Baguio

Baguio (UK: /ˈbæɡioʊ/ BAG-ee-oh, US: /ˈbɑːɡ-, ˌbɑːɡiˈoʊ/ BAH-ghee-oh, -⁠OH), officially the City of Baguio (Ibaloi: Ciudad ne Bag-iw; Ilocano: Siudad ti Baguio; Tagalog: Lungsod ng Baguio), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the mountainous area of the Northern Luzon, Philippines. It is known as the Summer Capital of the Philippines, owing to its cool climate since the city is located approximately 4,810 feet (1,470 meters) above mean sea level, often cited as 1,540 meters (5,050 feet) in the Luzon tropical pine forests ecoregion, which also makes it conducive for the growth of mossy plants, orchids and pine trees, to which it attributes its other moniker as the "City of Pines".[5]

Baguio

Bag-iw  (Ibaloi)
Highly urbanized city
City of Baguio
(From top, left to right): Panagbenga Park; Wright Park; Baguio City Hall; SM City Baguio; Baguio Cathedral; Session Road; Burnham Park Lake
Flag
Seal
Nicknames: 
Summer Capital of the Philippines
City of Pines
Anthem: Baguio Hymn
Map of Benguet with Baguio highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Baguio
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 16°24′55″N 120°35′44″E
Country Philippines
RegionCordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
ProvinceBenguet (geographically only)
DistrictsLone district of Baguio City
Founded1900
IncorporatedSeptember 1, 1909 (city)
Highly Urbanized CityDecember 22, 1979
Barangays129
Government
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorBenjamin B. Magalong (Nationalist People's Coalition)[1]
 • Vice MayorFaustino A. Olowan (PDP-Laban)
 • CongressmanMarquez O. Go (NP)
 • Electorate164,125 voters (2019)
Area
 • Highly urbanized city57.51 km2 (22.20 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (BLISTT)
1,094.79 km2 (422.70 sq mi)
Population
 (2015 census)[3]
 • Highly urbanized city345,366
 • Density6,000/km2 (16,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (BLISTT)
551,764
 • Metro density500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
 • Households
87,731
Economy
 • Income class1st city income class
 • Poverty incidence2.51 (2015)[4]
 • Revenue (₱)1,496,499,373.37 (2016)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
2600
PSGC
141102000
IDD : area code +63 (0)74
Climate typetropical rainforest climate
Native languagesKankanaey language
Ibaloi
Ilocano
Tagalog
Websitewww.baguio.gov.ph

Baguio was established as a hill station by the United States in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway. It was the United States' only hill station in Asia.[6]

Baguio is classified as a Highly-Urbanized City (HUC). It is geographically located within Benguet, serving as the provincial capital from 1901 to 1916,[7] but has since been administered independently from the province following its conversion into a chartered city. The city is a major center of business, commerce, and education in northern Luzon, as well as the location of the Cordillera Administrative Region.[8] According to the 2015 census, Baguio has a population of 345,366.[3]

Etymology

Baguio City was first called "Kafagway" by the locals. The name "Baguio" originates from the American period and is derived from the Ibaloi word bagiw (moss), which was then Hispanicized as "Baguio".[9] A demonym for natives of the city, "Ibagiw", is also derived from bagiw. It is also the name for the city's annual arts festival.[10][11]

History

Pre-colonial period

Baguio used to be a vast mountain zone with lush highland forests, teeming with various wildlife such as the indigenous deer, cloud rats, Philippine eagles, Philippine warty pigs, and numerous species of flora. The area was a hunting ground of the indigenous peoples, notably the Ibalois and other Igorot ethnic groups. When the Spanish arrived in the Philippines, the area was never fully subjugated by Spain due to the intensive defense tactics of the indigenous Igorots of the Cordilleras.[12]

Igorot oral history states the Benguet upper class, baknang, was founded between 1565 and the early 1600s, by the marriage of a gold trader, Amkidit, and a Kankanay maiden gold panning in Acupan. Their son, Baruy, discovered a gold deposit in the area, which he developed with hired workers and slaves.[12]

Spanish colonial period

In 1755, the Augustinian Fray Pedro de Vivar established a mission in Tonglo (Tongdo) outside Baguio. Before he was driven out the following year, this rancheria included 220 people, including several baknang families. The Spanish tried to regain the mission in 1759, but were ambushed. This prompted the Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban to send Don Manuel Arza de Urrutia on a punitive expedition, which resulted in the mission being burned to the ground.[12]:477–478

During the period of Spanish rule in 1846, the Spaniards established a comandancia in the nearby town of La Trinidad, and organized Benguet into 31 rancherías, one of which was Kafagway, a wide grassy area where the present Burnham Park is situated. Kafagway was then a minor rancheria consisting of only about 20 houses. Most of the lands in Kafagway were owned by Mateo Cariño, who served as its chieftain.[13] The Spanish presidencia, which was located at Bag-iw at the vicinity of Guisad Valley was later moved to Cariño's house where the current city hall stands. Bag-iw, a local term for "moss" once abundant in the area was spelled by the Spaniards as Baguio, which served as the name of the rancheria.[7][14]

During the Philippine Revolution in July 1899, Filipino revolutionary forces under Pedro Paterno liberated La Trinidad from the Spaniards and took over the government, proclaiming Benguet as a province of the new Philippine Republic. Baguio was converted into a "town", with Mateo Cariño being the presidente (mayor).[7][14]

