Western Canada

Western Canada, also referred to as the Western provinces and more commonly known as the West, is a region of Canada that includes the four provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.[3] British Columbia is culturally, economically, geographically, and politically distinct from the other parts of Western Canada and is often referred to as the "west coast" or "Pacific Canada", while Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba sometimes form a subset together as the Prairie Provinces (commonly known as "The Prairies").

Western Canada

Ouest canadien
Region
Western Canada, defined politically
CountryCanada
ProvincesBritish Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Area
 • Total2,703,159 km2 (1,043,696 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total11,091,947
 • Density4.1/km2 (11/sq mi)

Capital cities

The capital cities of the four western provinces, from west to east, are Victoria (British Columbia), Edmonton (Alberta), Regina (Saskatchewan) and Winnipeg (Manitoba). With the exception of Winnipeg, which is the largest city in Manitoba, all other provincial capitals of the Western Provinces are located in the second-largest metropolitan areas of their respective province.

Constitutional history
Main article: Constitutional history of Canada

Western Canada is the traditional territory of numerous First Nations predating the arrival of Europeans. As Britain colonized the west, it established treaties with various First Nations, took control of other areas without opposition and fought with other First Nations to take control of Western Canada. Not all lands were ceded by the First Nations to British control and land claims are still ongoing.

In 1858, the British government established the Colony of British Columbia, governing that part of Canada still known as British Columbia. The British government also established the Hudson's Bay Company which controlled most of the current area of Western Canada, northern Ontario and northern Quebec, the area known as Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory. In 1870, the British government transferred the lands of the company to Canada. The area of Western Canada not within British Columbia was established as the Northwest Territories under Canadian control. The Western Canadian provinces other than British Columbia were established from areas of the Northwest Territories:

  • Manitoba established as a province of Canada in 1870, following the enacting of the Manitoba Act.[4][5]
  • British Columbia: Under terms that Canada would absorb the colony's debt, would begin to subsidize public work, and would begin to construct a railway allowing travel from British Columbia to Ontario, British Columbia agreed to join Canadian confederation in 1871.[4][6]
  • Saskatchewan: Established as province in 1905, with the implementation of the Saskatchewan Act.[4][7]
  • Alberta: In 1905, the same year as Saskatchewan, Alberta also was established as province. Just like Saskatchewan had the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta had the Alberta Act.[4][8]

Demographics
Calgary is the largest municipality by population in western Canada.

As of the 2016 Census, the total population of Western Canada was nearly 11.1 million, including approximately 4.65 million in British Columbia, 4.07 million in Alberta, 1.1 million in Saskatchewan, and 1.28 million in Manitoba.[2] This represents 31.5% of Canada's population.[3] While Vancouver serves as the largest metropolitan area in Western Canada at nearly 2.5 million people,[9] Calgary serves as the largest municipality at over 1.2 million people.[10]

Census metropolitan areas
Vancouver is the largest census metropolitan area by population in western Canada.
View of Edmonton's central business district in 2018
Centred on the intersection of Portage and Main, Downtown Winnipeg is the city's central business district.

As of the 2016 Census, Statistics Canada recognized ten census metropolitan areas within Western Canada, including four in British Columbia, three in Alberta, two in Saskatchewan, and one in Manitoba.[11] The following is a list of these areas and their populations as of 2016.

From 2011 to 2016, the fastest growing CMAs in the country were the five located in Alberta and Saskatchewan: Calgary (+14.6%), Edmonton (+13.9%), Saskatoon (+12.5%), Regina (+11.8%) and Lethbridge (+10.8%). These were the only CMAs in the country to register growth over 10%. The three fastest growing CMAs - Calgary, Edmonton, and Saskatoon - were unchanged from the previous intercensal period.[12]

Name Population
(2016)[13]		 National
rank[14]
Vancouver2,463,4313
Calgary1,392,6094
Edmonton1,321,4266
Winnipeg778,4898
Victoria367,77015
Saskatoon295,09517
Regina236,48118
Kelowna194,88222
Abbotsford–Mission180,51823
Lethbridge117,39434

Geography
Badlands in Southern Saskatchewan

Western Canada consists of the country's four westernmost provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. It covers 2.9 million square kilometres – almost 29% of Canada's land area. British Columbia adjoins the Pacific Ocean to the west, while Manitoba has a coastline on Hudson Bay in its northeast of the province. Both Alberta and Saskatchewan are landlocked between British Columbia and Manitoba.

The Canadian Prairies are part of a vast sedimentary plain covering much of Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba. The prairies form a significant portion of the land area of Western Canada. The plains generally describes the expanses of largely flat, arable agricultural land which sustain extensive grain farming operations in the southern part of the provinces. Despite this, some areas such as the Cypress Hills and Alberta Badlands are quite hilly and the prairie provinces contain large areas of forest such as the Mid-Continental Canadian forests.

