Ur-Nanshe

Ur-Nanshe (Sumerian: 𒌨𒀭𒀏, UR-NANŠE) also Ur-Nina, was the first king of the First Dynasty of Lagash (approx. 2500 BCE) in the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many buildings projects, including canals and temples, in the state of Lagash,[4] and defending Lagash from its rival state Umma.[5] He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu (𒄖𒉌𒁺) who was recorded without an accompanying royal title.[5][6] He was the father of Akurgal, who succeeded him, and grandfather of Eanatum.[6] Eanatum expanded the kingdom of Lagash by defeating Umma as illustrated in the Stele of the Vultures and continue building and renovation of Ur-Nanshe's original buildings.[7]

This article is about the king of Lagash. For the Mariote singer with the same name, see Ornina.
Ur-Nanshe
𒌨𒀭𒀏
King of Lagash
Ur-Nanshe, seated, wearing flounced skirt. The text to the right of his head reads "Ur-Nanshe" (𒌨𒀭𒀏, UR-NANŠE). The text in front of him reads "Boats from the land of Dilmun carried the wood" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2 dilmun kur-ta gu2 giš mu-gal2).[1][2][3] Limestone, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu). Louvre Museum.
Reignc. 2550  BC – 2500  BC
PredecessorLugal-sha-engur
SuccessorAkurgal
Dynasty1st Dynasty of Lagash
FatherGunidu

He ascended after Lugalshaengur (lugal-ša-engur), who was the ensi, or high priest of Lagash, and is only known from the macehead inscription of Mesilim.[8]

Temples

According to the Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe, temples attributed to Ur-Nanshe include Ningirsu's temple in Girsu, Nanshe's temple in Nina, and Apsubanda.[4] He is known to have originally built the Ibgal of Inanna, because of Eanatum's honorary inscriptions left after temple renovation.[7] The Ibgal of Inanna is located in modern-day al-Hiba (ancient city of Lagash). An oval wall surrounds the main mud brick temple and it is located on the southwest edge of the city. This placement within the city is different because temples were usually centrally positioned in ancient Sumer.[7]

Inscriptions

Ur-Nanshe has left behind many inscriptions and plates that depict him, his family, and court.[5]

The Perforated Relief
Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, with his sons and dignitaries. Limestone, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh (ancient city of Girsu).[9][10][11] Louvre Museum
Ur-Nanshe was king of Lagash, circa 2550 BC.

The Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe is on display at the Louvre. The king is portrayed as a builder of temples and canals, thus a preserver of order perceived to be bestowed upon them by the gods.[4] It is a perforated limestone slab that was probably part of a wall as a votive decoration and is inscribed in Sumerian:

𒌨𒀭𒀏 / 𒈗 / 𒉢𒁓𒆷 / 𒌉𒄖𒉌𒁺 / 𒌉𒄥𒊬 / 𒂍𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢 𒈬𒆕 / 𒍪𒀊𒌉𒁕 𒈬𒆕 / 𒂍𒀭𒀏 𒈬𒆕

Ur-Nanshe / lugal / Lagash / dumu Gunidu / dumu Gurmu/ e2 Ningirsu mu-du3 / abzu-banda3da mu-du3 / e2 Dnanshe mu-du3

“Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, son of Gunidu, son of Gurmu, built the temple of Ningirsu, built Apsubanda, built the temple of Nanshe.”

— Dedication inscription of Ur-Nanshe (top left corner)[4][12]

The carved illustration is in two registers, top and bottom, both depicting Ur-Nanshe in different roles as king. In the top register he is dressed in a kaunakes (tufted wool skirt), carrying a basket of bricks on his head while surrounded by other Lagash elite, his wife, and seven of his sons.[9] Inscriptions on their respective garments identify each person. On the bottom register, Ur-Nanshe is at a banquet, which is to celebrate the building of the temple. He is seated on a throne wearing the same outfit as the top register surrounded by other court members. In both registers Ur-Nanshe is shown using hierarchical proportion in which he is considerably larger than everyone surrounding him.[4]

A part of the inscriptions, in front of the seated king, reads: “Boats from the (distant) land of Dilmun carried the wood (for him)”.[4] This is the oldest known written record of Dilmun and importation of goods into Mesopotamia.[5]

  • The relief at time of discovery
  • Ur-Nanshe on the relief. He is also depicted wearing a basket for the construction of a temple.
  • Inscription in front of Ur-Nanshe: "The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him wood as a tribute" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2 dilmun kur-ta gu2 giš mu-gal2).[13][5][4]
  • Ur-Nanshe's son Akurgal (𒀀𒆳𒃲) on the relief.

