Later Liang (Five Dynasties)

The Later Liang (simplified Chinese: 后梁; traditional Chinese: 後梁; pinyin: Hòu Liáng) (1 June 907 – 19 November 923), also known as Zhu Liang (Chinese: 朱梁), was one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China. It was founded by Zhu Wen, posthumously known as Taizu of Later Liang, after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by Later Tang.

Liang 梁
907–923
Capital	Luoyang (907–913) Kaifeng (913–923)
Common languages	Middle Chinese
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• 907–912	Emperor Taizu
• 912–913	Zhu Yougui
• 913–923	Emperor Modi
Historical era	Five Dynasties
• Established	1 June 907
• Surrender of Kaifeng	19 November 923
Preceded by Succeeded by Tang dynasty Later Tang Jie Yan Zhao
Today part of	China

Stone relief from the tomb of Wang Chuzhi. National Museum, Beijing

Formation

Zhu Wen initially allied himself as Huang Chao's lieutenant. However, he took Huang's best troops and established his own power base as a warlord in Kaifeng. By 904, he had exerted control over both of the twin Tang Dynasty capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang. Tang emperor Zhaozong was ordered murdered by Zhu in 904 and the last Tang emperor, Ai Di (Emperor Ai of Tang), was deposed three years later. Emperor Ai of Tang was murdered in 908, also ordered by Zhu.

Meanwhile, Zhu Wen declared himself emperor of the new Later Liang in Kaifeng in 907. The name Liang refers to the Henan region in which the heart of the regime rested.

Extent of control

The Later Liang controlled most of northern China, though much of Shaanxi (controlled by the Qi) as well as Hebei (controlled by the Yan state) and Shanxi (controlled by Shatuo Turks) remained largely outside Later Liang control.

End of the dynasty

The Later Liang maintained a tense relationship with the Shatuo Turks, due to the rivalry between Zhu Quanzong and Li Keyong, a relationship that began back in the time of the Tang Dynasty. After Li Keyong's death, his son, Li Cunxu, continued to expand his State of Jin. Li was able to destroy the Later Liang in 923 and found Later Tang.

Conference of the Mandate of Heaven on the Later Liang

Generally through Chinese history, it was historians of later kingdoms whose histories bestowed the Mandate of Heaven posthumously on preceding dynasties. This was typically done for the purpose of strengthening the present rulers' ties to the Mandate themselves. Song Dynasty historian Xue Juzheng did exactly this in his work History of the Five Dynasties.

Several justifications were given for this, and successive Five Dynasties regimes, to be conferred the Mandate of Heaven. Among these was that these dynasties all controlled most of the traditional Chinese heartland. However, the Later Liang was an embarrassment in the brutality it employed, causing many to want to deny it this status, but doing so would break the chain through the other Five Dynasties, and thus to the Song Dynasty, which itself was the successor to the last of the Five Dynasties.

Rulers

Temple names	Posthumous names	Family names and given name	Chinese naming conventions	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Taìzǔ (太祖)	Xiànwǔ (獻武)	Zhū Wēn (朱溫)	Family name and given name	907–912	Kaīpíng (開平) 907–911 Qiánhuà (乾化) 911–912
Did not exist	none	Zhu Yougui (朱友珪)	Family name and given name	912–913	Qiánhuà (乾化) 912–913 Fènglì (鳳曆) 913
Did not exist	Mò (末)[note 1]	Zhū Zhèn (朱瑱)	Family name and given name	913–923	Qiánhuà (乾化) 913–915 Zhēnmíng (貞明) 915–921 Lóngdé (龍德) 921–923

Rulers' family tree

				Zhu Wen 朱溫 852–912 Taizu 太祖 907–912
3								8
Zhu Yougui 朱友圭 d. 913 912–913								Zhu Zhen 朱瑱 888–923 Modi 末帝 913–923

See also

• Huang Chao
• Jiedushi
• Tang Dynasty

Notes

1. Mo ("last") is not a true posthumous name, but he is often referred to as "Emperor Mo" as the last emperor of the dynasty.

References

• Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.