Balochistan, Pakistan

Balochistan (/bəˌloʊtʃɪˈstɑːn/; Urdu: بلوچِستان‎) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. It is the largest province in terms of land area, forming the southwestern region of the country, but is the least populated. Its provincial capital and largest city is Quetta.

This article is about the province of Pakistan. For the geographic region, see Balochistan. For other uses, see Balochistan (disambiguation).

Balochistan

بلوچستان
Province
Flag
Seal
Location of Balochistan in Pakistan
Coordinates: 27.7°N 65.7°E / 27.7; 65.7
Country Pakistan
Established1 July 1970
Provincial CapitalQuetta
Largest cityQuetta
Government
 • TypeSelf-governing Province subject to the Federal Government
 • BodyGovernment of Balochistan
 • GovernorAmanullah Khan Yasinzai,[1] (PTI)
 • Chief MinisterJam Kamal Khan, (BAP)
 • Chief SecretaryAkhtar Nazir
 • LegislatureProvincial Assembly
 • High CourtBalochistan High Court
Area
 • Total347,190 km2 (134,050 sq mi)
Area rank1st
Population
 (2017)[2][3]
 • Total12,344,408
 • Rank4th
 • Density36/km2 (92/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Baloch
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PST)
ISO 3166 codePK-BA
Main Language(s)
Notable sports teamsQuetta Gladiators
Quetta Bears
HDI (2018)0.477 [4]
Low
Seats in National Assembly30
Seats in Provincial Assembly65
Divisions6
Districts32
Tehsils134
Union Councils86
Websitewww.balochistan.gov.pk

Balochistan shares borders with Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the northeast, Sindh to the east and southeast, the Arabian Sea to the south, Iran to the west and Afghanistan to the north and northwest.

The main ethnic groups in the province are the Baloch people and the Pashtuns, who constitute 52% and 36% of the population respectively (according to the preliminary 2011 census).[5] The remaining 12% comprises smaller communities of Brahuis, Hazaras along with other settlers such as Sindhis, Punjabis, Uzbeks and Turkmens. The name "Balochistan" means "the land of the Baloch". Largely underdeveloped, its provincial economy is dominated by natural resources, especially its natural gas fields, estimated to have sufficient capacity to supply Pakistan's demands over the medium to long term. Aside from Quetta, the second-largest city of the province is Turbat in the south, while another area of major economic importance is Gwadar Port on the Arabian Sea.

Balochistan is noted for its unique culture and extremely dry desert climate.[6]

History
Quetta cantonment in 1889
A historical sketch of Bolan Pass, Balochistan, Pakistan

Early history
Map showing the sites and extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Mohenjo-Daro and Mehrgarh were among centers of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the modern-day province. Balochistan marked the westernmost territory of the civilisation, which was one of the most developed in the old Bronze Age in the world.

Balochistan occupies the very southeastern-most portion of the Iranian Plateau, the setting for the earliest known farming settlements in the pre-Indus Valley Civilisation era, the earliest of which was Mehrgarh, dated at 7000 BC, within the province. Balochistan marked the westernmost extent of the Civilisation. Centuries before the arrival of Islam in the 7th Century, parts of Balochistan was ruled by the Paratarajas, an Indo-Scythian dynasty. At certain times, the Kushans also held political sway in parts of Balochistan.

The Hindu Sewa Dynasty ruled parts of Balochistan, chiefly Kalat.[7][8] The Sibi Division, which was carved out of Quetta Division and Kalat Division in 1974, derives its name from Rani Sewi, the queen of the Sewa dynasty.[9]

A theory of the origin of the Baloch people, the largest ethnic group in the region, is that they are of Median descent.[10]

Arrival of Islam

In 654, Abdulrehman ibn Samrah, governor of Sistan and the newly emerged Rashidun caliphate at the expense of Sassanid Persia and the Byzantine Empire, sent an Islamic army to crush a revolt in Zaranj, which is now in southern Afghanistan. After conquering Zaranj, a column of the army pushed north, conquering Kabul and Ghazni, in the Hindu Kush mountain range, while another column moved through Quetta District in north-western Balochistan and conquered the area up to the ancient cities of Dawar and Qandabil (Bolan).[11] It is documented that the major settlements, falling within today's province, became in 654 controlled by the Rashidun caliphate, except for the well-defended mountain town of QaiQan which is now Kalat.

During the caliphate of Ali, a revolt broke out in southern Balochistan's Makran region.[12] In 663, during the reign of Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah I, his Muslim rule lost control of north-eastern Balochistan and Kalat when Haris ibn Marah and a large part of his army died in battle against a revolt in Kalat.[13]

Pre-modern era

In the 15th century, Mir Chakar Khan Rind became the first Sirdar of Afghani, Irani and Pakistani Balochistan. He was a close aide of the Timurid ruler Humayun, and was succeeded by the Khanate of Kalat, which owed allegiance to the Mughal Empire. Later, Nader Shah won the allegiance of the rulers of eastern Balochistan. He ceded Kalhora, one of the Sindh territories of Sibi-Kachi, to the Khanate of Kalat.[14][15][16] Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Afghan Empire, also won the allegiance of that area's rulers, and many Baloch fought under him during the Third Battle of Panipat. Most of the area would eventually revert to local Baloch control after Afghan rule.

British Indian era

In the 1870s, Baluchistan came under control of the British Indian Empire in colonial India.[17] During this time from the fall of the Durrani Empire in 1823, four princely states were recognised and reinforced in Balochistan: Makran, Kharan, Las Bela and Kalat. In 1876, Robert Sandeman negotiated the Treaty of Kalat, which brought the Khan's territories, including Kharan, Makran, and Las Bela, under British protection even though they remained independent princely states.[18] After the Second Afghan War was ended by the Treaty of Gandamak in May 1879, the Afghan Emir ceded the districts of Quetta, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi and Thal Chotiali to British control. On 1 April 1883, the British took control of the Bolan Pass, south-east of Quetta, from the Khan of Kalat. In 1887, small additional areas of Balochistan were declared British territory.[19] In 1893, Sir Mortimer Durand negotiated an agreement with the Amir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Khan, to fix the Durand Line running from Chitral to Balochistan as the boundary between the Emirate of Afghanistan and British-controlled areas. Two devastating earthquakes occurred in Balochistan during British colonial rule: the 1935 Quetta earthquake, which devastated Quetta, and the 1945 Balochistan earthquake with its epicentre in the Makran region.[20] During the time of the Indian independence movement, "three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics", such as the Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan, which favoured a united India and opposed its partition.[21][22]

After independence
Quetta Railway Station

Balochistan contained a Chief Commissioner's province and four princely states under the British Raj in colonial India. The province's Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality opted for Pakistan unanimously on 29 June 1947.[23] Three of the princely states, Makran, Las Bela and Kharan, acceded to Pakistan in 1947 after independence.[24] But the ruler of the fourth princely state, the Khan of Kalat, Ahmad Yar Khan, who used to call Jinnah his 'father',[25] declared Kalat's independence as this was one of the options given to all of the 565 princely states by British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.[26]

Kalat finally acceded to Pakistan on March 27, 1948 after period of negotiations with Pakistan.[25] The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan, led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision due to their family rift.[27] in July 1948.[28] Princes Agha Abdul Karim Baloch and Muhammad Rahim, refused to lay down arms, leading the Dosht-e Jhalawan in unconventional attacks on the army until 1950.[27] The Prince indulged in Terror activities without any assistance from others.[29] Jinnah and his successors allowed Yar Khan to retain his title until the province's dissolution in 1955.

Insurgencies by Baloch nationalists took place in 1948, 1958–59, 1962–63 and 1973–77 – with a new ongoing insurgency by autonomy-seeking Baloch groups since 2003.[30][31] While a few Baloch support the demand for autonomy, the majority are not interested in seceding from Pakistan.[32]

At a press conference on 8 June 2015 in Quetta, Balochistan's Home Minister Sarfraz Bugti accused India's prime minister Narendra Modi of openly supporting terrorism. Bugti implicated India's Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) of being responsible for recent attacks at military bases in Smangli and Khalid, and for subverting the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) agreement.[33][34][35]

Geography
Astola Island

Balochistan is situated in the southwest of Pakistan and covers an area of 347,190 square kilometres (134,050 sq mi). It is Pakistan's largest province by area, constituting 44% of Pakistan's total land mass. The province is bordered by Afghanistan to the north and north-west, Iran to the south-west, Punjab and Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas to the north-east. To the south lies the Arabian Sea. Balochistan is located on the south-eastern part of the Iranian plateau. It borders the geopolitical regions of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Balochistan lies at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz and provides the shortest route from seaports to Central Asia. Its geographical location has placed the otherwise desolate region in the scope of competing for global interests for all of recorded history.

The capital city Quetta is located in a densely populated portion of the Sulaiman Mountains in the north-east of the province. It is situated in a river valley near the Bolan Pass, which has been used as the route of choice from the coast to Central Asia, entering through Afghanistan's Kandahar region. The British and other historic empires have crossed the region to invade Afghanistan by this route.[36]

Balochistan is rich in exhaustible and renewable resources; it is the second major supplier of natural gas in Pakistan. The province's renewable and human resource potential has not been systematically measured or exploited due to pressures from within and without Pakistan. Local inhabitants have chosen to live in towns and have relied on sustainable water sources for thousands of years.

Climate

The climate of the upper highlands is characterised by very cold winters and hot summers. In the lower highlands, winters vary from extremely cold in northern districts Ziarat, Quetta, Kalat, Muslim Baagh and Khanozai to milder conditions closer to the Makran coast. Winters are mild on the plains, with temperature never falling below freezing point. Summers are hot and dry, especially in the arid zones of Chagai and Kharan districts. The plains are also very hot in summer, with temperatures reaching 50 °C (122 °F). The record highest temperature, 53 °C (127 °F), was recorded in Sibi on 26 May 2010,[37] exceeding the previous record, 52 °C (126 °F). Other hot areas include Turbat and Dalbandin. The desert climate is characterised by hot and very arid conditions. Occasionally, strong windstorms make these areas very inhospitable.

Education

Medical colleges

Engineering universities

General universities

Economy
Main article: Economy of Balochistan, Pakistan

The economy of Balochistan is largely based upon the production of natural gas, coal and other minerals.[38]

Balochistan has been called a "neglected province where a majority of population lacks amenities".[39][40] Since the mid-1970s the province's share of Pakistan's GDP has dropped from 4.9 to 3.7%,[41] and as of 2007 it had the highest poverty rate and infant and maternal mortality rate, and the lowest literacy rate in the country,[42] factors some allege have contributed to the insurgency.[40] However, in 7th NFC awards, Punjab province and Federal contributed to increase Baluchistan share more than its entitled population based share.[43] In Balochistan poverty is increasing. In 2001–2002 poverty incidences were at 48% and by 2005–2006 these were at 50.9%.[44] According to a report on Dawn, the rate of multidimensional poverty in Balochistan had risen to 71% by 2016.[45]

Though the province remains largely underdeveloped, several major development projects, including the construction of a new deep sea port at the strategically important town of Gwadar,[46] are in progress in Balochistan. The port is projected to be the hub of an energy and trade corridor to and from China and the Central Asian republics. The Mirani Dam on the Dasht River, 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Turbat in the Makran Division, is being built to provide water to expand agricultural land use by 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi) where it would otherwise be unsustainable.[47] In the district Lasbela, there is an oil refinery owned by Byco International Incorporated (BII), which is capable of processing 120,000 barrels of oil per day. A power station is located adjacent to the refinery.[48] Several cement plants and a marble factory are also located there.[49][50][51] One of the world's largest ship breaking yards is located on the coast.[52]

Natural resource extraction

Balochistan's share of Pakistan's national income has historically ranged between 3.7% to 4.9%.[53] Since 1972, Balochistan's gross income has grown in size by 2.7 times.[54] Outside Quetta, the resource extraction infrastructure of the province is gradually developing but still lags far behind other parts of Pakistan.

The agreements for royalty rights and ownership of mineral rights were reached during a period of unprecedented natural disasters, economic, social, political, and cultural unrest in Pakistan. The negotiations were widely considered to be insufficiently transparent.[55]

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Balochistan, Pakistan

Balochistan has much tourist potential, though the province has seen little of it. There are many tourism-worthy sites and places within the province. Tourism in Balochistan sharply declined after the 9/11 terror attacks due to terrorism. However, recently, tourism is growing in Balochistan and fights against terrorists have proved successful. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) also aims to revive the growing tourism industry by improving road networks which would generate jobs and income for the Balochi people as well as help Pakistan in improving its GDP.

Places of Interest

Following is a list of a few tourist attraction and places of interest in Balochistan:

  1. Hazarganji Chiltan National Park, near Quetta, Balochistan.
  2. The Sphinx of Balochistan.
  3. The princess of hope, Balochistan
  4. Pir ghaib waterfall, Balochistan
  5. Astola Island
  6. Bolan Pass
  7. Makran Coastal Highway
  8. Gwadar
  9. Hanna Lake
  10. Hingol National Park
  11. Jiwani Coastal Wetland
  12. Khuzdar
  13. Kund Malir
  14. Quetta
  15. Mehrgarh
  16. Moola Chotok
  17. Urak Valley
  18. Ziarat
  19. Ziarat Juniper Forest
  20. Hinglaj Mata Temples
  21. Quaid-e-Azam Residency

Government and politics
Main articles: Government of Balochistan, Pakistan and List of cities in Balochistan

In common with the other provinces of Pakistan, Balochistan has a parliamentary form of government. The ceremonial head of the province is the Governor, who is appointed by the President of Pakistan on the advice of the provincial Chief Minister. The Chief Minister, the province's chief executive, is normally the leader of the largest political party or alliance of parties in the provincial assembly.

Balochistan Governor House Quetta

The unicameral Provincial Assembly of Balochistan comprises 65 seats of which 11 are reserved for women and 3 reserved for non-Muslims. The judicial branch of government is carried out by the Balochistan High Court, which is based in Quetta and headed by a Chief Justice.

Besides dominant Pakistan-wide political parties (such as the Pakistan Muslim League (N) and the Pakistan Peoples Party), Balochistan nationalist parties (such as the National Party and the Balochistan National Party (Mengal)) have been prominent in the province.[30]

Administration
Note: In this map, Lehri is shown within Sibi District on #27. Sohbatpur is shown within Jafarabad District on #8.

For administrative purposes, the province is divided into six divisions – Kalat, Makran, Nasirabad, Quetta, Sibi and Zhob. This divisional level was abolished in 2000, but restored after the 2008 election. Each division is under an appointed commissioner. The six divisions are further subdivided into 34 districts:[56]

Sr. no. District Headquarters Area
(km²)		 Population
(2017)[57]		 Density
(people/km²)		 Division
1 Awaran Awaran 12,510 121,680 4 Kalat
2 Barkhan Barkhan 3,514 171,556 29 Zhob
3 Kachhi (Bolan) Dhadar 7,499 237,030 38 Nasirabad
4 Chagai Chagai 44,748[58] 300,000 7 Quetta
5 Dera Bugti Dera Bugti 10,160 181,310 18 Sibi
6 Gwadar Gwadar 12,637 263,514 15 Makran
7 Harnai[59][note 1] Harnai -- 97,017 -- Sibi
8 Jafarabad Dera Allahyar 2,445 513,813 177 Nasirabad
9 Jhal Magsi Jhal Magsi 3,615 149,225 30 Nasirabad
10 Kalat Kalat 6,622 412,232 36 Kalat
11 Kech (Turbat) Turbat 22,539 909,116 18 Makran
12 Kharan Kharan 18,958 156,152 4 Kalat
13 Kohlu Kohlu 7,610 214,350 13 Sibi
14 Khuzdar Khuzdar 35,380 802,207 12 Kalat
15 Killa Abdullah Chaman 3,293 757,578 112 Quetta
16 Killa Saifullah Killa Saifullah 6,831 342,814 28 Zhob
17 Lasbela Uthal 15,153 574,292 21 Kalat
18 Loralai Loralai 9,830 397,400¹ 30 Zhob
19 Mastung Mastung 5,896 266,461 30 Kalat
20 Musakhel Musa Khel Bazar 5,728 167,017 23 Zhob
21 Nasirabad Dera Murad Jamali 3,387 490,538 73 Nasirabad
22 Nushki[60] Nushki 5,797 178,796 23 Quetta
23 Panjgur Panjgur 16,891 316,385 14 Makran
24 Pishin Pishin 7,819 736,481 47 Quetta
25 Quetta Quetta 2,653 2,275,699 281 Quetta
26 Sherani[note 2] Sherani -- 153,116 -- Zhob
27 Sibi Sibi 7,796 135,572 23 Sibi
28 Washuk[note 3] Washuk 29,510 176,206 4.0 Kalat
29 Zhob Zhob 20,297 275,142 14 Zhob
30 Ziarat Ziarat 1,489 33,340 22 Sibi
31 Lehri[note 4] Bakhtiarabad -- 118,046 -- Sibi
32 Sohbatpur[note 5] Sohbatpur -- 200,538 -- Nasirabad
33 Shaheed Sikandarabad[note 6] Surab -- 180,398 -- Kalat
34 Duki[note 7] Duki -- 153,000 -- Zhob

Demographics
Historical populations
CensusPopulationUrban
19511,167,16712.38%
19611,353,48416.87%
19722,428,67816.45%
19814,332,37615.62%
19986,565,88523.89%
201712,344,40827.55%

Balochistan's population density is low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. In March 2012, preliminary census figures showed that the population of Balochistan had reached 13,162,222, not including the districts of Khuzdar, Kech and Panjgur, a 139.3% increase from 5,501,164 in 1998, representing 6.85% of Pakistan's total population. This was the largest increase in population by any province of Pakistan during that time period.[3][61][62] Official estimates of Balochistan's population grew from approximately 7.45 million in 2003 to 7.8 million in 2005.[63] The 2017 Census enumerated a population of 12,344,408.

