Third Chinese domination of Vietnam

Third Chinese domination of Vietnam
Third Chinese domination of Vietnam; Bắc thuộc lần thứ ba; 北屬吝次三
	602–905 or 938
	Vietnam under Southern Han from 930 to 931 (Pink)
Status	District of Sui dynasty-Tang dynasty-Southern Han; Autonomous province under Khúc clan (905)
Capital	Đại La
Common languages	Old Chinese
Religion	Buddhism
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• 602–604	Emperor Wen of Sui (First)
• 618–626	Emperor Gaozu of Tang
• 917–938	Liu Yan (Last)
Jiedushi
• 905	Dugu Sun
• 905–907	Khúc Thừa Dụ (Autonomous period)
• 907–917	Khúc Hạo
• 917–923	Khúc Thừa Mỹ
• 923–937	Dương Đình Nghệ
• 937–938	Kiều Công Tiễn (Last)
History
• Sui–Former Lý War	602
• Sui dynasty annexed kingdom of Vạn Xuân	602
• Vietnam under Tang dynasty	618
• The Tang dynasty fell into crisis	884
• Establishment Jiedushi	905
• Khúc clan gained the autonomous in Vietnam	905
• Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)	905 or 938
Currency	Cash coins
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Early Lý dynasty
Ngô dynasty
Today part of	Vietnam; China

The third Chinese domination is the period in Vietnam from the end of the Early Lý dynasty in 602 to the rise of the Khúc family by Khúc Thừa Dụ in 905. Its independence was consolidated in 938, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng and expulsion of the Southern Han army by Ngô Quyền who established the Ngô dynasty. This period saw two Chinese imperial dynasties rule over an area of northern Vietnam roughly corresponding to the modern Hanoi region. From 602–618, this area was under the late Sui Dynasty, under three districts in the Red River Delta. From 618 to 905, the Tang Dynasty became the new Chinese rulers of Vietnam.This began when the king of Early Lý dynasty (Lý Nam Đế II) surrendered to Emperor Wen of Sui in Sui–Former Lý War until Khúc clan seized the capital Đại La and install the autonomous state in Vietnam in 905. At that moment, the Emperor Ai of Tang lost the power to Zhu Wen and stayed as the figurehead.

Names

During this time, Vietnam was known as:

Giao Châu (Jiaozhou) (602–679) as a Sui and Tang province
An Nam Protectorate (Protectorate General to pacify the South Chinese: 安南都護府) (679–757 and 766–866)
Trấn Nam Protectorate (757–766)
Tĩnh Hải quân (Jinghai Military Jiedushi) (866–967)

Sui and Tang rule

In 602 general Liu Fang of the Sui dynasty led 270,000 soldiers to invade Vietnamese kingdom of Vạn Xuân. The King of Vạn Xuân Lý Phật Tử in capital Long Biên had to surrender to Liu Fang and he was captured to Chang'an. Sui dynasty annexed Vạn Xuân as a province and renamed it Giao Châu (交州), "Giao province".

Liu Fang was nominated as the viceroy of Giao Châu . He died after conquering the Kingdom of Champa and Qiū He ( 丘和) replaced him to rule the land. However, in 618, Emperor Gaozu overthrew the Sui dynasty and established the Tang dynasty, and Qiū He (丘和) submitted to the new Emperor, incorporating Vietnam into the Tang dynasty.

List of governors

Viceroy of Jiaozhou

Liu Fang
Qiu He (-619) under Sui (619-626) under Tang
Li Daliang
Li Shou
Li Daoxing
Li Dao’an
Li Jian

Duhu of Annam

Liu Yanyou 681-687
Guo Chuke
Abe no Nakamaro 761-767 (Duhu of Zhennan)
Wu Chongfu 777-782
Li Mengqiu 782
Zhang Ying 788
Pang Fu 789
Gao Zhengping 790-791
Zhao Chang 791-802
Pei 802-803
Zhao Chang 804-806
Ma Zong 806-810
Zhang Mian 813
Pei Xingli 813-817
Li Xianggu 817-819 - killed by Yang Qing
Yang Qing 819-820 - rebelled and killed by Gui Zhongwu
Gui Zhongwu 819-820
Pei Xingli 820
Gui Zhongwu 820-822
Wang Chengbian 822
Li Yuanxi 822-826
Han Yue 827-828
Zheng Chuo 831
Liu Min 833
Han Wei 834
Tian Zao 835
Ma Zhi 836-840
Wu Hun 843
Pei Yuanyu 846-847
Tian Zaiyou 849-850
Cui Geng 852
Li Zhuo 853-855
Song Ya 857
Li Hongfu 857-858
Wang Shi 858-860 (military Jinglueshi)
Li Hu 860-861
Wang Kuan 861-862
Cai Xi 862-863 (military Jinglueshi)
Song Rong 863 (de jure Jinglueshi, Annam invaded by Nanzhao)
Zhang Yin 864 (de jure Jinglueshi, Annam invaded by Nanzhao)

Jiedushi of Jinghai

Gao Pian 864-866
Wang Yanquan 866
Gao Xun 868-873
Ceng Gun 880 (last jiedushi actually stationed in Vietnam)
Gao Maoqing 882
Gao Zhao 884
An Youquan 897-900
Sun Dezhao 901
Zhu Quanyu 905
Dugu Sun 905

Revolts

The Tang Dynasty quelled three revolts in northern Vietnam between 722 and 728, using an army of natives pressed into service under the leadership of Chinese generals.[1] The Chinese generals were brutal in suppressing the insurrection: one ordered the decapitated bodies of 80,000 scalped and flayed rebels stacked into a pyramid.[1] Although Chinese governors were sent to rule over Annam, a series of local emperors were unofficial rulers under Chinese control:

Lê Ngọc led a rebellion in the early 7th century
Lý Tự Tiên and Đinh Kiến in 687
Mai Hắc Đế or Mai Thúc Loan (Mai the Black Emperor) on 722
Mai Thiếu Đế 722–723? – referred to as the Juvenile Emperor, he was the son of Mai Hắc Đế and ruled only briefly following his father's death and overrun by the 100,000 men strong Tang army
Bố Cái Đại Vương or Phùng Hưng 791–799 – called The Great Father King
Phùng An 799–802 – son of Phùng Hưng and was defeated by the Tang army
Vương Quý Nguyên led a rebellion in 803
Dương Thanh led a rebellion in 819–820

Restored autonomy

Nanzhao invaded the area of Jiaozhi modern day Vietnam multiple times in the 9th century until the Tang sent Gao Pian to defeat Nanzhao and restoring Tang rule to Jiaozhou.

Taking advantage of disturbances at the end of Tang Dynasty, a native noble from Cuc Bo (in the present-day Hải Dương Province), Khúc Thừa Dụ, made himself Jiedushi (military governor) of Jinghai in 905, and in 906 the Tang court had to recognize this a fait accompli. Khúc Thừa Dụ was admired by the people, he later worked with the Tang to establish himself as the first local self-appointed governor who ended the practice of governors sent by the Imperial court from other regions. Khuc Thua Du's son, Khúc Hạo, tried to set up a national administration.

After the Tang dynasty was ousted by the Later Liang (Five Dynasties) in northern China, China split in different Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Emperors of Later Liang in Northern Central China and the Southern Han in Southern China both claimed to be the sole legitimate Emperors of China. The Jiedushi Khúc Thừa Mỹ (Qu Changmei) chose to recognize the Later Liang in Central China as the legitimate ruler and acknowledged themselves as part of the Later Liang and resisted and fought against the Southern Han. Unlike most of Tang provinces during the Five Dynasties era, Tĩnh Hải Quân (Jinghai-jun) did not declared independence.

In 930 the Southern Han dynasty had taken power in southern China, again invaded the country and defeated Khúc Thừa Mỹ. In 931, another local, Dương Đình Nghệ (Yang Tingyi) took up the fight and made himself governor. In 931, Dương Đình Nghệ was murdered by his aide Kiều Công Tiễn. Ngô Quyền, a general under Nghệ, revolted against Tiễn and took control of the military. In 938, a Southern Han fleet entered Vietnam by sea via the Bạch Đằng estuary (mouth of the river which flows into Hạ Long Bay). Ngô Quyền ordered iron-tipped stakes to be planted into the riverbed. At high-tide, a Vietnamese flotilla attacked the enemy then, pretending to escape, lured the Han ships into the water where the stakes, still covered by the tide, are beneath. At low-tide, the Vietnamese fleet counter-attacked, forcing the enemy to flee and impaled on the barrage of stakes.

The Bạch Đằng victory in 938 put an end to the period of Chinese imperial domination. In 939 Ngô Quyền proclaimed himself not Governor but King, establishing the Ngô Dynasty. He put his capital at Cổ Loa, the old capital of Âu Lạc in the 3rd century BC and set up a centralized government.

After Ngô Quyền's death, Vietnam became embroiled in the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords. In 968, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh unified the country and declared himself as Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt.

gollark: Clearly it's good enough for some task/people combinations, because volunteer organizations exist.

gollark: I do not think altruism/"if no one does them they are not done" is a sufficient incentive to make people do necessary quantities of possibly-uninteresting work.

gollark: You need more formal systems to organize people at scale, and we need scale.

gollark: Many companies doing things will have more people than that in one department.

gollark: According to the widely shared arbitrary estimate of Dunbar's number you can have something like 150 close social connections. This is probably at least order-of-magnitude accurate.

References

Benn, Charles D. (2002). Daily life in traditional China: the Tang dynasty. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 0-313-30955-8. Retrieved 2011-01-09.

Preceded by Early Lý Dynasty	Dynasty of Vietnam 602–905/938	Succeeded by Khúc family/Ngô Dynasty

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[benn-2002-28-1] Benn, Charles D. (2002). Daily life in traditional China: the Tang dynasty. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 0-313-30955-8. Retrieved 2011-01-09.