Alberta

Alberta (/ælˈbɜːrtə/) is a province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,067,175 people as of the 2016 census,[1] it is Canada's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Its area is about 660,000 square kilometres (250,000 sq mi). Alberta and Saskatchewan were formerly districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1, 1905.[6]

This article is about the Canadian province. For other uses, see Alberta (disambiguation).

Alberta
Province
Flag Coat of arms
Motto(s):  Latin: Fortis et liber ("Strong and free")
BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU
Coordinates: 54°59′30″N 114°22′36″W
Country	Canada
Confederation	September 1, 1905 (split from Northwest Territories) (8th/9th, with Saskatchewan)
Capital	Edmonton
Largest city	Calgary
Largest metro	Calgary Region
Government
• Type	Constitutional monarchy
• Lieutenant governor	Salma Lakhani
• Premier	Jason Kenney (UCP)
Legislature	Legislative Assembly of Alberta
Federal representation	Parliament of Canada
House seats	34 of 338 (10.1%)
Senate seats	6 of 105 (5.7%)
Area
• Total	661,848 km^2 (255,541 sq mi)
• Land	640,081 km^2 (247,137 sq mi)
• Water	19,531 km^2 (7,541 sq mi)  3%
Area rank	Ranked 6th
	6.6% of Canada
Population  (2016)
• Total	4,067,175 [1]
• Estimate  (2020 Q2)	4,428,247 [2]
• Rank	Ranked 4th
• Density	6.35/km^2 (16.4/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Albertan
Official languages	English[3] French (de jure)[3]
GDP
• Rank	3rd
• Total (2015)	C$326.433 billion[4]
• Per capita	C$78,100 (2nd)
HDI
• HDI (2018)	0.940[5] — Very high (1st)
Time zone	Mountain: UTC-7, (DST−6)
Postal abbr.	AB
Postal code prefix	T
ISO 3166 code	CA-AB
Flower	Wild rose
Tree	Lodgepole pine
Bird	Great horned owl
Website	www.alberta.ca
Rankings include all provinces and territories

Alberta is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U.S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state. It is also one of only two landlocked provinces in the country. The province has a predominantly humid continental climate, with stark contrasts over a year; but seasonal temperature average swings are smaller than in areas further east, due to winters being warmed by occasional chinook winds bringing sudden warming.[7]

Alberta's capital, Edmonton, is near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada's crude oil, the Athabasca oil sands and other northern resource industries.[8]

About 290 km (180 mi) south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta. Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta's two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million,[9] while the province has 16 census agglomerations.[10]

Tourist destinations in the province include: Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Sylvan Lake and Lake Louise. Alberta is home to six UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, Dinosaur Provincial Park, the Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Waterton–Glacier International Peace Park, Wood Buffalo National Park, and Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai'pi.

Etymology

Alberta was named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta (1848–1939),[11] the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Governor General of Canada (1878–83). Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour.[12][13] The name "Alberta" itself is a feminine Latinized form of the name Albert (cf. masculine Albertus in Medieval Latin) and its Germanic cognates, ultimately derived from Proto-Germanic *Aþalaberhtaz (compound of "noble" + "bright/famous").[14][15]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Alberta

Topographic map of Alberta

A topographic map of Alberta, showing cities, towns, municipal district (county) and rural municipality borders, and natural features.

Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km² (255,500 sq mi), is the fourth-largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia.[16]

Alberta's southern border is the 49th parallel north, which separates it from the U.S. state of Montana; while the 60th parallel north divides it from the Northwest Territories. The 110th meridian west separates it from the province of Saskatchewan; while on the west its boundary with British Columbia follows the 120th meridian west south from the Northwest Territories at 60°N until it reaches the Continental Divide at the Rocky Mountains, and from that point follows the line of peaks marking the Continental Divide in a generally southeasterly direction until it reaches the Montana border at 49°N.[17]

The province extends 1,223 km (760 mi) north to south and 660 km (410 mi) east to west at its maximum width. Its highest point is 3,747 m (12,293 ft) at the summit of Mount Columbia in the Rocky Mountains along the southwest border while its lowest point is 152 m (499 ft) on the Slave River in Wood Buffalo National Park in the northeast.[18]

With the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing and a range of water sports. There are three large lakes, Lake Claire (1,436 km² (554 sq mi)) in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake (1,168 km² (451 sq mi)), and Lake Athabasca (7,898 square kilometres (3,049 sq mi)) which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km (956 mi) from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca.[19]

The largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m³/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River.

