Ternopil

Ternopil[lower-alpha 1] is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret. Until 1944, it was known mostly as Tarnopol. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia and Podolia. It is served by Ternopil Airport. In January 2019, the population of Ternopil was estimated at 221,820.[2]

Not to be confused with Tarnopol, Saskatchewan.
Ternopil

Тернопіль

Tarnopol
City of regional significance
Flag
Coat of arms
Ternopil
Location within Ukraine
Ternopil
Ternopil (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 49°34′N 25°36′E
Country Ukraine
Oblast Ternopil Oblast
MunicipalityTernopil City
Government
 • MayorSerhiy Nadal (All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda")[1]
Area
 • Total72 km2 (27.8 sq mi)
Population
 (January 2019)
 • Total221,820[2]
 • Density3,081/km2 (7,980/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (CEST)
Area code(s)+380 352
Websiterada.te.ua/en

Administrative status

The city is the administrative center of Ternopil Oblast (region), as well as of the surrounding Ternopil Raion (district) within the oblast. However, Ternopil is a city of regional significance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather than to the raion administration which is housed in the city as well.

History
Jan Amor Tarnowski
City's first church, Exaltation of Cross Church
  • The NBU jubilee coin commemorated to the first written mentioning of the city (reverse)
  • The NBU jubilee coin commemorated to the first written mentioning of the city (averse)
  • The NBU jubilee coin commemorated to the first written mentioning of the city (silver, reverse)
  • The NBU jubilee coin commemorated to the first written mentioning of the city (silver, averse)

The city was founded in 1540 by Polish commander and Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski,[3] as a military stronghold and castle.[3] On 15 April 1540,[3] the King of Poland Sigismund I[3] in Cracow handed Tarnowski a permission for the establishment of Tarnopol settlement,[3] in the vicinity of Sopilcze (Sopilche).[3] Its Polish name "Tarnopol" means "Tarnowski's city" and stems from a combination of the founder's family name and the Greek term "polis".[4][5] The etymology of the Tarnowski family surname, originating from the city of Tarnów (and thus the Ukrainian name "Ternopil"), is explained as derived from a field covered with thorns[4] (Ukrainian: терен поле, romanized: teren pole, lit. 'thorn field'). The city's coat of arms is based on the Tarnowski family Leliwa coat of arms.

In 1544 the Tarnopol Castle was completed and repelled the first Tatar attacks. On 20 January 1548, Tarnopol was granted legal rights by the King of Poland Sigismund I the Old which allowed the town to hold three fairs annually, and the weekly trades on Mondays.[3] Tarnopol received Magdeburg city rights two years later from Jan Tarnowski, regulating the duties of town residents.[3] In 1548 the King of Poland also gave permission to create a pond near the Tarnopol suburb of Kutkovets.[3] In 1549 the city managed to survive a Tatar siege by efforts of the Polish Duchess Eudokia Czartoryska (see House of Czartoryski).[3] After the death of the Crown Hetman in 1561, Tarnopol became the property of his son Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski,[3] who died childless in 1567. Starting in 1567 the city was owned by the daughter of Crown Hetman Zofia Tarnowska who was married to Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski.[3] In 1570 she died in childbirth, and Tarnopol was passed to the Ostrogski family.[3] In 1575 it was plundered by the Tatars. In 1623 the city passed to the Zamoyski family. In 1589 Tarnopol was visited by the Austrian diplomat Erich Lassota von Steblau who also mentioned the city's castle.[3]

The Ternopil Castle rebuilt in the 19th century as a palace
Ostrozky foundation building

With the ongoing 1648–1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising, many residents of the city joined the ranks of the Khmelnytsky forces particularly during the 1649 Siege of Zbarazh that is located just 20 km (12 mi).[6] In September 1655 the united army of Muscovite and Ukrainian Cossack forces occupied Ternopil among other cities as it was moving towards Lwow (Lviv).[6]

During the 1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War, Tarnopol was almost completely destroyed by Turkish forces of Ibrahim Shishman Pasha in 1675 and rebuilt by Aleksander Koniecpolski but did not recover its previous glory until it passed to Marie Casimire, the wife of king John III Sobieski in 1690. The city was later sacked for the last time by Tatars in 1694, and twice by Russians in the course of the Great Northern War in 1710 and the War of the Polish Succession in 1733. In 1747 Józef Potocki invited the Dominicanes and founded the beautiful late-baroque Dominican Church (today the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary of the Ternopil-Zboriv archeparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church). The city was looted during the Confederation of Bar (1768–1772) by the confederates, the king's army, and by the Russians. In 1770 it was devastated by an outbreak of smallpox.[6]

