Amundsen Sea

The Amundsen Sea, an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica, lies between Cape Flying Fish (the northwestern tip of Thurston Island) to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. Cape Flying Fish marks the boundary between the Amundsen Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea. West of Cape Dart there is no named marginal sea of the Southern Ocean between the Amundsen and Ross Seas. The Norwegian expedition of 1928–1929 under Captain Nils Larsen named the body of water for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen while exploring this area in February 1929.[1]

Not to be confused with the Amundsen Gulf.
The Amundsen Sea area of Antarctica
Antarctic iceberg, Amundsen Sea

The sea is mostly ice-covered, and the Thwaites Ice Tongue protrudes into it. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; roughly the size of the state of Texas, this area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice-drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Amundsen Sea Embayment
See also: Rossby wave § Oceanic waves
Large B-22 iceberg breaking off from Thwaites Glacier and remnants of the B-21 iceberg from Pine Island Glacier in Pine Island Bay to the right of the image

The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about 3 km (1.9 mi) in thickness; is roughly the size of the state of Texas and the area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); it forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the others being the Ross Sea Embayment and the Weddell Sea Embayment. In March 2007, scientists studying the ASE through satellite and airborne surveys announced a significant thinning of the ASE, due to shifts in wind patterns that allow warmer waters to flow beneath the ice sheet.

Some scientists have proposed that this region may be a "weak underbelly" of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers, which both flow into the Amundsen Sea, are two of Antarctica's largest five. Scientists have found that the flow of these glaciers has increased in recent years, if they were to melt completely global sea levels would rise by about 0.9–1.9 m (1–2 yards). Scientist have suggested that the loss of these glaciers would destabilise the entire West Antarctic ice sheet and possibly sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.[2]

A study in October 2004 suggested that because the ice in the Amundsen Sea had been melting rapidly and riven with cracks, the offshore ice shelf was set to collapse "within five years". The study projected a sea level rise of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if all the sea ice in the Amundsen Sea melted.[3]

Measurements made by the British Antarctic Survey in 2005 showed that the ice discharge rate into the Amundsen Sea embayment was about 250 km3 per year. Assuming a steady rate of discharge, this alone is sufficient to raise global sea levels by 0.2 mm per year.[4]

A subglacial volcano has also been detected in the area, just north of the Pine Island Glacier near the Hudson Mountains. It last erupted approximately 2,200 years ago, indicated by widespread ash deposits within the ice, in what was the largest known eruption in Antarctica within the past 10 millennia.[5][6] Volcanic activity in the region may be contributing to the observed increase of glacial flow,[7] although currently the most popular theory amongst the scientists studying this area is that the flow has increased due to warming ocean water.[8][9] This water has warmed due to an upwelling of deep ocean water which is due to variations in pressure systems, which could have been affected by global warming.[10]

Amundsen Sea as part of the Southern Ocean

In January 2010, a modelling study suggested that the "tipping point" for Pine Island Glacier may have been passed in 1996, with a retreat of 200 km possible by 2100, producing a corresponding 24 cm (0.79 ft) of sea level rise, although it was suggested that these estimates for timespan were conservative.[11] However, the modelling study also states that "Given the complex, three-dimensional nature of the real Pine Island glacier ... it should be clear that the [...] model is a very crude representation of reality."[12]

Pine Island Bay

Pine Island Bay (74°50′S 102°40′W) is a bay about 40 miles (64 km) long and 30 miles (48 km) wide, into which flows the ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast extremity of the Amundsen Sea. It was delineated from aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump in December 1946, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for the USS Pine Island, seaplane tender and flagship of the eastern task group of USN Operation Highjump which explored this area.[13]

Russell Bay

Russell Bay (73°27′S 123°54′W) is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea, extending along the north sides of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations during the post 1957–58 IGY period.[14]

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References
  1. "Amundsen Sea". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  2. Pearce, Fred (2007). With Speed and Violence: Why scientists fear tipping points in climate change. Beacon Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8070-8576-9.
  3. Flannery, Tim F. (2006). The Weather Makers: How man is changing the climate and what it means for life on Earth. HarperCollins. pp. 356. ISBN 978-0-00-200751-1.
  4. Strom, Robert (2007). "The Melting Earth". Hot House: Global Climate Change and the Human Condition. Coprenicus Books. p. 302.
  5. Black, Richard (20 January 2008). "Ancient Antarctic eruption noted". BBC News. London: BBC. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  6. Corr, H. F. J.; Vaughan, D. G. (2008). "A recent volcanic eruption beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet". Nature Geoscience. 1 (2): 122–125. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..122C. doi:10.1038/ngeo106.
  7. Mosher, Dave (20 January 2008). "Buried Volcano Discovered in Antarctica". Imaginova Corp. LiveScience.com. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
  8. Payne, A. J.; Vieli, A.; Shepherd, A. P.; Wingham, D. J.; Rignot, E. (2004). "Recent dramatic thinning of largest West Antarctic ice stream triggered by oceans". Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (23): L23401. Bibcode:2004GeoRL..3123401P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1001.6901. doi:10.1029/2004GL021284.
  9. Shepherd, A. P.; Wingham, D. J.; Rignot, E. (2004). "Warm ocean is eroding West Antarctic Ice Sheet" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (23): L23402. Bibcode:2004GeoRL..3123402S. doi:10.1029/2004GL021106.
  10. Thoma, M.; Jenkins, A.; Holland, D.; Jacobs, S. (2008). "Modelling Circumpolar Deep Water intrusions on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, Antarctica" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 35 (18): L18602. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3518602T. doi:10.1029/2008GL034939.
  11. Barley, Shanta (13 January 2010). "Major Antarctic glacier is 'past its tipping point'". Reed Business Information Ltd. New Scientist. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  12. Katz, R. F.; Worster, M.G. (2010). "Stability of ice sheet grounding lines". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 466 (2118): 1597. Bibcode:2010RSPSA.466.1597K. doi:10.1098/rspa.2009.0434.
  13. "Pine Island Bay". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  14. "Russell Bay". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  • Lubin, Dan; Massom, Robert (2006). Polar Remote Sensing. New York: Springer.
  • Schnellnhuber, Hans Joachim, ed. (2006). Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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