Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan, Pashto: دا افغانستان اسلامی دولت‎, Da Afghanistan Islami Dowlat) was the government of Afghanistan,[2] established by the Peshawar Accords on 26 April 1992 by many, but not all, mujahideen Afghan parties,[3][4] after the fall of the communist government. From 1996, it became a government in exile when the Taliban took power of Kabul and established the mostly unrecognized Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The Islamic State was in control of the country again after the Taliban government was overthrown by the United States in 2001 after the invasion. In 2002 it was succeeded by the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.

Not to be confused with Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan, or Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Islamic State of Afghanistan دولت اسلامی افغانستان Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan دا افغانستان اسلامی دولت Da Afghanistan Islami Dowlat
1992–2002
Flag (1992–2001) Emblem
Motto: lā ʾilāha ʾillà l-Lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l-Lāh لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله "There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah"
Anthem: (1992–1999, 2002) قلعه اسلام قلب اسیا (English: "Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia")
Capital	Kabul (de jure)
Capital-in-exile	Northern Afghanistan (1996–2001, during occupation)
Common languages	Pashto, Dari
Religion	Islam
Government	Unitary Islamic provisional government (1992–1996, 2001–2002) Government-in-exile (1996–2001)
President
• 1992	Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
• 1992–2001	Burhanuddin Rabbani
• 2001–2002	Hamid Karzai
Prime Minister
• 1992	Abdul Kohistani (first)
• 1997	Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai (last)
Historical era	Civil War / War on Terror
• Peshawar Accord	24 April 1992
• 2002 loya jirga	19 June 2002
Currency	Afghan afghani (AFA)
Calling code	93
ISO 3166 code	AF
Preceded by Succeeded by Republic of Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
Today part of	Afghanistan

Background

In March 1992, President Mohammad Najibullah, having lost the Russian support that upheld his government, agreed to resign and make way for a neutral, interim government. Several mujahideen parties started negotiations to form a national coalition government. But one group, the Hezb-e Islam led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, presumably supported and directed by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), did not join the negotiations and announced its intent to conquer Kabul alone. Hekmatyar moved his troops to Kabul, and was allowed into the town soon after 17 April. This left the other mujahideen groups no choice but to enter Kabul, on 24 April, to prevent Hekmatyar from taking over national government.[3][5]
This ignited a civil war between five or six rival armies, (nearly) all backed by foreign states. Several mujahideen groups proclaimed an 'interim government' on 26 April 1992 but this never attained real authority over Afghanistan.

History

Rabbani and Hekmatyar

Najibullah of the formerly communist Republic of Afghanistan was forced to resign on 15 April 1992.[6] The Peshawar Accord of 25 April 1992, which established a power-sharing interim government to take control of Kabul, was signed by six of the seven major Afghan anti-Soviet resistance parties[6] (notably excluding the Hezb-e Islami ["Islamic Party"] faction of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a Pashtun, who refused to sign the Accord), and supported by some remnants of the Najibullah administration. An Islamic state was proclaimed, Islamic law introduced, bars were closed, and women were ordered to wear the hijab.[6] In June, Burhanuddin Rabbani, leader of the Tajik-dominated Jamiat-e Islami ("Islamic Association") faction, was made interim-president of the new Islamic State of Afghanistan, and on 30 December 1992 he was elected head of the 7-member Government Council for a two-year term.[6] However, Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami rebel faction (which had split from Jamiat-e Islami in 1976) demanded a share in power as well, and started clashing with Rabbani's troops. After months of fighting, they signed an agreement in March 1993 making Hekmatyar the Prime Minister of Afghanistan in June, and shortening Rabbani's presidency from 2 years to 1.5 year.[6] Fighting between different rebel factions continued, however, and Kabul was largely destroyed.

Rise of the Taliban

Main article: Taliban's rise to power

In late 1994, a new Pashtun-dominated Islamic fundamentalist militia called the Taliban (lit. '"Religious students"') managed to conquer large parts of southern Afghanistan with the support of Pakistan.[6] Making steady gains throughout 1995 and 1996, the Taliban were able to seize control of the capital city of Kabul in September 1996, driving the Rabbani government and other factions northward, and by the end of the year occupying two-thirds of Afghanistan. Former president Najibullah was arrested and executed in public by hanging on 27 September 1996.

The Taliban renamed the country to Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, and imposed an even more strict version of Sharia and purdah on the population they controlled. This especially negatively impacted women, who were forced to wear a burqa, stay indoors and banned from working outside the house with rare exceptions. Almost all girls lost access to education, increasing illiteracy rates. Movie theaters, soccer stadiums, and television stations were now closed as well.[6]

Northern Alliance vs. Taliban

Main article: Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

See also: Northern Alliance

The ousted Rabbani government formed a monster coalition with Uzbek warlord Abdul Rashid Dostum, Tajik leader Ahmed Shah Massoud and the Shia Hizb-i-Wahdat faction (dominated by Hazaras) of Karim Khalili.[6] Its formal name was United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, known in the Western Hemisphere as the Northern Alliance, and its goal was to take back the country from the Taliban. The Islamic State remained the internationally recognized representative of Afghanistan at the United Nations until 2001, when the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan was created and an Afghan Interim Administration took control of Afghanistan with U.S. and NATO assistance, following the overthrow of the Taliban government.

By the end of May 1997, the Taliban offensive came to a halt due to a number of strategic victories by the Northern Alliance. International pressure forced both sides to negotiate, but the demands posed by either party were so high that the differences were irreconcilable, and a political impasse ensued.[6] The country was in a dire state according to a 1997 United Nations report, which found that the infant mortality rate was 25%, numerous civil casualties due to landmines, economic blockades imposed by the militias causing hunger, and international humanitarian organisations being unable to carry out their work. A February 1998 earthquake in northeastern Afghanistan killed 4,500 people.[6]

In the first half of 1998, the negotiations appeared to reach a peace settlement, but then the Northern Alliance fell apart. Taking advantage of the resistance factions' disunity the Taliban launched a campaign, rapidly conquering the provincial capital cities of Maimana, Sheberghan, and finally Mazar-i-Sharif (8 August 1998). Taliban fighters committed a massacre amongst the Shia population of the last city, also killing eight Iranian journalists and diplomats. This aroused international outrage, and brought the Taliban regime on the brink of war with Iran.[6]

The Northern Alliance drove the Taliban away in December 2001, following the United States invasion of Afghanistan. The Islamic State of Afghanistan was succeeded by the interim Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan in 2002.

Gallery

• 
  Faction control in Kabul (1992)
• 
  Factions after the fall of Najibullah (1992)
• 
  Factions after Taliban conquered Kabul (1996)
• 
  Taliban–Northern Alliance war (2000)
• 
  Progress of the war (1992–2001)

References

1. Directorate of Intelligence (2001). "CIA -- The World Factbook -- Afghanistan" (mirror). Retrieved 2012-06-06. note - the self-proclaimed Taliban government refers to the country as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
2. Sifton, John (6 July 2005). Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan’s Legacy of Impunity (chapter I Introduction; see under § Specific Findings) (Report). Human Rights Watch.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
3. Sifton, John (6 July 2005). Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan’s Legacy of Impunity (chapter II, Historical background) (Report). Human Rights Watch.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
4. Saikal (2004), p. 215.
5. Urban, Mark (28 April 1992). "Afghanistan: power struggle". PBS. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
6. Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Afghanistan. §5.6 Burgeroorlog". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

Bibliography

• Saikal, Amin (2004). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85771-478-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Preceded by Republic of Afghanistan	Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992–1996	Succeeded by Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan