Monrovia

Monrovia /mənˈroʊviə/[2][3] is the capital city of the West African country of Liberia. Located on the Atlantic Coast at Cape Mesurado, Monrovia had a population of 1,010,970 as of the 2008 census. With 29% of the total population of Liberia, Monrovia is the country's most populous city.[4]

This article is about the capital and largest city of Liberia. For other uses, see Monrovia (disambiguation).
Monrovia
City
Monrovia
Monrovia skyline
Monrovia
Location within Liberia, West Africa
Monrovia
Monrovia (Africa)
Coordinates: 6°18′48″N 10°48′5″W
Country Liberia
County Montserrado
DistrictGreater Monrovia
EstablishedApril 25, 1822
Named forJames Monroe - U.S. President
Government
 • TypeLocal Government of Monrovia
 • MayorJefferson T. Koijee
Area
 • City75.00 sq mi (194.25 km2)
Population
 (2008 Census)[1]
 • Metro
1,010,970
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
ClimateAm
Websitewww.emansion.gov.lr

Founded on April 25, 1822, Monrovia was the second permanent African American settlement in Africa after Freetown, Sierra Leone. Monrovia's economy is shaped primarily by its harbour and its role as the location of Liberia's government offices.

Etymology

Monrovia is named in honor of U.S. President James Monroe, a prominent supporter of the colonization of Liberia and the American Colonization Society. Along with Washington, D.C., it is one of two national capitals to be named after a U.S. President.

History
See also: Timeline of Monrovia
Monrovia in the 19th century.
Visiting US President Jimmy Carter and Liberian President William Tolbert wave from their motorcade, 1978.

In 1816, with the aim of establishing a self-sufficient colony for emancipated American slaves, something that had already been accomplished in Freetown, the first settlers arrived in Africa from the United States, under the auspices of the American Colonization Society.[5] They landed at Sherbro Island in present-day Sierra Leone.

On January 7, 1822, a second ship rescued the settlers and took them to Cape Mesurado, establishing the settlement of Christopolis.[6][7] In 1824, the city was renamed Monrovia after James Monroe, then President of the United States, who was a prominent supporter of the colony in sending freed Black slaves and ex-Caribbean slaves from the United States of America and Caribbean islands to Liberia and who saw it as preferable to emancipation in America.

In 1845, Monrovia was the site of the constitutional convention held by the American Colonization Society which drafted the constitution that would two years later be the constitution of an independent and sovereign Republic of Liberia.[8]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Monrovia was divided into two parts: (1) Monrovia proper, where the city's Americo-Liberian population resided and was reminiscent of the Southern United States in architecture; and (2) Krutown, which was mainly inhabited by ethnic Krus but also Bassas, Grebos and other ethnicities.[9] Of the 4,000 residents, 2,500 were Americo-Liberian. By 1926, ethnic groups from Liberia's interior began migrating to Monrovia in search of jobs.[9] The population of Monrovia reached 10,000 by 1937; at that time, Monrovia's police department had 30 members.[10]

In 1979, the Organisation of African Unity held their conference in the Monrovia area, with then president William Tolbert as chairman. During his term, Tolbert improved public housing in Monrovia and decreased by 50% the tuition fees at the University of Liberia. A military coup led by Samuel Doe ousted the Tolbert government in 1980, with many members being executed.

The city was severely damaged in the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars, notably during the siege of Monrovia, with many buildings damaged and nearly all the infrastructure destroyed. Major battles occurred between Samuel Doe's government and Prince Johnson's forces in 1990 and with the NPFL's assault on the city in 1992. A legacy of the war is a large population of homeless children and youths, either having been involved in the fighting or denied an education by it.

In 2002, Leymah Gbowee organized the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace with local women praying and singing in a fish market in Monrovia.[11] This movement helped bring an end to the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003 and the election of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf in Liberia, the first African nation with a female president.[12]

In 2014, the city was affected by the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak.[13] The Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia was declared over on 3 September 2015.

Geography
Monrovia Bay.
Population density and low elevation coastal zones. Monrovia is especially vulnerable to sea level rise.

Monrovia lies along the Cape Mesurado peninsula, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mesurado River, whose mouth forms a large natural harbor. The Saint Paul River lies directly north of the city and forms the northern boundary of Bushrod Island, which is reached by crossing the "New Bridge" from downtown Monrovia. Monrovia is located in Montserrado County and is Liberia's largest city and its administrative, commercial and financial center.[14]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Monrovia features a tropical monsoon climate (Am).[15] During the course of the year Monrovia sees a copious amount of precipitation, averaging 4,624 mm (182.0 in) of rain per year. In fact, Monrovia is the wettest capital city in the world in terms of annual precipitation.[16] The climate features a wet season and a dry season, but precipitation is seen even during the dry season. Temperatures remain constant throughout the year averaging around 26.4 °C (79.5 °F).

Climate data for Roberts International Airport, more than 50 km east of Monrovia, Liberia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.0
(95.0)		 38.0
(100.4)		 37.0
(98.6)		 38.0
(100.4)		 35.0
(95.0)		 33.0
(91.4)		 36.0
(96.8)		 35.0
(95.0)		 32.0
(89.6)		 33.0
(91.4)		 36.0
(96.8)		 34.0
(93.2)		 38.0
(100.4)
Average high °C (°F) 31.8
(89.2)		 32.0
(89.6)		 31.8
(89.2)		 31.5
(88.7)		 30.5
(86.9)		 28.3
(82.9)		 27.2
(81.0)		 26.8
(80.2)		 27.7
(81.9)		 29.4
(84.9)		 30.3
(86.5)		 30.0
(86.0)		 29.8
(85.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2
(79.2)		 27.1
(80.8)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.8
(82.0)		 27.4
(81.3)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.1
(77.2)		 24.9
(76.8)		 25.4
(77.7)		 26.1
(79.0)		 26.7
(80.1)		 26.4
(79.5)		 26.4
(79.5)
Average low °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.7
(74.7)		 23.8
(74.8)		 23.9
(75.0)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.0
(73.4)		 22.9
(73.2)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 22.5
(72.5)		 23.2
(73.8)
Record low °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0)		 18.0
(64.4)		 18.0
(64.4)		 21.0
(69.8)		 20.0
(68.0)		 20.0
(68.0)		 20.0
(68.0)		 20.0
(68.0)		 17.0
(62.6)		 20.0
(68.0)		 20.0
(68.0)		 16.0
(60.8)		 15.0
(59.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 51
(2.0)		 71
(2.8)		 120
(4.7)		 154
(6.1)		 442
(17.4)		 958
(37.7)		 797
(31.4)		 354
(13.9)		 720
(28.3)		 598
(23.5)		 237
(9.3)		 122
(4.8)		 4,624
(181.9)
Average rainy days 4 3 8 12 22 24 21 17 24 22 16 9 182
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 77 80 79 82 83 84 86 84 80 79 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 158 167 198 195 155 105 84 81 96 121 147 155 1,662
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst (average temperature and extremes only)[17]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute[18]

Neighborhoods
A map of central Monrovia in 1996.

The city of Monrovia consists of several districts, spread across the Mesurado peninsula, with the greater Metropolitan area encircling the marshy Mesurado river's mouth. The historic downtown, centered on Broad Street, is at the very end of the peninsula, with the major market district, Waterside, immediately to the north, facing the city's large natural harbor.

Northwest of Waterside is the large, low-income West Point community. To the west/southwest of downtown lies Mamba Point, traditionally the city's principal diplomatic quarter, and home to the Embassies of the United States and United Kingdom as well as the European Union Delegation. South of the city center is Capitol Hill, where the major institutions of national government, including the Temple of Justice and the Executive Mansion, are located.

Further east down the peninsula is the Sinkor section of Monrovia. Originally a suburban residential district, today Sinkor acts as Monrovia's bustling mid-town, hosting many diplomatic missions, as well as major hotels, businesses, as well as several residential neighborhoods, including informal communities such as Plumkor, Jorkpentown, Lakpazee and Fiamah. Sinkor is also home to the city's secondary airport, Spriggs Payne, and the area immediately nearby, called Airfield, is a major nightlife district for the whole city. Further east of the Airfield is the Old Road section of Sinkor, which is predominantly residential, including informal settlements like Chugbor and Gaye Town.

At the southeasterly base of the peninsula is the independent township of Congo Town, and to its east is the large suburb of Paynesville. Other suburbs such as Chocolate City, Gardnersville, Barnesville, Kaba Town, Dandawailo, and New Georgia lie to the north, across the river. On Bushrod Island north of Monrovia are the neighborhoods of Clara Town, Logan Town and New Kru Town. To the far east are the suburbs of Stockton Creek Bridge, Caldwell, Louisiana, and Cassava Hill.

Other neighborhoods and suburbs of Monrovia include
  • Bakoi
  • Banjoa
  • Barekling
  • Bassa Community
  • Buzzi Quarters
  • Clara Town
  • Crown Hill
  • Dixville
  • Doin Town
  • Dwahn Town
  • Duala
  • Fanti Town
  • Jatuja
  • Jacob Town
  • Jallah Town
  • Logan Town
  • Matadi
  • New Kru Town
  • Old Road
  • Point Four
  • Red Light
  • Slipway
  • Snapper Hill
  • South Beach
  • Toe Town
  • Tomo
  • Topoe Village
  • Vai Town
  • Virginia

Economy
A street in downtown Monrovia, 2009.

Monrovia's economy is dominated by its harbor - the Freeport of Monrovia - and as the location of Liberia's government offices. Monrovia's harbor was significantly expanded by U.S. forces during the Second World War and the main exports include latex and iron ore.

Materials are also manufactured on-site, such as cement, refined petroleum, food products, brick and tile, furniture, and chemicals. Located on Bushrod Island between the mouths of the Mesurado and Saint Paul rivers, the harbor also has facilities for storing and repairing vessels.

Transports
Main article: Transport in Liberia

Boats link the city's Freeport of Monrovia, the country's busiest port, with Greenville and Harper.[19] The nearest airport is Spriggs Payne Airport, located less than four miles (6.4 km) from the city center. Roberts International Airport, the largest international airport in Liberia, is 60 km (37 miles) away in Harbel.[19]

Monrovia is connected with the rest of the country via a network of roads and railways. Monrovia is listed as the home port by between ten and fifteen percent of the world's merchant shipping, registered in Liberia under Flag of Convenience arrangements. Both private taxis and minibuses run in the city, and are supplemented by larger buses run by the Monrovia Transit Authority.

In recent years (2005–present) the roads on many streets in Monrovia have been rebuilt by the World Bank and the Liberian Government. Private and public infrastructures are being built or renovated as reconstruction takes place.

Administration and government
Liberian Capitol Building.

Monrovia is situated in the district of Greater Monrovia in Montserrado County. Instead of being divided into clans like other districts of Liberia, Greater Monrovia is divided into 16 "zones". Like clans, these zones are subdivided into 161 communities.[20][21] Greater Monrovia does not have an organized district administration like other districts, with all lower-level local authorities being directly supervised by the Montserrado County Superintendent.[22] Municipally, Greater Monrovia District is subdivided into two city corporations and ten other local authorities (nine townships and one borough).[21][23] Established by law in 1973[24] and operational since 1976,[25] the Monrovia City Corporation (MCC) is responsible for the city's administration. The MCC also provides services to the townships and borough through a revenue-sharing arrangement, but has no zoning or enforcement jurisdiction in them.[14]

City corporations

Townships

Borough

Former mayors include:

  • W. F. Nelson, 1870s[27]
  • C. T. O. King, 1880s and served three terms[28]
  • H. A. Williams, 1890s[29]
  • Arthur Barclay, 1892-1902[30]
  • Gabriel M. Johnson, 1920s[31]
  • Nathan C. Ross, 1956-1969[32]
  • Ellen A. Sandimanie, 1970s and first woman to hold the position[33]
  • Ophelia Hoff Saytumah, 2001–2009
  • Mary Broh, February 2009–February 2013
  • Henry Reed Cooper, March 2013-July 2013
  • Mary Broh, July 2013
  • Clara Doe-Mvogo, 2014– January 2018
  • Jefferson Tamba Koijee, January 2018 – Present

Culture and media
Broad Street, Monrovia.