American colonial period
Summer offices of the Philippine Insular Government in Baguio in 1909
The tents and dormitories of Teachers Camp in Baguio, 1909, the summer retreat for American educators

When the United States occupied the Philippines after the Spanish–American War, Baguio was selected to become the summer capital of the then Philippine Islands. Governor-General William Taft, on his first visit in 1901, noted the "air as bracing as Adirondacks or Murray Bay... temperature this hottest month in the Philippines on my cottage porch at three in the afternoon sixty-eight."[15]:317–319

In 1903, Filipinos, Japanese and Chinese workers were hired to build Kennon Road, the first road directly connecting Baguio with the lowlands of La Union and Pangasinan. Before this, the only road to Benguet was Naguilian Road, and it was largely a horse trail at higher elevations. Camp John Hay was established on October 25, 1903 after President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order setting aside land in Benguet for a military reservation for the United States Army. It was named after Roosevelt's Secretary of State, John Milton Hay.

The Mansion, built in 1908, served as the official residence of the American Governor-General during the summer to escape Manila's heat. The Mansion was designed by architect William E. Parsons based on preliminary plans by architect Daniel Burnham.[16]

Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern city planners, designed the mountain retreat following the tenets of the City Beautiful movement.[17] In 1904, the rest of the city was planned out by Burnham. On 1 September 1909, Baguio was declared as a chartered city and nicknamed the "Summer Capital of the Philippines".[18]

The succeeding period saw further developments of and in Baguio with the construction of Wright Park in honor of Governor-General Luke Edward Wright, Burnham Park in honor of Burnham, Governor Pack Road, and Session Road.[19]

World War II
Main article: Battle of Baguio (1945)

Prior to World War II, Baguio was the summer capital of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, and the home of the Philippine Military Academy.[20]

On 8 December 1941, 17 Japanese bombers attacked Camp John Hay.[21]:291

Following the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army used Camp John Hay, an American installation in Baguio, as a military base.[22] The nearby Philippine Constabulary base, Camp Holmes, was used as an internment camp for about 500 civilian enemy aliens, mostly Americans, between April 1942 and December 1944.[23]

By late March 1945, Baguio was within range of the American and Filipino military artillery. President José P. Laurel of the Second Philippine Republic, a puppet state established in 1943, departed the city on 22 March and reached Taiwan eight days later, on 30 March.[24] The remainder of the Second Republic government, along with Japanese civilians, were ordered to evacuate Baguio on March 30. General Tomoyuki Yamashita and his staff then relocated to Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya.[25]

General Yamashita (center, on the near side of the table) at the surrender ceremony at Camp John Hay on 3 September 1945.

A major offensive to capture Baguio did not occur until April 1945, when the USAFIP-NL's 1st Battalion of the 66th Infantry, attached with the United States Army's 37th Infantry Division, the USAFIP-NL's 2nd Battalion of 66th Infantry, attached with the US 33rd Infantry Division, and the USAFIP-NL's 3rd Battalion of the 66th Infantry, converged on Baguio. By 27 April 1945, the city was liberated and the joint force moved on to liberate the Trinidad valley.[21]

Baguio is the site of the formal surrender of General Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi at Camp John Hay's American Residence in the presence of lieutenant generals Arthur Percival and Jonathan Wainwright.[26]

Post-war

The 1990 Luzon earthquake (Ms = 7.7) destroyed some parts of Baguio and the surrounding province of Benguet on the afternoon of July 16, 1990.[27] A significant number of buildings and infrastructure were damaged, including the Hyatt Terraces Plaza, Nevada Hotel, Baguio Park Hotel, FRB Hotel and Baguio Hilltop Hotel; major highways were temporarily blocked due to landslides and pavement breakup; and a number of houses were leveled or severely shaken with shocking losses of life, according to a Wiki-editor with ties to Baguio since May 1975, and [28] Some of the fallen buildings were built on or near fault lines; local architects later admitted structural building codes should have been followed more religiously, particularly regarding concrete and rebar standards, and "soft stories." Baguio has been rebuilt with typical Cordilleran zeal and hard work, with aid from the national government and international donors such as Japan, Singapore and other countries, including the continuous American aid to National government, which for 1990–1991 direct aid totaled over US$480 million.

Geography
Panoramic view of Baguio

Baguio is located some 1,400 meters (4,600 feet) above sea level, nestled within the Cordillera Central mountain range in northern Luzon. The city is enclosed by the province of Benguet.[18] It covers a small area of 57.5 square kilometres (22.2 sq mi). Most of the developed part of the city is built on uneven, hilly terrain of the northern section. When Daniel Burnham drew plans for the city, he made the City Hall a reference point where the city limits extend 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from east to west and 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi) from north to south.[18]

Pine trees near UP Baguio
Mt. Santo Tomas fog

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Baguio features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am), which is bordering on a subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwb). The city is known for its mild climate owing to its high elevation. The temperature in the city is usually about 7 to 8 °C (12.6 to 14.4 °F) cooler than the temperature in the lowland area.[18][29] Average temperature ranges from 15 to 23 °C (59 to 73 °F) with the lowest temperatures between November and February. The lowest recorded temperature was 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) on January 18, 1961 and in contrast, the all-time high of 30.4 °C (86.7 °F) was recorded on March 15, 1988 during the 1988 El Niño season.[30] The temperature seldom exceeds 26 °C (78.8 °F) even during the warmest part of the year.