In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city came under Austrian rule. In 1809, after the War of the Fifth Coalition, the city came under Russian rule, incorporated into the newly created Ternopol krai. In 1815 the city (then with 11,000 residents) returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the Congress of Vienna. In 1820 Jesuits expelled from Polatsk by the Russians established a gymnasium in Tarnopol. In 1843 the last city's owner Jerzy Michal of Turkul sold the city to its residents for 175,000 florins.[3] In 1870 the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis connected Tarnopol with Lemberg in Austria-Hungary, accelerating the city's growth. At that time Tarnopol had a population of about 25,000.

20th Century
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary (former Dominican Church).
Church of St. Mary of the Perpetual Assistance was demolished after the World War II

The region was part of Habsburg Galicia and was an ethnic mix of mainly Roman Catholic Poles, Greek Catholic Ruthenians, and Jews. Intermarriage between Poles and Ruthenians was common. Church of St. Mary of the Perpetual Assistance was consecrated in 1908 with its main tower reaching 62 m (203 ft).[3] In 1954 the church was blown up by Communist authorities and in its place was built the city's central supermarket.[3] During World War I the city passed from German and Austrian forces to Russia several times. In 1917 the city and its castle were burnt down by fleeing Russian forces.[3] After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the city was proclaimed as part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on 11 November 1918. After Polish forces captured Lwów during the Polish-Ukrainian War, Tarnopol became the country's temporary capital (22 November to 30 December 1918).[7] After the act of union between the West Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), Ternopol formally passed under the UPR's control. On 15 July 1919, the city was captured[7] by Polish forces. In 1920 the exiled Ukrainian government of Symon Petlura accepted Polish control of Tarnopol and of the entire area after receiving the assurance of Józef Piłsudski, the Lithuanian born Field Marshal of the Polish Army, that there would be no peace with the Russians without creating a Ukrainian state. In July and August 1920 the Red Army captured Tarnopol in the course of the Polish-Soviet War. The city then served as the capital of the Galician Soviet Socialist Republic. Although the Poles and their Ukrainian allies badly defeated the Russians on the battle field and the Russians had offered to cede Ukraine and Belarus, Polish politicians in Warsaw refused to honor Piłsudski's promise. By the terms of the Riga treaty, the Soviets and Poles effectively partitioned Ukraine. For the next 19 years, the ethnically mixed Ternopol area remained in Polish control.

From 1922 to September 1939, Tarnopol served as the capital of the Tarnopol Voivodeship that consisted of 17 powiats. According to the Polish census of 1931, individuals speaking Ukrainian/Ruthenian accounted for 46% of the Tarnopol Voivodeship, while Polish speaking population consisted of 49%.[8] The city itself consisted of 77.7% Poles, 14.0% Jewish and 8.05% Ukrainian/Ruthenian population. After World War II, Communist Party historians reported that Edward Szturm de Sztrem, the pre-war chairman of the Polish census statistical office, admitted that the census returns, particularly those from the south-east, had been altered at the executive level.[9] Another account stated that he admitted "that officials had been directed to undercount minorities, especially those in the eastern provinces".[10]

Invasion of Poland
Tarnopol Voivodeship

At the onset of World War II, the Soviet invasion of Poland began on September 17, 1939. The Red Army entered eastern Poland in furtherance of the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and contrary to the Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. Tarnopol was captured, renamed Ternopol, and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic under Ternopol Oblast. The Soviets made it their first priority to decimate Polish intelligentsia and destroy Polish culture. Ukrainian nationalist leaders were imprisoned. Mass arrests, torture and executions of Ukrainians and Poles and Jews followed. The Soviets also carried out mass deportations of the "enemies of the working class" to Kazakhstan. In practice, this translated into members of the former state administration, police, border service and land and business owners, Christians and Jews alike.[11]

On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis who led the Jewish pogrom,[11] assisted by local Ukrainians. Several thousand Jews were murdered until the Germans ordered the pogram stopped. [12] Between then and July 1943 when the entire Jewish population had been murdered, 10,000 Jews were murdered in the local environs by Germans and Ukrainians, another 6000 were rounded up and sent to Belzec extermination camp, and a few hundred others to labor camps. During most of this time Jews lived in the Tarnopol Ghetto. [11][11] [13]Many Ukrainians were sent as forced labour to Germany.