Attractions in Monrovia include the Liberian National Museum, the Masonic Temple, the Waterside Market, and several beaches. The city also houses Antoinette Tubman Stadium and the Samuel K. Doe Sports Complex sports stadiums. The arena at Samuel K. Doe is one of the largest stadiums in Africa, with seats for 40,000.

The newspaper industry in Monrovia extends back to the 1820s, when the Liberia Herald opened as one of the first newspapers published in Africa. Today, numerous tabloid style newspapers are printed on daily or bi-weekly basis, most of which are no more than 20 pages. The Daily Talk is a compilation of news items and Bible quotations written up daily on a roadside blackboard in the Sinkor section of Monrovia.

Radio and TV stations are available, with radio being a more prominent source of news as problems with the electric grid make watching television more difficult. UNMIL Radio has been broadcasting since October 1, 2003. It is the first radio station in Liberia to broadcast 24 hours a day, and reaches an estimated ​2⁄3 of the population.[34] The state-owned Liberia Broadcasting System broadcasts nationwide from its headquarters in Monrovia.[35] STAR radio broadcasts at 104 FM.[36]

Education

Monrovia is home to the University of Liberia, along with African Methodist Episcopal University, United Methodist University, Stella Maris Polytechnic, and many other public and private schools. Medical education is offered at the A.M. Dogliotti College of Medicine, and there is a nursing and paramedical school at the Tubman National Institute of Medical Arts.

Kindergarten through twelfth grade education is provided by the Monrovia Consolidated School System, which serves the Greater Monrovia area. Schools include Monrovia Central High School, Bostwain High School, D. Twe High School, G. W. Gibson High School and William V. S. Tubman High School.

The American International School of Monrovia is located in Congo Town.[37]

Places of worship

Among the places of worship, there are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia (Catholic Church), The United Methodist Church in Liberia (World Methodist Council), Liberia Baptist Missionary and Educational convention (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God.[38] There are also Muslim mosques.

Pollution
Further information: Environmental issues in Liberia
Dwellings along the Mesurado River in Monrovia. Discarded plastics can be seen washed up on the bank opposite the buildings.

Pollution is a significant issue in Monrovia.[39] Piles of household and industrial rubbish in Monrovia build up and are not always collected by sanitation companies paid by the World Bank to collect this waste.[39]

In 2013, the problem of uncollected rubbish became so acute in the Paynesville area of Monrovia that traders and residents burnt "the huge garbage piles that seemed on the verge of cutting off the main road" out of Monrovia to Kakata.[39]

Flooding brings environmental problems to residents of Monrovia, as flood water mixes with and carries waste found in swamps that are often on the verge of residential areas.[39]

In 2009, one-third of Monrovia's 1.5 million people had access to clean toilets.[40] Those without their own toilets defecate in the narrow alley-ways between their houses, on the beach, or into plastic bags, which they dump on nearby piles of rubbish or into the sea.[40]

Congested housing, no requirement that landlords provide working toilets, and virtually no urban planning "have combined to create lethal sanitation conditions in the capital".[41]

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Liberia

Twin towns – Sister cities

Monrovia is twinned with:

gollark: Here is an arbitrary limits question I found.
gollark: You're saying the same thing with slightly different wording.
gollark: Suuuure.
gollark: I suppose I can go harvest some questions on limits from the internet, but I think the more important side of this is being able to do proofs and such related to it, which I know very little about.
gollark: I doubt this. Some offense.