Alberta's capital city, Edmonton, is located at about the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly major city in Canada, and serves as a gateway and hub for resource development in northern Canada. The region, with its proximity to Canada's largest oil fields, has most of western Canada's oil refinery capacity. Calgary is about 280 km (170 mi) south of Edmonton and 240 km (150 mi) north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the province's population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the railroads served as a means to populate the province in its early years.[20]

Moraine Lake at Banff National Park. The Alberta Mountain forests makes up the southwestern boundary of Alberta.

Most of the northern half of the province is boreal forest, while the Rocky Mountains along the southwestern boundary are largely forested (see Alberta Mountain forests and Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests). The southern quarter of the province is prairie, ranging from shortgrass prairie in the southeastern corner to mixed grass prairie in an arc to the west and north of it. The central aspen parkland region extending in a broad arc between the prairies and the forests, from Calgary, north to Edmonton, and then east to Lloydminster, contains the most fertile soil in the province and most of the population. Much of the unforested part of Alberta is given over either to grain or to dairy farming, with mixed farming more common in the north and centre, while ranching and irrigated agriculture predominate in the south.[21]

The Alberta badlands are located in southeastern Alberta, where the Red Deer River crosses the flat prairie and farmland, and features deep canyons and striking landforms. Dinosaur Provincial Park, near Brooks, Alberta, showcases the badlands terrain, desert flora, and remnants from Alberta's past when dinosaurs roamed the then lush landscape.

Climate

Alberta has a humid continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. As the fronts between the air masses shift north and south across Alberta, the temperature can change rapidly. Arctic air masses in the winter produce extreme minimum temperatures varying from −54 °C (−65 °F) in northern Alberta to −46 °C (−51 °F) in southern Alberta, although temperatures at these extremes are rare.

Köppen climate types in Alberta

In the summer, continental air masses have produced record maximum temperatures from 32 °C (90 °F) in the mountains to over 40 °C (104 °F) in southeastern Alberta.[22] Alberta is a sunny province. Annual bright sunshine totals range between 1,900 up to just under 2,600 hours per year. Northern Alberta gets about 18 hours of daylight in the summer.[22]

Alberta extends for over 1,200 km (750 mi) from north to south; its climate, therefore, varies considerably. Average high temperatures in January range from 0 °C (32 °F) in the southwest to −24 °C (−11 °F) in the far north. The climate is also influenced by the presence of the Rocky Mountains to the southwest, which disrupt the flow of the prevailing westerly winds and cause them to drop most of their moisture on the western slopes of the mountain ranges before reaching the province, casting a rain shadow over much of Alberta. The northerly location and isolation from the weather systems of the Pacific Ocean cause Alberta to have a dry climate with little moderation from the ocean. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm (12 in) in the southeast to 450 mm (18 in) in the north, except in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains where total precipitation including snowfall can reach 600 mm (24 in) annually.[18][23]

The province is the namesake of the Alberta clipper, a type of intense, fast-moving winter storm that generally forms over or near the province and pushed with great speed by the continental polar jetstream descends over the rest of Southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States.[24]

In the summer, the average daytime temperatures range from around 21 °C (70 °F) in the Rocky Mountain valleys and far north, up to around 28 °C (82 °F) in the dry prairie of the southeast. The northern and western parts of the province experience higher rainfall and lower evaporation rates caused by cooler summer temperatures. The south and east-central portions are prone to drought-like conditions sometimes persisting for several years, although even these areas can receive heavy precipitation, sometimes resulting in flooding.