In Alberta and British Columbia, the Canadian Cordillera is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

The Canadian Rockies are part of a major continental divide that extends north and south through western North America and western South America. The continental divide also defines much of the border between Alberta and British Columbia. The Columbia and the Fraser Rivers have their headwaters in the Canadian Rockies and are the second- and third-largest rivers, respectively, to drain to the west coast of North America. To the west of their headwaters, across the Rocky Mountain Trench, is a second belt of mountains, the Columbia Mountains, comprising the Selkirk, Purcell, Monashee and Cariboo Mountains sub-ranges.

Peyto Lake in Banff National Park, Alberta

Climate
Köppen climate types in Western Canada

The coast of British Columbia enjoys a moderate oceanic climate because of the influence of the Pacific Ocean. Winters are typically wet and summers relatively dry. These areas enjoy the mildest winter weather in all of Canada, as temperatures rarely fall much below the freezing mark. The mountainous Interior of the province is drier and has colder winters, but experiences hotter summers than the more moderate coastal areas. Lytton, British Columbia, a small town that sits at the confluence of the Thompson River and Fraser River recorded the second-hottest temperature in Canada at 44.4 °C (111.9 °F) observed on July 16 and 17, 1941,[15] and is regularly referred as Canada's hot spot in summer with temperatures easily reaching the mid to high 30 °C 's (upper 90s to low 100s °F) in July and August and sometimes top 40 °C (104 °F).

Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. Winters are generally quite cold, though some areas can experience a phenomenon known as the "Chinook wind," wherein warm winds raise the winter temperatures temporarily. In contrast, summers can fluctuate from cool to hot and are generally wetter.

Saskatchewan and Manitoba have a continental climate and experience extremes in weather. Winters in both provinces can be classified as harsh with Arctic winds and −40 °C (−40 °F) temperatures possible. Winter temperatures in both provinces average between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F). In contrast, summers can be hot with temperatures exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) at least once per year in most locations. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Canada was 45 °C (113 °F), observed in 1937 at the weather stations of Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan and neighbouring Midale.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for 7 largest cities in Western Canada
City July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Calgary[16]23/973/48−1/−1327/5
Edmonton[17]23/1273/54−6/−1421/5
Regina[18]26/1179/52-10/-2214/-8
Saskatoon[19]25/1177/52-12/-2210/-8
Winnipeg[20]26/1379/55−13/−209/−4
Vancouver[21]22/1371/546/143/33
Victoria[22]22/1171/517/144/33

Politics

Federal politics
2019 Canadian Federal Election results by riding for Western Canada.

In Canadian politics, the Conservative leanings of Western Canadians has been known for quite some time, as contrasted with the greater tendencies for candidates from either the Liberal Party of Canada or the New Democratic Party (NDP) to be elected in Central and Atlantic Canada. Exceptions exist, particularly in British Columbia, as well as in the prairie city of Winnipeg, and where the Liberal Party hold seats. The social democratic NDP had its origins on the Canadian Prairies and in the mining and pulp mill towns and railway camps of British Columbia and has a history of support in Manitoba and British Columbia.

The western provinces are represented in the Parliament of Canada by 104 Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons (British Columbia 42, Alberta 34, Saskatchewan and Manitoba 14 each) and 24 senators (6 from each province). Currently, of the 104 western MPs in the Commons, 71 are Conservatives, the New Democrats and Liberals have 15 seats respectively, 2 are Green, and one independent.

2019 Federal Election Results for Western Canada
Party name BC AB SK MB Total
     Liberal Seats: 11 - - 4 15
Vote: 26.1 13.7 11.6 26.2 –
     Conservative Seats: 17 33 14 7 71
Vote: 34.0 69.2 64.3 45.8 –
     New Democratic Party Seats: 11 1 - 3 14
Vote: 24.4 11.5 19.5 20.6 –
     Green Seats: 2 – – – 1
Vote: 12.4 2.8 2.5 5.0 –
     Independent and no affiliation Seats: 1 – – – 1
Vote: 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 –
Total seats 42 34 14 14 104
2019 Federal Election Seat Results for Western Canada
71 15 15 2 1
Conservative Liberal New Democratic Gr. Ind.
2015 Federal Election Seat Results for Western Canada
54 29 20 1
Conservative Liberal New Democratic Gr.
2011 Federal Election Seat Results for Western Canada
72 15 4 1
Conservative NDP Liberal Gr.
2008 Federal Election Seat Results for Western Canada
71 14 7
Conservative NDP Liberal
2006 Federal Election Seat Results for Western Canada
65 14 13
Conservative Liberal NDP
2004 Federal Election Seat Results for Western Canada
68 14 9 1
Conservative Liberal NDP Ind.
2000 Federal Election Seat Results for Western Canada
64 14 8 2
Canadian Alliance Liberal NDP PC
1997 Federal Election Seat Results for Western Canada
60 15 12 1
Reform Liberal NDP PC

Provincial politics

Regarding provincial politics, from May 2001 to June 2017, the British Columbia Liberal Party formed the provincial government in British Columbia, though despite the name is not formally allied with the federal Liberal Party and is widely seen as conservative in nature and is composed of elements from the federal Conservative Party's right-wing, including many ex-Reform Party supporters. Following the 2017 provincial election in British Columbia, the British Columbia New Democratic Party formed a minority government with the support of the British Columbia Green Party, following the defeat of Christy Clark's BC Liberal Party government by a confidence vote in the legislature. Manitoba holds a majority Conservative government as does Saskatchewan with the Saskatchewan Party. The United Conservative Party holds a landslide majority government in Alberta.