Door socket
Ur-Nanshe door socket with inscription: "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu..." and a list of the temples he built.[14] Louvre Museum.

An inscribed door socket from Ur-Nanshe is also known, now in the Louvre Museum. The full inscription of the door socket has been translated as:

"Ur-Nanshe, the king of Lagash, the son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu, built the house of Ningirsu; built the house of Nanshe; built the house of Gatumdug; built the harem; built the house of Ninmar. The ships of Dilmun brought him wood as a tribute from foreign lands. He built the Ibgal; built the Kinir; built the scepter (?)-house."

— Inscription on the perforated relief of Ur-Nanshe.[15][16]
  • The door socket of Ur-Nanshe at time of discovery.
  • "The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him (Ur-Nanshe) wood as a tribute (?)" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2 dilmun kur-ta gu2 giš mu-gal2). Door socket of Ur-Nanshe.[17][18]

The Plaque of Ur Nanshe
Plaque of Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, with his sons and a cup bearer. Louvre Museum.[19][20]

The Plaque of Ur Nanshe is a limestone plaque currently located at the Louvre Museum that honors Ur Nanshe. The figures displayed are the king and his court standing rigid and wide eyed, paying homage to the god Nanshe. They are dressed in kaunakes with their hands clasped together over their chest. Hierarchical scale of the king and the use of cuneiform on the figures to identify them[21] are employed as in the Perforated Relief.

𒌨𒀭𒀏 / 𒈗 / 𒉢𒁓𒆷 / 𒌉𒄖𒉌𒁺 / 𒂍𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄈𒋢 / 𒈬𒆕

Ur-Nanshe / lugal / Lagash / dumu Gunidu / E-Ningirsu / mudu

"Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, son of Gunidu, built the temple of Ningirsu"

— Inscription on the plaque of Ur-Nanshe. Louvre Museum.[22][23]
  • Plaque of Ur-Nanshe at time of discovery
  • Ur-Nanshe himself
  • Akurgal (𒀀𒆳𒃲) as a child in the limestone votive relief of Ur-Nanshe

Additional inscriptions
Ur-Nanshe inscription
"Ur-Nanshe"
𒌨𒀭𒀏
King of
𒈗
"Lagash"
𒉢𒁓𒆷
Fragmentary stele bearing from right to left the inscription "Ur-Nanshe/ King of/ Lagash/ son of Gunidu/ to Ningirsu..." (Louvre)

There are many other inscriptions found by or mentioning Ur-Nanshe. Some of them include a listing of rulers of Lagash and a Hymn to Nashe.[5]

Excerpt from Ruler of Lagash:

“Ur-Nanše, the son of ……, who built the E-Sirara, her temple of happiness and Niĝin, her beloved city, acted for 1080 years. Ane-tum, the son of Ur-Nanše”[24]

Excerpt from A Hymn to Nashe:

“There is perfection in the presence of the lady. Lagaš thrives in abundance in the presence of Nanše. She chose the šennu in her holy heart and seated Ur-Nanše, the beloved lord of Lagaš, on the throne. She gave the lofty scepter to the shepherd.”[25]