In southwestern Alberta, the cold winters are frequently interrupted by warm, dry chinook winds blowing from the mountains, which can propel temperatures upward from frigid conditions to well above the freezing point in a very short period. During one chinook recorded at Pincher Creek, temperatures soared from −19 to 22 °C (−2.2 to 72 °F) in just one hour.[18] The region around Lethbridge has the most chinooks, averaging 30 to 35 chinook days per year. Calgary has a 56% chance of a white Christmas, while Edmonton has an 86% chance.[25]

Southeastern Alberta features a semi-arid steppe climate.

Northern Alberta is mostly covered by boreal forest and has a subarctic climate. The agricultural area of southern Alberta has a semi-arid steppe climate because the annual precipitation is less than the water that evaporates or is used by plants. The southeastern corner of Alberta, part of the Palliser Triangle, experiences greater summer heat and lower rainfall than the rest of the province, and as a result suffers frequent crop yield problems and occasional severe droughts. Western Alberta is protected by the mountains and enjoys the mild temperatures brought by winter chinook winds. Central and parts of northwestern Alberta in the Peace River region are largely aspen parkland, a biome transitional between prairie to the south and boreal forest to the north.

After Saskatchewan, Alberta experiences the most tornadoes in Canada with an average of 15 verified per year.[26] Thunderstorms, some of them severe, are frequent in the summer, especially in central and southern Alberta. The region surrounding the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is notable for having the highest frequency of hail in Canada, which is caused by orographic lifting from the nearby Rocky Mountains, enhancing the updraft/downdraft cycle necessary for the formation of hail.

Climate averages for communities in Alberta[27]

Community	Region	July daily maximum[27]	January daily maximum[27]	Annual precipitation[27]	Plant hardiness zone[28]
Medicine Hat	Southern Alberta	28 °C (82 °F)	−3 °C (27 °F)	323 millimetres (13 in)	4b
Brooks	Southern Alberta	28 °C (82 °F)	−4 °C (25 °F)	301 millimetres (12 in)	4a
Lethbridge	Southern Alberta	26 °C (79 °F)	0 °C (32 °F)	380 millimetres (15 in)	4b
Fort McMurray	Northern Alberta	24 °C (75 °F)	−12 °C (10 °F)	419 millimetres (16 in)	3a
Wetaskiwin	Central Alberta	24 °C (75 °F)	−5 °C (23 °F)	497 millimetres (20 in)	3b
Edmonton	Edmonton Metropolitan Region	23 °C (73 °F)	−6 °C (21 °F)	456 millimetres (18 in)	4a
Cold Lake	Northern Alberta	23 °C (73 °F)	−10 °C (14 °F)	421 millimetres (17 in)	3a
Camrose	Central Alberta	23 °C (73 °F)	−6 °C (21 °F)	438 millimetres (17 in)	3b
Fort Saskatchewan	Edmonton Metropolitan Region	23 °C (73 °F)	−7 °C (19 °F)	455 millimetres (18 in)	3b
Lloydminster	Central Alberta	23 °C (73 °F)	−10 °C (14 °F)	409 millimetres (16 in)	3a
Red Deer	Central Alberta	23 °C (73 °F)	−5 °C (23 °F)	486 millimetres (19 in)	4a
Grande Prairie	Northern Alberta	23 °C (73 °F)	−8 °C (18 °F)	445 millimetres (18 in)	3b
Leduc	Edmonton Metropolitan Region	23 °C (73 °F)	−6 °C (21 °F)	446 millimetres (18 in)	3b
Calgary	Calgary Region	23 °C (73 °F)	−1 °C (30 °F)	419 millimetres (16 in)	4a
Chestermere	Calgary Metropolitan Region	23 °C (73 °F)	−3 °C (27 °F)	412 millimetres (16 in)	3b
St. Albert	Edmonton Metropolitan Region	22 °C (72 °F)	−6 °C (21 °F)	466 millimetres (18 in)	4a
Lacombe	Central Alberta	22 °C (72 °F)	−5 °C (23 °F)	446 millimetres (18 in)	3b

Ecology

Flora

The wild rose is the provincial flower of Alberta.