Since at least the 1930s, economic conditions have contributed to a net emigration from Manitoba and Saskatchewan to Alberta and British Columbia, which have generally provided greater employment opportunities and higher living standards. The population of Saskatchewan is only slightly larger than it was in 1931. This trend of net emigration in both provinces is reversing because of a lower cost of living than Alberta and BC.

  • Provincial Legislatures
  • British Columbia's legislature. The Greens, Liberals and NDP are represented by green, red and orange respectively.
  • Alberta's legislature. The NDP and United Conservatives are represented by orange and dark blue respectively.
  • Saskatchewan's legislature. The NDP and Saskatchewan Party are represented by orange and green respectively.
  • Manitoba's legislature. The Liberals, NDP and Progressive Conservatives are represented by red, orange and blue respectively.

Western alienation
Main article: Western alienation

Western alienation refers to the notion that western Canada has been excluded economically and politically from the rest of Canada.

Senate reform

The West has been the most vocal in calls for reform of the Senate, in which Ontario, Quebec, and particularly Atlantic Canada are seen by some westerners as being over-represented. The population of Ontario alone (13.1 million) exceeds that of all the Western provinces combined. The total population of Atlantic Canada, however, is 2.3 million, and this region is represented by 30 senators. Thus, Ontario is under-represented, Quebec has representation proportional to its population and the Atlantic provinces are over-represented. Westerners have advocated the so-called Triple-E Senate, which stands for "equal, elected, effective." They feel if all 10 provinces were allotted an equal number of senators, if those senators were elected instead of appointed, and if the Senate were a body that had more direct political power (for example via an arrangement more similar to the structure of the Australian Senate or the United States Senate rather than the UK model), then their region would have more of its concerns addressed at the federal level. Other westerners find this approach simplistic and either advocate keeping the status quo or may support other models for senate reform. The combination of all of these issues has led to the concept known as Western alienation, as well as calls for Western Canada independence by various fringe groups.

Economy
Pipelines allow Western Canada to export oil and gas.
Vineyards in British Columbia

Energy and agriculture are Western Canada's dominant industries – and this region, with only 11 million inhabitants, is one of the world's largest net exporters of both energy and agricultural commodities. Approximate breakdown:[23]

Energy:

  • Oil (13% of world reserves; 4% of world production)
  • Uranium (8% of world reserves; 20% of world production)

Agriculture:

  • Potash (60% of world reserves; 30% of world production)
  • Wheat, coarse grains, oilseeds (21% of the world export market for wheat; 10% for oilseeds)
  • Farmland (80% of Canadian total)
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See also

References
  1. "Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2011 Census". Population and dwelling counts. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
  2. "Census Profile, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 censuses". Statistics Canada. 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
  3. "The Canadian Population in 2011: Population Counts and Growth" (PDF) (PDF). Statistics Canada. February 2012. ISBN 978-1-100-19962-7. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  4. Adam Dodek (2013). The Canadian Constitution. Dundurn. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4597-0932-4.
  5. Kennedy, W.P.M. "Statutes, treaties and documents of the Canadian Constitution, 1713- 1929". Early Canadiana Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  6. "British Columbia". Canada in the Making: Constitutional History. Early Canadiana Online. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  7. "Saskatchewan". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  8. "1867-1931: Canada in the Making". Canada in the Making: Constitutional History. Early Canadiana Online. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  9. "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2016 and 2011 censuses". Statistics Canada. February 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  10. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. February 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  11. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses". Statistics Canada. February 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  12. Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "The Daily — Population size and growth in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census". www.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  13. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses". Statistics Canada. February 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  14. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses". Statistics Canada. February 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  15. Daily Data Report for July 1941
  16. "Calgary International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  17. "Edmonton City Centre Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010. Environment Canada. August 19, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  18. "Regina International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  19. "Saskatoon Diefenbaker International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  20. "Winnipeg Richardson International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
  21. "1981 to 2010 Canadian Climate Normals". Environment Canada. 2015-09-22. Climate ID: 1108447. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
  22. "Victoria Gonzales Heights". Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000. Environment Canada. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  23. Enquirica Research – Canada’s Bifurcated Economy Archived October 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

The dictionary definition of Western Canada at Wiktionary Media related to Western Canada at Wikimedia Commons

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