Precipitation

Like many other cities with a subtropical highland climate, Baguio receives noticeably less precipitation during its dry season. However, the city has an extraordinary amount of precipitation during the rainy season from June to October.[18] The city averages over 3,100 mm (122 in) of precipitation annually.

Climate data for Baguio (1981–2010, extremes 1909–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.7
(85.5)		 28.7
(83.7)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.0
(86.0)		 29.4
(84.9)		 28.7
(83.7)		 27.9
(82.2)		 27.7
(81.9)		 28.0
(82.4)		 27.7
(81.9)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.2
(82.8)		 30.4
(86.7)
Average high °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9)		 24.1
(75.4)		 25.2
(77.4)		 25.8
(78.4)		 25.0
(77.0)		 24.4
(75.9)		 23.4
(74.1)		 22.6
(72.7)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.9
(75.0)		 24.1
(75.4)		 23.5
(74.3)		 24.0
(75.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1
(64.6)		 18.7
(65.7)		 19.9
(67.8)		 20.8
(69.4)		 20.7
(69.3)		 20.5
(68.9)		 19.8
(67.6)		 19.4
(66.9)		 19.7
(67.5)		 19.8
(67.6)		 19.6
(67.3)		 18.6
(65.5)		 19.6
(67.3)
Average low °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2)		 13.4
(56.1)		 14.5
(58.1)		 15.9
(60.6)		 16.4
(61.5)		 16.5
(61.7)		 16.3
(61.3)		 16.2
(61.2)		 16.0
(60.8)		 15.7
(60.3)		 15.1
(59.2)		 13.7
(56.7)		 15.2
(59.4)
Record low °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3)		 6.7
(44.1)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.0
(50.0)		 7.7
(45.9)		 — 12.5
(54.5)		 12.8
(55.0)		 12.6
(54.7)		 11.3
(52.3)		 9.2
(48.6)		 7.6
(45.7)		 6.3
(43.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 15.2
(0.60)		 23.4
(0.92)		 46.0
(1.81)		 104.1
(4.10)		 341.1
(13.43)		 475.8
(18.73)		 781.9
(30.78)		 905.0
(35.63)		 570.9
(22.48)		 454.3
(17.89)		 97.4
(3.83)		 26.2
(1.03)		 3,841.4
(151.24)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 3 5 9 20 22 26 27 24 17 8 4 168
Average relative humidity (%) 85 84 83 84 88 89 92 93 91 89 86 84 87
Source: PAGASA[31][32]

Pollution

Baguio suffers from air pollution and is one of the cities with the dirtiest air in the country according to a 2014 WHO report.[33] A slight improvement in the city's air quality was cited in 2017 by the DENR's Environmental Management Bureau. In a 2018 WHO report, the city was again listed among 8 other cities alongside Cebu, Dagupan, Davao, Manila, San Carlos, Urdaneta and Zamboanga.[34] Eco-vehicles and Euro-4 compliant vehicles have been tested whether or not they are suited for the city's steep slopes in line with efforts to modernize its Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs).[35] Public Utility Vehicles, specifically jeepneys have been pushed for its modernization, in line with President Duterte's PUV modernization initiative.[36]

Another problem that plagues the city is its garbage and waste disposal. The city has been dumping its garbage in a landfill in Urdaneta City, but rising costs are putting a strain on the city's budget.[37] As of 2019, the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC) has offered to test a waste-to-energy technology as a possible solution to its garbage woes.[38] The city's waste water treatment plant is also eyed for an expansion as it not been able to fully cater to the city's needs. Those which the plant have not been able to cater to were dumped in the Balili River, leading to its high coliform levels, even higher than that of Manila Bay's.[39]

Landscape
Baguio Skyline as of 2018
Porta Vaga Mall

Along with Manila, Baguio is also planned city. American Architect and Urban Planner Daniel Burnham was commissioned to design the new capital. His design for the city was based on the City Beautiful movement, which features broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles.

During the Second World War, Baguio was razed to the ground during Japanese' forces invasion and the subsequent shelling by American forces during the liberation. After the liberation, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed. However, some of the historic buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated or otherwise left to deteriorate. During the 1990 Luzon earthquake, it further devastated Baguio's old buildings. A total of 28 collapsed buildings, including hotels, factories, and government and university buildings, as well as many private homes and establishments resulted from the quake.[40]

An office building along Session Road destroyed by artillery fire during the Battle of Baguio and not rebuilt as of 2018

Baguio's current landscape is mostly of contemporary architecture.

Architecture

Almost all of Manila's prewar and Spanish colonial architecture were destroyed during its battle for liberation by the intensive bombardment of the United States Air Force during World War II. Reconstruction took place afterwards.