Ethnolinguistic groups
First languages
(2017 Census)[64]
Balochi
 
 35.5%
Pashto
 
 35.3%
Brahui
 
 17.1%
Sindhi
 
 4.6%
Saraiki
 
 2.7%
Others
 
 4.8%

In the 1998 census the Balochi was the main language of Balochistan spoken by 54.8%, Pashto was spoken by 29.6%, Sindhi by 5.6%, Punjabi by 2.5%, Saraiki by 2.4%, Urdu by 1% and Others 4.1%.[65]

According to the Ethnologue, households speaking Balochi, whose primary dialect is Makrani constitutes 13%, Rukhshani 10%, Sulemani 7%, and Khetrani 3% of the population. Other languages spoken are Lasi, Urdu, Punjabi, Hazargi, Sindhi, Saraiki, Dehvari, Dari, Tajik, Hindko, Uzbek, and Hindki.[65] In the Lasbela District, the majority of the population speaks Lasi,[66] which is a dialect of Sindhi.[67]

Balochi forms majority in 21 districts and Pashtun forms majority in 9 districts of Balochistan.[68]

The 2005 census concerning Afghans in Pakistan showed that a total of 769,268[69] Afghan refugees were temporarily staying in Balochistan. However, there are probably fewer Afghans living in Balochistan today as many refugees repatriated in 2013. As of 2015, there are only 327,778 registered Afghan refugees according to the UNHCR.[70]

Religion

According to the 1998 Census, Balochistan had a total population of 6,565,885 of which most (6,484,006) were Muslims. There were also Hindu and Christian minorities in the province. The 1998 Census recorded that the Hindu population in the province was approximately 39,000 (including the Scheduled Castes). There was also a Christian minority of 26,462 individuals in the province.[71]

Religion in Balochistan
[72]
Islam
 
 98.75%
Hindu
 
 0.59%
Christianity
 
 0.40%
Others
 
 0.25%
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See also

Notes
  1. No data is yet available on the recently created district of Harnai, which was part of Sibi District.
  2. No data except population is available on the recently created district of Sherani, which was part of Zhob District.
  3. No data except population is available on the recently created district of Washuk, which was part of Kharan District.
  4. No data except population is available on the recently created district of Lehri, which was part of Sibi District.
  5. No data except population is available on the recently created district of Sohbatpur, which was part of Jaffarabad District.
  6. No data except population is available on the recently created district of Shaheed Sikandarabad, which was part of Kalat District.
  7. No data except population is available on the recently created district of Duki, which was part of Loralai District.

References
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  2. "DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017" (PDF). www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017.
  3. "Pak population increased by 46.9% between 1998 and 2011". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  4. "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
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  7. Fowle, T. C.; Rai, Diwan Jamiat (1923). Baluchistan. Directorate of Archives, Government of Balochistan. p. 100. The Hindus of Kalat town may indeed be far more indigenous, since they claim descent from the ancient Sewa dynasty that ruled Kalat long before the Brahuis came to Baluchistan.
  8. Balochistan Through the Ages: Geography and history. Nisa Traders. 1979. p. 316. The country up to and including Multan was conquered by the Arabs and the Hindu dynasty of Sind and probably also the Sewa dynasty of Kalat came to an end.
  9. Quddus, Syed Abdul (1990). The Tribal Baluchistan. Ferozsons. p. 49. ISBN 978-969-0-10047-4. The Sibi division was carved out of the Quetta and Kalat Divisions in April, 1974, and comprises districts of Sibi, Kachhi, Nasirabad, Kohlu and Dera Bugti. The Division derives its name from the town of Sibi or Sewi. The local tradition attributes the origin of this name to Rani Sewi of the Sewa dynasty which ruled this part of the country in ancient times.
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  11. Tabqat ibn Saad, Vol. 8, p. 471
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  22. Ranjan, Amit (2018). Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780429750526. Furthermore, Congress leadership of Balochistan was united and there was no disagreement over its president, Samad Khan Achakzai. On the other hand, Qazi Isa was the president of the League in Balochistan. Surprisingly, he was neither a Balochi nor a Sardar. Consequently, all Sardars except Jaffar Khan Jamali, were against Qazi Isa for contesting this seat.
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Further reading
  • Johnson, E.A. (1999). Lithofacies, depositional environments, and regional stratigraphy of the lower Eocene Ghazij Formation, Balochistan, Pakistan. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1599. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey.
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