In the years 1942–1943, the Polish Armia Krajowa was active opposing Nazi rule and defending ethnic Poles from violence from Ukrainian Nationalists. During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was encircled. In March 1944, the city was declared a fortified place (Gates to the Reich) by Adolf Hitler,[3] to be defended until the last round was fired.[3] The stiff German resistance caused extensive use of heavy artillery by the Red Army on March 7–8,[3] resulting in the complete destruction of the city and killing of nearly all German occupants (55 survivors out of 4,500). Unlike many other occasions, where the Germans had practised a scorched earth policy during their withdrawal from territories of the Soviet Union, the devastation was caused directly by the hostilities.[14] Finally, Ternopol was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed.[3] Due to heavy destruction, the regional seat was moved to Chortkiv.[3]

Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, the ethnic Polish population of Tarnopol and its region was forcibly deported to postwar Poland and settled in, and near Wrocław (among other locations), as part of Stalinist ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Ukraine.[15] In the following decades, Ternopol was rebuilt in a typical Soviet style and only a few buildings were reconstructed.

Jewish Ternopil
Tarnopol Synagogue prior to destruction during World War II

Polish Jews settled in Ternopil beginning at its founding and soon formed a majority of the population. During the 16th and 17th centuries there were 300 Jewish families in the city. The Great Synagogue of Ternopil was built in Gothic Survival style between 1622 and 1628.[16]

After the first partition of Poland, Ternopil came under Austrian domination. Nevertheless, Joseph Perl was able to continue his efforts to improve the condition of the Jews, which he had begun under the Russian rule. In 1813 he established a Jewish school which had as its chief object the instruction of Jewish youth in German as well as in Hebrew and in various other subjects. Controversy between the traditional Hasidim and the modernising Maskilim which this school caused, resulted four years later in a victory for the latter, whereupon the institution received official recognition and was placed under communal control. Starting in 1863, the school policy was gradually modified by Polish influences, and very little attention was given to instruction in German. The Tempel für Geregelten Gottesdienst, opened by Perl in 1819, also caused dissensions within the community, and its rabbi, Samuel Judah Löb Rapoport, was forced to withdraw. This dispute also was eventually settled in favour of the Maskilim. As of 1905, the Jewish community numbered 14,000 in a total population of 30,415. Jews took control of the active import/export trade with Russia conducted through the border city of Pidvolochysk. In 1939, the Jewish population was 18,500.[17]

The Holocaust

In 1941, soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, 2,000 Jews were killed in a pogrom.[11]

In September 1941, the Germans announced the creation of the Tarnopol Ghetto for Jews still remaining in the city. In the winter of 1941–42, mortality in the ghetto escalated to such a degree that the Judenrat was forced to bury the dead in a common grave. Between August 1942 to June 1943 there were 5 "selections" that depleted the Jewish population of the ghetto by sending the Jews to Belzec extermination camp. A few hundred Jews from Tarnopol and its vicinity attempted to survive by hiding within the town limits. Many were denounced to the Germans, including some 200 people shortly before the Soviets liberated the area. A number of Jews survived by hiding with the Poles.[18] A monument in memory of the Holocaust victims was built at Petrikovsky Yar in 1996.[19] On September 19, 2012, the monument was desecrated, in what seems to be an anti-Semitic act.[19]

After WWII
Euromaidan in Ternopil (2014)
Welcome sign at southern entrance to the city

Following Potsdam Conference in 1945, Poland's borders were redrawn and Tarnopol (then again, Терно́поль) was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. Polish population was resettled to new Poland before the end of 1946. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, Ternopil has become part of the independent Ukraine.

In 2013 the mayor of the city Serhiy Nadal issued an order which announced the 2013 year as the year of Jan Tarnowski, the Crown Hetman and Voivode.[20] In 2015 the National Bank of Ukraine released jubilee coins commemorating the founder of Ternopil Jan Tarnowski.

Climate

Ternopil has a moderate continental climate with cold winters and warm summers.