Baguio's contemporary architecture is largely of American build, owing to the fact that Americans were the ones to establish a station here. A few examples include those built at Teacher's Camp and Camp John Hay, previous American installations in the city as well as the current Baguio City Hall. Some buildings are also influenced by Spanish building concepts, such as Porta Vaga Mall and La Azotea. One of the more modern buildings in the city is SM City Baguio, established back in 2003.[41]

Moves by various groups with the goal to preserve these buildings have been made.[42][43] Baguio City Hall, being a historic building, has faced opposition for renovation of its grounds and may be against laws on national cultural heritage sites.[44] The renovations however continued as there have been no documentation that supports Baguio City Hall as a national heritage site.[45] The construction of the park was finished in May 2019 as was said to define the city's new moniker as a creative center for crafts and folk arts.[46]

Demographics
Population census of Baguio
YearPop.±% p.a.
1918 5,464—    
1939 24,117+7.33%
1948 29,262+2.17%
1960 50,436+4.64%
1970 84,538+5.29%
1975 97,449+2.89%
1980 119,009+4.08%
1990 183,142+4.41%
1995 226,883+4.09%
2000 252,386+2.31%
2007 301,926+2.50%
2010 318,676+1.98%
2015 345,366+1.54%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[3][47][48][49]

The original inhabitants of the Baguio City area are the Ibaloi people (natively pronounced as "Ivadoi"). When the Americans established the city in the early 1900s, early settlers in the city include members of other Igorot tribes (Igudut in Ibaloi), the lowlander Ilocanos (Iduko), Americans (Merikano), and mestizos. A significant number of Chinese and Japanese laborers were also hired to build Kennon Road, many of whom later settled in the city.[11]

The city's population as of May 2000 was placed at 250,000 persons. The city has a very young age structure as 65.5 percent of its total population is below thirty years old. Females comprise 51.3 percent of the population as against 48.7 percent for males. The household population comprises 98 percent of the total population or 245,000 persons. With an average of 4.6 members per household, a total of 53,261 household are gleaned. During the peak of the annual tourist influx, particularly during the Lenten period, transients triple the population.[18]

The city's population as of May 2000 was placed at 250,000 persons. The city has a very young age structure as 65.5 percent of its total population is below thirty years old. Females comprise 51.3 percent of the population as against 48.7 percent for males. The household population comprises 98 percent of the total population or 245,000 persons. With an average of 4.6 members per household, a total of 53,261 household are gleaned. During the peak of the annual tourist influx, particularly during the Lenten period, transients triple the population.[18]

Houses in Baguio

Crime

Crime in Baguio is concentrated in theft and vehicular accidents. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The illegal drug trade is also a problem of the city as 24 of its 129 barangays are considered as drug affected as of December 2017.[50]

In 2018, Baguio was listed as one of the safest cities both in the ASEAN region, ranking sixth with a crime index of 40.57 and safety index of 59.43. The Baguio City Police Office also has the highest crime solution efficiency nationwide of 84%, compared to the national 77% and the region's 70%.[50] In May 2019 BCPO also reported a drop of 27% in crimes, from 1,150 in 2018 to 834 in 2019. The BCPO was awarded as the country's best city police station in 2018.[51][52]

Religion

Christianity
The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Atonement

Baguio is a predominantly Christian city, with 80.4% Roman Catholics, followed by the Episcopalian Church with 5.8% and 3.5 from the Iglesia ni Cristo.[53] Other Christian denominations and sects in the city include the Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch), The Kingdom of Jesus Christ the name above Every Name, Episcopal Church, Iglesia ni Cristo, Iglesia Filipina Independiente, Jehovah's Witnesses, United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP), Jesus Is Lord Church (JIL), Jesus Miracle Crusade (JMC), the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), the United Methodist Church, Assemblies of God (AG), and Baptist, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Members Church of God International (MCGI), Bible Fundamental, and other Evangelical churches.

Other faiths

There is also a significant number of Muslims in the cities, consisting of Filipino Muslims of different ethnicities and Muslims of other nationalities. The largest mosque in the area is Masjid Al-Maarif, which is a known centre of Islamic studies in the Philippines. The city also has smaller numbers of Buddhists and atheists, along with members of other faiths.

Economy
SM City Baguio as viewed from Burnham Park
Maharlika Livelihood Complex
Brooms with price tags being sold in market

Baguio is the melting pot of different peoples and cultures in the Cordillera Administrative Region. Because of this, numerous investments and business opportunities are lured to the city.[18] Baguio has a large retail industry, with shoppers coming to the city to take advantage of the diversity of competitively priced commercial products on sale.[54] The city is also popular with bargain hunters—some of the most popular bargaining areas include Baguio Market and Maharlika Livelihood Center. Despite the city's relatively small size, it is home to numerous shopping centers and malls catering to increasing commercial and tourist activity in Baguio: these include SM City Baguio, Baguio Center Mall, Cooyeesan Plaza, Abanao Square, The Maharlika Livelihood Center, Porta Vaga Mall, Centerpoint Plaza, Cedar Peak Mall, Puregold, SM Savemore, Tiongsan, Country Mart, Victoria Supermart, Sunshine Supermarket, and Ayala Technohub Retail Plaza.

Various food and retail businesses run by local residents proliferate, forming a key part of Baguio's cultural landscape. Several retail outlets and dining outlets are situated along Bonifacio Street, Session Road, Teacher's Camp, Mines View Park and Baguio Fastfood Center near the market.

The areas of Session Road, Harrison Road, Magsaysay Avenue and Abanao Street comprise the trade center of the city, where commercial and business structures such as cinemas, hotels, restaurants, department stores, and shopping centers are concentrated. The City Market offers a wide array of locally sourced goods and products, usually from Benguet province,[55][56] which includes colorful woven fabrics and hand-strung beads to primitive wood carvings, cut flowers,[55] strawberries and "Baguio" vegetables, the latter often denoting vegetable types that do well in the cooler growing climate. Strawberries and string beans—referred to as Baguio beans across the Philippines—are shipped to major urban markets across the archipelago.

Another key source of income for Baguio is its position as the commercial hub for the province of Benguet. Many agricultural and mining goods produced in Benguet pass through Baguio for processing, sale or further distribution to the lowlands.

A building hosting a BPO in Baguio.

Industrial

Baguio is one of the country's most profitable and best investment areas.[57][58]

A Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA)-accredited business and industrial park called the Baguio City Economic Zone (BCEZ) is located in the southern part of the city between Camp John Hay Country Club and Philippine Military Academy in Barangay Loakan. Firms located in the BCEZ mostly produce and export knitted clothing, transistors, small components for vehicles, electronics and computer parts. Notable firms include Texas Instruments Philippines, which is the second largest exporter in the country.[59] Other companies headquartered inside the economic zone are Moog Philippines, Inc., Linde Philippines, Inc., LTX Philippines Corporation, Baguio-Ayalaland Technohub, and Sitel Philippines, Baguio.

Aegis Baguio

Outsourcing

Outsourcing also contributes to the city's economy and employment. There are multiple BPOs present in the city. Teleperformance Baguio is headquartered in front of Sunshine Park, while other call centers downtown are Optimum Transsource, Sterling Global and Global Translogic. Others, like Convergys and InterContinental Hotels Group have call centers in Camp John Hay away from the city proper. Tech-Synergy operates a large transcription and backoffice operation near Wright park. SitelThoughtFocus Technologies, a leading US provider of Software and KPO services decided to set up its KPO operation center in Baguio.

In recent years there has been a surge of small BPO companies as well as Online English Tutorial Services throughout Baguio City.

Culture

Arts and Museums
Baguio Museum

The city became a haven for many Filipino artists in the 1970s–1990s. Drawn by the cool climate and low cost of living, artists such as Ben Cabrera (now a National Artist) and filmmaker Butch Perez relocated to the city. At the same time, locals such as mixed-media artist Santiago Bose and filmmaker Kidlat Tahimik were also establishing work in the city. Even today, artists like painters and sculptors from all over the country are drawn to the Baguio Arts Festival which is held annually.[29] The city houses several museums, such as the Baguio Museum, Museo Kordilyera, Emilio F. Aguinaldo Museum, the Laperal White House and the SLU Museum of Arts and Cultures.

Baguio has been included in UNESCO's Creative Cities Network due to craft and folk art traditions of the city particularly ranging on expressions to wood carving, silver craft, traditional weaving and tattooing.[60] Baguio City is the first city in the Philippines to be part of the inter-city network which aims to promote the creative industries as well as integrate culture in sustainable urban development.[61]

A float by the Scouts Royale Brotherhood used at the 2012 Panagbenga Festival

Languages

The languages commonly spoken in Baguio are Ibaloi, Kankana-ey and Ifugao. Ilocano, Tagalog and English are also understood by many inhabitants within and around the city.

Festivities and Holidays

The Panagbenga Festival, the annual Flower Festival, held in February, was created as a tribute to the city's flowers and as a way to rise up from the devastation of the 1990 Luzon earthquake. The festival includes floats that are covered mostly with flowers not unlike those used in Pasadena's Rose Parade. The festival also includes street dancing, presented by dancers clad in flower-inspired costumes, that is inspired by the Bendian, an Ibaloi dance of celebration that came from the Cordillera region. The indigenous people were initially wary with government-led tourism due to a perceived threat that the government would interfere with or change their communities' rituals.[62] The city also celebrates its city charter anniversary every 1 September and has been declared as a special non-working holiday by virtue of RA 6710 in 1989.[63]

Tourism
Further information: List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region
Burnham Park Lake

Tourism is one of Baguio's main industries due to its cool climate and history. The city is one of the country's top tourist destinations. During the year end holidays some people from the lowlands prefer spending their vacation in Baguio, to experience cold temperatures they rarely have in their home provinces. Also, during summer, especially during Holy Week, tourists from all over the country flock to the city. During this time, the total number of people in the city doubles.[64] To accommodate all these people there are more than 80 hotels and inns available, as well as numerous transient houses set up by the locals.[65] Local festivities such as the Panagbenga Festival also attracts both local and foreign tourists.

Baguio is the lone Philippine destination in the 2011 TripAdvisor Traveller's Choice Destinations Awards (Asia category) with the city being among the top 25 destinations in Asia.[66] Burnham Park, Mines View Park, Teacher's Camp, The Mansion and Baguio Cathedral are among the top tourist sites in Baguio.

Local government
Baguio City Hall
Baguio City Hall at night

Baguio—officially the City of Baguio—is a highly urbanized city. It is led by its own mayor, and he is assisted by the vice mayor. The vice mayor leads the city council, composed of 12 elected councilors and 2 ex-officio members (the ABC President and SK President of the city). It is represented in the House of Representatives by its own congressman, the city itself a lone district, separate from the province of Benguet. The city officials are term-limited by up to 3 terms, with each term lasting for 3 years.[67]

As a highly urbanized city with its own charter, it is not subject to the jurisdiction of Benguet province, of which it was formerly a part. The City Government holds office at the Baguio City Hall.

The city's government's composition as of June 30, 2019[68][69][70]

City Government of Baguio
Position Name Year elected Term no.
Congressman Marquez O. Go 2016 2
Mayor Benjamin B. Magalong 2019 1
Vice Mayor Faustino A. Olowan 2019 1
Councilor Joel A. Alangsab 2013 3
Councilor Benny O. Bomogao 2016 2
Councilor Betty Lourdes F. Tabanda 2019 1
Councilor Elaine D. Sembrano 2013 3
Councilor Maria Mylen Victoria G. Yaranon 2016 2
Councilor Isabelo B. Cosalan Jr. 2019 1
Councilor Francisco Roberto A. Ortega VI 2019 1
Councilor Arthur L. Allad-iw 2016 2
Councilor Vladimir D. Cayabas 2019 1
Councilor Fred L. Bagbagen 2019 1
Councilor Lilia A. Fariñas 2016 2
Councilor Phillian Louis Weygan-Allan 2019 1
Councilor
(ex-officio member)
ABC President		 Michael L. Lawana 2013 –
Councilor
(ex-officio member)
SK President		 Levy Lloyd B. Orcales 2018 –

Barangays

Baguio is composed of 129 barangays. They are led by their own captains assisted by a 7-man barangay council.[71]

  • A. Bonifacio-Caguioa-Rimando (ABCR)
  • Abanao-Zandueta-Kayong-Chugum-Otek (AZKCO)
  • Alfonso Tabora
  • Ambiong
  • Andres Bonifacio (Lower Bokawkan)
  • Apugan-Loakan
  • Asin Road
  • Atok Trail
  • Aurora Hill Proper (Malvar-Sgt. Floresca)
  • Aurora Hill, North Central
  • Aurora Hill, South Central
  • Bagong Lipunan (Market Area)
  • Bakakeng Central
  • Bakakeng North
  • Bal-Marcoville (Marcoville)
  • Balsigan
  • Bayan Park East
  • Bayan Park Village
  • Bayan Park West (Bayan Park, Leonila Hill)
  • BGH Compound
  • Brookside
  • Brookspoint
  • Cabinet Hill-Teacher's Camp
  • Camdas Subdivision
  • Camp 7
  • Camp 8
  • Camp Allen
  • Campo Filipino
  • City Camp Central
  • City Camp Proper
  • Country Club Village
  • Cresencia Village
  • Dagsian, Lower
  • Dagsian, Upper
  • Dizon Subdivision
  • Dominican Hill-Mirador
  • Dontogan
  • DPS Compound
  • Engineers' Hill
  • Fairview Village
  • Ferdinand (Happy Homes-Campo Sioco)
  • Fort del Pilar
  • Gabriela Silang
  • General Emilio F. Aguinaldo (Quirino‑Magsaysay, Lower)
  • General Luna, Upper
  • General Luna, Lower
  • Gibraltar
  • Greenwater Village
  • Guisad Central
  • Guisad Sorong
  • Happy Hollow
  • Happy Homes (Happy Homes-Lucban)
  • Harrison-Claudio Carantes
  • Hillside
  • Holy Ghost Extension
  • Holy Ghost Proper
  • Honeymoon (Honeymoon-Holy Ghost)
  • Imelda R. Marcos (La Salle)
  • Imelda Village
  • Irisan
  • Kabayanihan
  • Kagitingan
  • Kayang Extension
  • Kayang-Hilltop
  • Kias
  • Legarda-Burnham-Kisad
  • Liwanag-Loakan
  • Loakan Proper
  • Lopez Jaena
  • Lourdes Subdivision Extension
  • Lourdes Subdivision, Lower
  • Lourdes Subdivision, Proper
  • Lualhati
  • Lucnab
  • Magsaysay Private Road
  • Magsaysay, Lower
  • Magsaysay, Upper
  • Malcolm Square-Perfecto (Jose Abad Santos)
  • Manuel A. Roxas
  • Market Subdivision, Upper
  • Middle Quezon Hill Subdivision (Quezon Hill Middle)
  • Military Cut-off
  • Mines View Park
  • Modern Site, East
  • Modern Site, West
  • MRR-Queen of Peace
  • New Lucban
  • Outlook Drive
  • Pacdal
  • Padre Burgos
  • Padre Zamora
  • Palma-Urbano (Cariño-Palma)
  • Phil-Am
  • Pinget
  • Pinsao Pilot Project
  • Pinsao Proper
  • Poliwes
  • Pucsusan
  • Quezon Hill Proper
  • Quezon Hill, Upper
  • Quirino Hill, East
  • Quirino Hill, Lower
  • Quirino Hill, Middle
  • Quirino Hill, West
  • Quirino-Magsaysay, Upper (Upper QM)
  • Rizal Monument Area
  • Rock Quarry, Lower
  • Rock Quarry, Middle
  • Rock Quarry, Upper
  • Saint Joseph Village
  • Salud Mitra
  • San Antonio Village
  • San Luis Village
  • San Roque Village
  • San Vicente
  • Sanitary Camp, North
  • Sanitary Camp, South
  • Santa Escolastica
  • Santo Rosario
  • Santo Tomas Proper
  • Santo Tomas School Area
  • Scout Barrio
  • Session Road Area
  • Slaughter House Area (Santo Niño Slaughter)
  • SLU-SVP Housing Village
  • South Drive
  • Teodora Alonzo
  • Trancoville
  • Victoria Village