See also

General:

Notable People:

References
  1. 2008 National Population and Housing Census. Retrieved November 09, 2008.
  2. "Definition of Monrovia". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-01-05. /mənˈroʊviə, mɒnˈroʊviə/
  3. "Define Monrovia". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2014-01-05. /mənˈroʊviə/
  4. "Global Statistics". GeoHive. 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  5. "Map of Liberia, West Africa". World Digital Library. 1830. Retrieved 2013-06-02.
  6. Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 193
  7. Britannica, Monrovia, britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019
  8. Robin Dunn-Marcos, Konia T. Kollehlon, Bernard Ngovo, and Emily Russ (2005) in Donald A. Ranard (ed.) Liberians: An introduction to their history and culture (Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics) available online here "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-24. Retrieved 2006-06-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. Zeleza, Tiyambe; Eyoh, Dickson (2003). Tiyambe Zeleza, Dickson Eyoh et al., Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. ISBN 9780415234795. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  10. "Liberia Celebrates 90 Years of Independence with Champagne". Life. Vol. 3 no. 11. 1937-09-13. pp. 87–88. ISSN 0024-3019.
  11. 2009 Peace warrior for Liberia Archived 2009-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
  12. "African women look within for change". CNN.com. 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2019-08-25.
  13. "The terrifying mathematics of Ebola". Channel 4. 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-09-11.
  14. "Liberia Housing Profile" (PDF). United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2014. pp. 14–15, 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  15. "Climate: Monrovia - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  16. The rain in Monrovia
  17. "Klimatafel von Robertsfield (Int. Flugh.) / Liberia" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  18. "STATIONSNUMMER 65660" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  19. Timberg, Craig (March 12, 2008). "Liberia's Streets, Spirits Brighten; Four Years After War's End, Battered W. African Nation Begins a Slow Reawakening". The Washington Post. pp. A8.
  20. "Greater Monrovia, Liberia - Administrative Boundaries Overview" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Liberia Institute of Statistics & Geo-Information Services. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  21. "THE TRANSFORMATIVE ROLE OF CITY-COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST EBOLA AND BEY OND IN GREATER MONRO VIA, LIBERIA" (PDF). Cities Alliances. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  22. "Montserrado County Development Agenda, 2008-2012" (PDF). emansion.gov.lr/. Republic of Liberia. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  23. "THE LIBERIA COUNTRY PROGRAMME" (PDF). Cities Alliance. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  24. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CITY OF MONROVIA - By: Madam Ophelia Hoff Saytumah City Mayor of Monrovia". Monrovia City Corporation. 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  25. "ORDINANCE NO. 4". TLC Africa. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
  26. "The First Greater Monrovia City Forum" (PDF). Cities Alliance. 2017. p. 3. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
  27. "Trustees of Donations for Education in Liberia Records: 1842-1939". Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  28. Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2004). Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970. Africa World. p. 117. ISBN 1-59221-294-8.
  29. Payne, Daniel Alexander (1922). A history of the African Methodist Episcopal church: being a volume supplemental to A history of the African Methodist Episcopal church. Book Concern of the A.M.E. Church. p. 181.
  30. Liberia Bulletin, American Colonization Society, 1904
  31. "African Series Introduction: Volume VIII: October 1913--June 1921". The Marcus Garvey and UNIA Papers Project. UCLA. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  32. "Nathan Ross; Was Mayor Of Monrovia". The Washington Post. January 28, 2003.
  33. Thompson, Era Bell (January 1972). "Liberian Lady Wears Three Hats". Ebony. pp. 54–62.
  34. "UNMIL – Misión de las Naciones Unidas en Liberia". www.unmil.org. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007.
  35. Liberia Broadcasting System (LBS) Goes Nation-Wide. Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine 19 November 2008. Executive Mansion
  36. About us. Archived 2008-09-10 at the Wayback Machine STAR radio. Retrieved on October 13, 2008.
  37. Home page. American International School of Monrovia. Retrieved on April 7, 2015. "Old Road, Congo Town, Monrovia, Liberia, Africa | P.O. Box 1625"
  38. J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1716
  39. "Monrovia’s ‘Never-Ending’ Pollution Issues In 2013", Edwin M. Fayia III, The Liberian Observer, December 30, 2014. Archived December 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  40. "LIBERIA: Disease rife as more people squeeze into fewer toilets", IRIN News, 19 November 2009.
  41. "LIBERIA: No relief as most Monrovians go without toilets", IRIN News, 19 November 2008.
  42. "Taipei - International Sister Cities". Taipei City Council. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2013-08-23.

Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of the history of Monrovia
  1. "Liberia: Counties, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Areas - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
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