Climate data for Ternopil (1949–2011)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0)		 17.3
(63.1)		 25.0
(77.0)		 30.0
(86.0)		 30.2
(86.4)		 37.8
(100.0)		 38.4
(101.1)		 36.1
(97.0)		 32.1
(89.8)		 25.7
(78.3)		 19.9
(67.8)		 13.9
(57.0)		 38.4
(101.1)
Average high °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 4.7
(40.5)		 12.7
(54.9)		 18.8
(65.8)		 21.4
(70.5)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.0
(73.4)		 18.1
(64.6)		 12.1
(53.8)		 4.8
(40.6)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 11.2
(52.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.4
(24.1)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 0.7
(33.3)		 7.8
(46.0)		 13.6
(56.5)		 16.5
(61.7)		 18.1
(64.6)		 17.5
(63.5)		 12.9
(55.2)		 7.4
(45.3)		 1.9
(35.4)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 7.1
(44.8)
Average low °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 3.1
(37.6)		 8.2
(46.8)		 11.3
(52.3)		 13.0
(55.4)		 12.3
(54.1)		 8.1
(46.6)		 3.4
(38.1)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 3.0
(37.4)
Record low °C (°F) −31.6
(−24.9)		 −31.0
(−23.8)		 −23.9
(−11.0)		 −6.1
(21.0)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 4.0
(39.2)		 3.6
(38.5)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −18.0
(−0.4)		 −27.0
(−16.6)		 −31.6
(−24.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33.0
(1.30)		 27.7
(1.09)		 34.1
(1.34)		 46.6
(1.83)		 71.8
(2.83)		 77.6
(3.06)		 83.5
(3.29)		 78.2
(3.08)		 60.6
(2.39)		 37.1
(1.46)		 34.6
(1.36)		 35.0
(1.38)		 619.8
(24.40)
Average precipitation days 19.5 18.2 16.3 11.3 11.0 11.4 9.6 8.1 10.0 10.1 15.2 19.4 160.1
Average relative humidity (%) 85.8 84.3 78.6 67.7 67.1 71.6 73.6 73.0 75.8 79.6 86.2 87.0 77.5
Source: Climatebase.ru[21]

Higher education
Teachers of Ternopil State Medical University

Universities include:

On 31 December 2013, the 11th Artillery Brigade, descendant of artillery units that had been based in the city since 1949, was disbanded.[22]

Major landmarks and tourist attractions
  • Ternopil regional council and administration
  • Building of Ternopil City Council
  • Old architecture
  • Church of the Nativity of Christ
  • People in Taras Shevchenko Park
  • Ternopil skatepark and the Lake
  • Street in the city center
  • A small pond in the park
  • Motor ship "The Hero Tantsorow" on Ternopil Lake

Notable residents

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Twin towns – Sister cities

Ternopil is twinned with:

Festivals

The most famous festival in this town is an open-air music festival called Faine Misto. The festival is being held annually for 2–4 days in July since 2013.

Notes
  1. Ukrainian: Тернопіль, romanized: Ternopil', pronounced [terˈnɔp⁽ʲ⁾ilʲ]; Polish: Tarnopol; Russian: Тернополь, romanized: Ternopol'; German: Tarnopol; Yiddish: טאַרנאָפּל‎, romanized: Tarnopl, or טערנעפּאָל Ternepol; Hebrew: טארנופול (טַרְנוֹפּוֹל)‎, romanized: Tarnopol
gollark: The entire system refuses to acknowledge my dedicated GPU, which is also the one wired to all my laptop's display outputs.
gollark: Wow, Nvidia drivers are being bad suddenly?
gollark: Instead of "my group", "the assemblage of utterly rotating octachorons which I am a part of" can be used.
gollark: I don't want race conditions. This is unsafe.
gollark: What about speed of light delays?