Proposed merger of barangays

A proposed merging of the city's 128 barangays had not been implemented since its inception in 2000. Several local officials stressed that many of the city's barangays did not comply with the minimum requirements in the Local Government Code of the Philippines that a highly urbanized city must have a certified population of least 5,000 inhabitants. According to Mayor Mauricio Domogan, in the past, benefits granted to local governments were based on the number of existing barangays. This led former local officials to create as many barangays as possible in the city in order to acquire additional benefits from the national government. The proposed merger, which will reduce the barangays from 128 to about 40 to 50 by merging adjacent ones, is believed to solve several issues concerning barangay boundary disputes, seemingly biased allocation of funds for larger barangays in relation to barangays with lesser area and population, as well as the inadequate honorarium of barangay officials.[72][73][74]

The Mansion - Summer Residence of the Philippine President

Summer residences

The city hosts the summer residences of the President, Vice President, Senate President and House Speaker at Barangay Lualhati, while the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals and the Cabinet Secretaries cottages are housed at Cabinet Hill.[75] The Supreme Court and Court of Appeals holds summer sessions in the city, usually during the month of April.[76]

Sports
Baguio Athletic Bowl

Baguio has hosted several sporting events, even those of international standing. The Baguio Athletic Bowl within the grounds of Burnham Park is one of Baguio's primary sporting venues. Baguio hosted the 1978 World Chess Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Viktor Korchnoi. The city is a participant in the CARAA games or the Cordillera Administrative Region Athletic Association, hosting it last 2016 and 2017. The winners of the said event will eventually represent the region in the annual Palarong Pambansa games, which is also sponsored by the Department of Education.[77] As of 2019, the city is still the overall champion with 205 gold, 110 silver and 79 bronze medals.[78][79]

Baguio City's CARAA medal tally
Year Elementary Division Secondary Division Total Rank
Gold Silver Bronze Rank Gold Silver Bronze Rank Gold Silver Bronze
2014[80] 79 36 18 Champion 125 53 21 Champion 204 89 39 Over-all Champion
2015[81] 67 22 28 Champion 130 70 39 Champion 197 92 67 Over-all Champion
2016[82] 88 35 30 Champion 124 56 49 Champion 212 91 79 Over-all Champion
2017[83] 85 45 21 Champion 147 67 38 Champion 232 112 59 Over-all Champion
2018[84] 76 35 23 Champion 146 67 38 Champion 222 102 61 Over-all Champion
2019[78] 70 36 25 Champion 135 74 54 Champion 205 110 79 Over-all Champion

In recent years, Baguio City has been racking up titles and medals in the field of Mixed Martial Arts led by Team Lakay.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Air
The Loakan Airport runway in the outskirts of the city

Loakan Airport is the lone airport serving the general area of Baguio. The airport is classified as a trunkline airport, or a major commercial domestic airport, by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines but there are currently no regular commercial services in the airport. It is located south of the city center. Due to the limited length of the runway, being only 1,802 m (5,912 ft) long, it is restricted to commuter size aircraft. The airport is used primarily by helicopters, turbo-prop and piston engine aircraft, although on rare occasion light business jets (LBJ) have flown into the airport.

Land
Session Road, one of Baguio's primary roads
Flyover in Baguio.

Jeepneys and Taxis are the main means of public transportation in the city. The jeepney was patterned after U.S. Army jeeps and have been in use since the years immediately following World War II. All types of public road transport plying Manila are privately owned and operated under government franchise.

Baguio outskirts overlooking Kennon Road and the mountains of Tuba

There are several bus lines linking Baguio with Manila and Central Luzon, and provinces such as Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Cavite, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya and those in the Ilocos regions.

From Metro Manila, Baguio is accessible via NLEX (from Bulacan to Tarlac) and TPLEX (from Tarlac to La Union). The three main access roads leading to Baguio from the lowlands are Kennon Road (formerly known as the Benguet Road),[85] Aspiras–Palispis Highway (previously known as Marcos Highway)[86] and Naguilian Road, also known as Quirino Highway. The newest road that connects the city to the lowlands is Asin Road (also known as Asin-San Pascual-Tubao, La Union Road).[87] All these roads traverse the municipality of Tuba, Benguet.

  • Kennon Road starts in Rosario, La Union and winds upwards through a narrow, steep valley. This is often the fastest route to Baguio but it is particularly perilous,[85] with landslides during the rainy season and sharp dropoffs, some without guardrails. As of June 2019, it was closed due to the multiple occurrences of rock and land slides. Its full rehabilitation is being pushed in the House of Representatives.
  • Aspiras-Palispis Highway starts in Agoo, La Union and connects to Palispis Highway, at the boundary of Benguet and La Union provinces.
  • Asin-Tubao Road starts in Tubao, La Union and serves as secondary alternative road if gridlock occurs at Aspiras-Palispis Highway[87][88]
  • Naguilian Road, which starts in Bauang, La Union, are both longer routes but are much safer than Kennon Road especially during rainy season, and are the preferred routes for coaches, buses and trucks.[89][90]

The Benguet-Nueva Vizcaya Road, which links Baguio to Aritao in Nueva Vizcaya province, traverses the towns of Itogon, Bokod, and Kayapa.[91]

Another road, Halsema Highway, (also known as the Baguio-Bontoc Road or the Mountain Trail) leads north through the mountainous portion of the provinces of Benguet and Mountain Province.[92] It starts at the northern border of Baguio with La Trinidad.