  • Tablet of Ur-Nanshe (Urn 24): "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, the son of Gurmu, built the house of Nanshe, fashioned (the statue of) Nanshe (...) Boats from the land of Dilmun carried the wood".[26][27][28]
  • "The ships of Dilmun, from the foreign lands, brought him (Ur-Nanshe) wood as a tribute (?)" (𒈣𒆳𒋫𒄘𒄑𒈬-𒅅, ma2 dilmun kur-ta gu2 giš mu-gal2). Tablet of Ur-Nanshe (Urn 24).[29][30][31][32]
  • Inscription in the name of Ur-Nanshe, an incantation to the reed and to Enki, before the foundation of the Girsu sanctuary for god Ningirsu.[33][34]
  • Goddess Shul-utul, foundation peg, with inscription "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, son of Gunidu, built the shrine Girsu", probably Girsu, Tell Telloh, Iraq, mid 3rd millennium BCE. Harvard Semitic Museum, Cambridge, MA
  • "Akurgal king of Lagash, son of Ur-Nanshe" (𒀀𒆳𒃲 𒈗 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠 𒌉 𒌨𒀭𒀏) on the Stele of the Vultures.[35][36]
  • Votive relief of Ur-Nanshe, king of Lagash, representing the bird-god Anzû (or Im-dugud) as a lion-headed eagle. Alabaster, Early Dynastic III (2550–2500 BC). Found in Telloh, ancient city of Girsu.
  • Temple foundation figurine in the name of Ur-Nanshe. Inscription "Ur-Nanshe, King of Lagash, has built the shrine of Girsu". British Museum, BM 96565.[37][38]
  • Stele of Ur-Nanshe with goddess Nisaba, ruler of Lagash, from Lagash, Iraq, 26th century BCE. Iraq Museum
gollark: You would give money to the script's address, and it would verifiably split it between two people.
gollark: I have to admit that this *would* be an interesting way to do multi-person-owned shops.
gollark: People have shops and those have brand names and such, but those aren't companies; mostly profit just goes right to the owner and investment is done by loans negotiated between individuals.
gollark: In my opinion, the main reason for that is that companies don't exactly exist here.
gollark: No stock exchange ever actually *happened*, and a centralized one would be easier to do than this.

See also

References
  1. Lourve Pouysségur, Patrick , ed. "Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe." Louvre Museum. Louvre Museum. Web. 13 Mar 2013..
  2. Transliteration: "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  3. Similar text: "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  4. Lourve Pouysségur, Patrick , ed. "Perforated Relief of King Ur-Nanshe." Lourve Museum. Louvre Museum. Web. 13 Mar 2013..
  5. CDLI Wiki University of Oxford, 14 Jan 2010. Web. 13 Mar 2013.
  6. Van De Mieroop, Marc (2004). A History of the Ancient Near East: Ca. 3000-323 BC. Wiley. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780631225522.
  7. Hansen, Donald "Royal Building Activity at Sumerian Lagash in the Early Dynastic Period." Biblical Archaeologist. 55.4 (1992): 206-11. Print.
  8. "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  9. Finegan, Jack (2019). Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-429-72638-5.
  10. Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
  11. "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  12. "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  13. "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  14. Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308, Door socket. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
  15. Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308 #6. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
  16. Full transcription: "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  17. Full transcription: "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  18. Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308 #6. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
  19. Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
  20. Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  21. Cole, Karl. "Plaque of Ur Nanshe." SchoolArts. 100.1 (2000): 33. Print.
  22. Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.
  23. Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1.
  24. E, J. translation : t.2.1.2." rulers of Lagaš (2003): n.pag. Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Web. 13 Mar 2013.
  25. C, G. Translation: t.4.14.1." hymn to Nanše (Nanše A) (2003): n.pag. Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Web. 13 Mar 2013.
  26. Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
  27. de Sarzec, E. (1892). "Deux Tablettes Archaïques de Tello". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 2 (4): 146–149. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23284262.
  28. Full transliteration: "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  29. Kramer, Noah (1964). "The Indus civilization and Dilmun" (PDF). Expeditions WWW.penn.museum: 49.
  30. Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6.
  31. de Sarzec, E. (1892). "Deux Tablettes Archaïques de Tello". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 2 (4): 146–149. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 23284262.
  32. Full transliteration: "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  33. "Louvre Museum Official Website". cartelen.louvre.fr.
  34. Full transcription: "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  35. Sallaberger, Walther; Schrakamp, Ingo (2015). History & Philology (PDF). Walther Sallaberger & Ingo Schrakamp (eds), Brepols. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-2-503-53494-7.
  36. Découvertes en Chaldée... / publiées par L. Heuzey . 1ère-4ème livraisons / Ernest de Sarzec - Choquin de Sarzec, Ernest (1832-1901). pp. Plate XL.
  37. "plaque / figurine". British Museum.
  38. "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Lugalshaengur		 King of Lagash
ca. 25th century BCE		 Succeeded by
Akurgal
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