References
  1. (in Ukrainian) Мер Тернополя продає побачення з собою, Ukrayinska Pravda (28 December 2011)
  2. Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2019 року (PDF) (in Ukrainian). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. 2019. p. 64. ISBN 978-966-8459-82-5.
  3. Snitovsky, O. Five centuries of Ternopil. The city of Hetman Jan and mason Leontiy. Ukrinform. 28 August 2015
  4. Olszański, Tadeusz A. (2013). "Kresy Zachodnie. Miejsce Galicji Wschodniej i Wołynia w państwie ukraińskim" (PDF). Prace OSW (in Polish). Centre for Eastern Studies. pp. 25–26.
  5. Karpluk, Maria (1993). Mowa naszych przodków: podstawowe wiadomości z historii języka polskiego do końca XVIII w (in Polish). TMJP. p. 46.
  6. Establishment and development of the Ternopil city (Виникнення і розвиток міста Тернопіль).
  7. The Jewish and German population accepted the new Ukrainian state, but the Poles started the military campaign against the Ukrainian authority. [...]. On November 11, 1918 following bloody fighting, the Polish forces captured Lwów. The government of the WUPR moved to Ternopol and from the end of December the Council and the Government of the WUPR were located in Ivano-Frankivsk.
    (in Ukrainian) West Ukrainian People's Republic in the "Dovidnyk z istoriï Ukraïny" (A hand-book on the History of Ukraine), 3-Volumes, Kyiv, 1993–1999, ISBN 5-7707-5190-8 (t. 1), ISBN 5-7707-8552-7 (t. 2), ISBN 966-504-237-8 (t. 3).
  8. "Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII 1931 r. - Mieszkania i gospodarstwa dome ludność, Wojewodztwo Tarnopolskie" [Central Statistical Office the Polish Republic, the second census dated 9.XII 1931 - Abodes and household populace, Voivodeship Tarnopol] (PDF, direct download, table: page 30) (in Polish). Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic. 1938.
  9. Joseph Marcus (1983). Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939. Walter de Gruyter. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-279-3239-6. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  10. Richard Blanke (1993). Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939. University Press of Kentucky. p. 95. ISBN 0-8131-3041-7. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  11. Robert Kuwałek; Eugeniusz Riadczenko; Adam Dylewski; Justyna Filochowska; Michał Czajka (2015). "Tarnopol". Historia - Społeczność żydowska przed 1989 (in Polish). Virtual Shtetl (Wirtualny Sztetl). pp. 3–4 of 5. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  12. Megargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. 837. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
  13. Megargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. Volume II, 838-389. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
  14. Frieser, Karl-Heinz; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; Ungváry, Kristián; Wegner, Bernd (2007). Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten [The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts]. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg [Germany and the Second World War] (in German). VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  15. Włodzimierz Borodziej; Ingo Eser; Stanisław Jankowiak; Jerzy Kochanowski; Claudia Kraft; Witold Stankowski; Katrin Steffen (1999). Stanisław Ciesielski (ed.). Przesiedlenie ludności polskiej z Kresów Wschodnich do Polski 1944–1947 [Resettlement of Poles from Kresy 1944–1947] (in Polish). Warsaw: Neriton. pp. 29, 50, 468. ISBN 83-86842-56-3.
  16. Sergey R. Kravtsov, "Gothic Survival in Synagogue Architecture of Ruthenia, Podolia and Volhynia in the 17th–18th Centuries," Architectura. Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Baukunst/ Journal of the History of Architecture, vol. 1 (2005), 70.
  17. "The Jewish Community of Tarnopol". Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
  18. "Tarnopol Historical Background". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  19. В Тернополе осквернили памятник жертвам Холокоста (in Russian). Евроазиатский Еврейский Конгресс. 2012-09-25. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  20. Larysa Osadchuk. The year of 2013 in Ternopil was pronounced as the year of the city's founder (2013-й у Тернополі проголошений роком засновника міста). Newspaper "Den". 14 January 2013
  21. "Ternopil, Ukraine Climate Data". Climatebase. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  22. Влада Тернополя наполягає на відновленні військових частин на Західній Україні [Ternopil authorities insist on restoration of military units in western Ukraine]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (in Ukrainian). 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  23. Yaroslav Padokh,Chubaty, Mykola in the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  24. Hodara, Susan (October 26, 2008). "Communities; Cities Find Sisters Abroad". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
  25. "Elbląg – Podstrony / Miasta partnerskie". Elbląski Dziennik Internetowy (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2011-03-15. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  26. "Elbląg – Miasta partnerskie". Elbląg.net (in Polish). Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  27. "Radom – Miasta partnerskie" [Radom – Partnership cities]. Miasto Radom [City of Radom] (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  28. "Radom – miasta partnerskie" (in Polish). radom.naszestrony.pl. Archived from the original on 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  29. "Miasta Partnerskie". Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  30. "Batumi – Twin Towns & Sister Cities". Batumi City Hall. Archived from the original on 2012-05-04. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
Bibliography
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