Possible Future Modes
  • Cable Cars - As of July 8, 2019, Secretary Tugade of the Department of Transportation said that the feasibility study for the installation of the cable cars in Manila may be finished within the year, with Baguio soon to follow.[93] The Philippine government earlier secured a P27 million grant from France for this venture, with Manila and Baguio seen as possible initial sites.[94]
  • Monorail - A monorail project from Baguio to La Trinidad is being mulled over by the SSS as a possible investment in CAR. It is seen to further boost tourism and decongest traffic. The project is similar to the one installed by the Department of Science and Technology at the UP Campus in 2012.[95]

Water and Electricity

Most of the water supply of the city is provided for by the Baguio Water District, founded in 1975 as the successor to the now-defunct Department of Public Services. It currently operates 60 deep wells to cater to its more than 300,000 consumers. It currently serves 122 out of the 129 barangays in the city and some parts of Tuba, Benguet.[96][97] In recent years, the BWD has expressed concern for the city's depleting water supply, due in part to the private wells dug by private individuals and companies. BWD hopes that such activities would cease so as not to lower the city's aquifer level.[97]

Electric services are provided by BENECO or Benguet Electric Cooperative, the sole electric power distributor in Benguet. In 2012, a bill was filled in the House of Representatives seeking the creating of the Baguio Electric Cooperative or BAELCO, an entity to provide for the city's own electricity needs, separate from BENECO. Its creating has been met with opposition by various groups. It is unknown whether its creation shall be pushed in the future.[98][99]

Healthcare
BGHMC-Baguio's sole government hospital

See also: List of hospitals in the Philippines

Baguio's healthcare is mainly provided by various private corporations. Private hospitals that operates in the city are the Baguio Filipino-Chinese General Hospital and Medical Research Center, Baguio Medical Center, BCU-Santo Niño de Jesus Medical Center Foundation, Notre Dame de Chartres Hospital, Pines City Doctors' Hospital and Saint Louis University's Hospital of Sacred Heart. In early 2019, several groups were eyeing to establish a hospital in Barangay Scout Barrio, however, it was met with opposition. As of March 2019, the project has been shelved.[100][101][102]

The Baguio City Health Services Office is the office responsible for the health care programs provided by the city government, operating 16 health centers and 15 satellite clinics. Baguio hosts the Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center or BGHMC, a tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated by the Department of Health. It is the sole government hospital in the city as well as the largest government tertiary hospital in the entire CAR region.[103][104]

Education
Baguio Central School
Baguio City National High School (BCNHS)
The Philippine Military Academy in Fort del Pilar

Baguio, considered as the "Educational Hub of the North", is a university town with 141,088 students out of the 301,926 population count done in the year 2007.

It is the center of education in the Northern Philippines due to high performances in various professional licensure exams as well as adherence to high educational quality standards, housing some of the best and largest universities in Northern Luzon.[105]

Elementary and Secondary

The city has several public and private elementary and secondary schools. Baguio City National High School and the Pines City National High School are some of its secondary public schools. The Philippine Science - CAR campus is also housed in the city and was established in 2009. Most of its secondary private schools are divisions of the private universities of the city.

Universities

The city houses eight major institutions of higher education. Baguio's first private school, Easter College, was set up in 1906 by Rt.Rev. Charles Brent, who was Bishop of the Episcopalian Church.

The Philippine Military Academy, the country's military school, is also housed in the city. It was originally founded in the Walled City of Intramuros in 1907, before relocating to the city in 1908 where it has been since.

Saint Louis University

Saint Louis University, the largest private university both in the city and in the entire region, catering to over 40,000 students, was founded by Belgian CICM missionaries in 1911 initially as a one-storey school for boys. It became a college in the 1950s before becoming a university in 1963. It currently has 3 campuses spread across the city.

The University of the Philippines, the country's premier state university, opened its doors in 1921 to the students of Baguio, initially as an extension campus of the University of the Philippines' Manila's Vigan campus. In 1961, it became a branch campus of UP Diliman, before finally becoming UP Baguio in 2002.

Baguio Central University was funded in 1945 as the Centro Academy by the Fernandez family. The following year, another educational institution, the University of the Cordilleras was established as the Baguio Colleges before becoming the Baguio Colleges Foundation. It became a full-fledged university in 2003. The University of Baguio was set up as the Baguio Technical and Commercial Institute in 1948 by the Baustista family. It was upgraded to university status in 1969.

Mainly a nursing and medical school, Pines City Colleges was founded in 1969 as the Pines City Doctors Hospital School of Nursing, three years after the opening of Pines City Doctors' Hospital in 1966.

Notable people
Main article: List of people from Baguio

Sister cities

Local

International
gollark: News sites: they have a few kilobytes of text a page. They do not need to download megabytes of JS to render that, because the HTML renderer is perfectly good.
gollark: This is in fact something HTML is capable of.
gollark: I mean, webapps are a thing which exists, but a lot of sites... aren't that, and just need to render some text and images.
gollark: (always)
gollark: Also, I have a perfectly good solution for much of the modern internet: just don't use JS and switch to plain CSS/HTML. You do not actually need it.

See also

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