Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen

The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (Arabic: المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية‎ al-Mamlakah al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamaniah), also known as the Kingdom of Yemen or, retrospectively, as North Yemen, was a state that existed between 1918 and 1962 in the northern part of what is now Yemen. Its capital was Sana'a until 1948, then Taiz. From 1962 to 1970, it maintained control over portions of Yemen (frequently most) until its final defeat in the North Yemen Civil War. Yemen was admitted to the United Nations on 30 September 1947.

Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen

المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية
al-Mamlakah al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamaniah
1918–1970
Coat of arms
Anthem: السلام الوطني
(English: Royal Salute)
Location of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
on the Arabian Peninsula after dwarfing in 1934.
StatusMember of United Arab States (1958–1961)
CapitalSana'a (1918–1948)
Ta'izz (1948–1962)
Common languagesArabic
Religion
Zaidi Islam
GovernmentTheocratic absolute monarchy
Imam 
• 1918–1948
Yahya Hamid ed-Din
• 1948–1962
Ahmad bin Yahya
• 1962–1970
Muhammad al-Badr
Historical era20th century
• Independence from the Ottoman Empire
30 October 1918
30 September 1947
1 December 1970
Area
1962195,000 km2 (75,000 sq mi)
CurrencyNorth Yemeni rial
Time zoneUTC+3
Calling code967
ISO 3166 codeYE
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Yemen Vilayet
Yemen Arab Republic
Today part of Saudi Arabia
 Yemen

History

Background
Main article: Yemeni Zaidi State

Zaidi religious leaders expelled forces of the Ottoman Empire from what is now northern Yemen by the middle of the 17th century but, within a century, the unity of Yemen was fractured due to the difficulty of governing Yemen's mountainous terrain.

In 1849, the Ottoman Empire occupied the coastal Tihamah region to put pressure on the Zaiddiyah imam to sign a treaty recognizing Ottoman suzerainty and allowing for a small Ottoman force to be stationed in Sana'a. However, the Ottomans were slow to gain control over Yemen and never managed to eliminate all resistance from local Zaydis. In 1913, shortly before World War I, the Ottoman Empire was forced to cede some power formally to highland Zaydis.

Independence

On 30 October 1918, following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent sovereign state. In 1926, Yahya proclaimed the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, becoming both a temporal king as well as a (Zaydi) spiritual leader, and won international recognition for his new state, such as with the Kingdom of Italy, entering into the Italo-Yemeni Treaty in 1926.

Consolidation

In the 1920s, Yahya had expanded his power to the north into Tihamah and 'Asir, but he collided with the rising influence of the Saudi king of Nejd and Hejaz, Abdul Aziz ibn Sa'ud. In the early 1930s, Saudi forces retook much of these gains before withdrawing from some of the area, including the southern Tihamah city of Al Hudaydah. The present-day boundary with Saudi Arabia was established by the 20 May 1934 Treaty of Taif, following the Saudi-Yemeni War in 1934. Yahya's non-recognition of his kingdom's southern boundary with the British Aden Protectorate (later the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) that had been negotiated by his Ottoman predecessors resulted in occasional clashes with the British.

In 1932, the governments of Yemen and the Kingdom of Iraq signed a treaty which led to the training of Yemeni Army officers in Iraq. Later, several of them would play a key role in the 1962 coup d'état in North Yemen.[1]

The Kingdom of Yemen became a founding member of the Arab League in 1945 and joined the United Nations on 30 September 1947. It committed a small expeditionary force to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[2]

Instability and decline

Imam Yahya was assassinated in an unsuccessful coup d'état in 1948 but was eventually succeeded by a firm heir - Yahya's son, Imam Ahmad bin Yahya, who regained power several months later. His reign was marked by growing development, openness and renewed friction with the United Kingdom over the British presence in the south that stood in the way of his aspirations for the creation of Greater Yemen. He was slightly more forward-thinking than his father and was more open to foreign contacts. Nonetheless, his regime, like his father's, was autocratic and semi-medieval in character; even the most mundane measures required his personal approval.

In March 1955, a coup by a group of officers and two of Ahmad's brothers briefly deposed the king but was quickly suppressed. Ahmad faced growing pressures, supported by the Arab nationalism objectives of President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser and, in April 1956, he signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt. In 1958, Yemen joined the United Arab Republic (a federation of Egypt and Syria) in a confederation known as the United Arab States, but this confederation was dissolved soon after Syria withdrew from the United Arab Republic and the United Arab States in September 1961. Relations between Egypt and Yemen subsequently deteriorated.

Imam Ahmad died in September 1962 and was succeeded by his son, the Crown Prince Muhammad al-Badr, whose reign was brief. Egyptian-trained military officers inspired by Nasser and led by the commander of the royal guard, Abdullah as-Sallal, deposed him the same year of his coronation, took control of Sana'a, and created the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). This fighting sparked the North Yemen Civil War and created a new front in the Arab Cold War, in which Egypt assisted the YAR with troops and supplies to combat forces loyal to the imamate, while the monarchies of Saudi Arabia and Jordan supported Badr's royalist forces opposing the newly formed republic. Conflict continued periodically until 1967 when Egyptian troops were withdrawn. By 1968, following a final royalist siege of Sana'a, most of the opposing leaders reached a reconciliation, and Saudi Arabia recognized the republic in 1970.

Flags
  • Flag of the Kingdom of Yemen (1918-1923)
  • Flag of the Kingdom of Yemen (1923-1927)
  • Flag of the Kingdom of Yemen (1927-1970)
gollark: If you want callback-driven, then I would do something like this:```lua-- table of event listeners for each programlocal listeners = {}-- make this available to each programlocal function addEventListener(event, handler) listeners[event] = handlerend-- run this when the close button is calledlocal function thingy() if listeners.close then listeners.close() actuallyCloseProgram() else actuallyCloseProgram() endend```
gollark: Ah yes, that may be a problem.
gollark: What?
gollark: Alternatively you can just... queue a `close` event for them, or something.
gollark: Give them an `addEventListener` function or something.

See also

References
  1. Robert D. Burrowes: Historical Dictionary of Yemen, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press 2000, p. 190.
  2. Morris, Benny (2008), 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War, Yale University Press, p.205, New Haven, ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9.

Sources
  • History of Arabia, Encyclopædia Britannica (Macropædia Vol. 1). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1979, pp. 1043–1051.
  • Kingdom of Yemen at Flags of the World.
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