In central and northern Alberta the arrival of spring is marked by the early flowering of the prairie crocus anemone; this member of the buttercup family has been recorded flowering as early as March, though April is the usual month for the general population.[29] Other prairie flora known to flower early are the golden bean and wild rose.[30] Members of the sunflower family blossom on the prairie in the summer months between July and September.[31] The southern and east central parts of Alberta are covered by short prairie grass,[32] which dries up as summer lengthens, to be replaced by hardy perennials such as the prairie coneflower, fleabane, and sage. Both yellow and white sweet clover can be found throughout the southern and central areas of the province.

The trees in the parkland region of the province grow in clumps and belts on the hillsides. These are largely deciduous, typically aspen, poplar, and willow. Many species of willow and other shrubs grow in virtually any terrain. On the north side of the North Saskatchewan River evergreen forests prevail for thousands of square kilometres. Aspen poplar, balsam poplar (or in some parts cottonwood), and paper birch are the primary large deciduous species. Conifers include jack pine, Rocky Mountain pine, lodgepole pine, both white and black spruce, and the deciduous conifer tamarack.

Fauna

A bighorner in Kananaskis Country. The bighorn sheep is the provincial mammal of Alberta.

The four climatic regions (alpine, boreal forest, parkland, and prairie) of Alberta are home to many different species of animals. The south and central prairie was the land of the bison, commonly known as buffalo, its grasses providing pasture and breeding ground for millions of buffalo. The buffalo population was decimated during early settlement, but since then buffalo have made a comeback, living on farms and in parks all over Alberta.

Herbivorous animals are found throughout the province. Moose, mule deer, elk, and white-tailed deer are found in the wooded regions, and pronghorn can be found in the prairies of southern Alberta. Bighorn sheep and mountain goats live in the Rocky Mountains. Rabbits, porcupines, skunks, squirrels and many species of rodents and reptiles live in every corner of the province. Alberta is home to only one variety of venomous snake, the prairie rattlesnake.

Alberta is home to many large carnivores. Among them are the grizzly bears and black bears, which are found in the mountains and wooded regions. Smaller carnivores of the canine and feline families include coyotes, wolves, fox, lynx, bobcat and mountain lion (cougar).

Central and northern Alberta and the region farther north is the nesting ground of many migratory birds. Vast numbers of ducks, geese, swans and pelicans arrive in Alberta every spring and nest on or near one of the hundreds of small lakes that dot northern Alberta. Eagles, hawks, owls and crows are plentiful, and a huge variety of smaller seed and insect-eating birds can be found. Alberta, like other temperate regions, is home to mosquitoes, flies, wasps, and bees. Rivers and lakes are populated with pike, walleye, whitefish, rainbow, speckled, brown trout, and sturgeon. Bull trout, native to the province, is Alberta's provincial fish. Turtles are found in some water bodies in the southern part of the province. Frogs and salamanders are a few of the amphibians that make their homes in Alberta.

Alberta is the only province in Canada—as well as one of the few places in the world—that is free of Norwegian rats.[33] Since the early 1950s, the Government of Alberta has operated a rat-control program, which has been so successful that only isolated instances of wild rat sightings are reported, usually of rats arriving in the province aboard trucks or by rail. In 2006, Alberta Agriculture reported zero findings of wild rats; the only rat interceptions have been domesticated rats that have been seized from their owners. It is illegal for individual Albertans to own or keep Norwegian rats of any description; the animals can only be kept in the province by zoos, universities and colleges, and recognized research institutions. In 2009, several rats were found and captured, in small pockets in southern Alberta,[34] putting Alberta's rat-free status in jeopardy. A colony of rats were subsequently found in a landfill near Medicine Hat in 2012, and again in 2014.[35][36]

Paleontology

Specimens at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, located in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation at Dinosaur Provincial Park

Alberta has one of the greatest diversities and abundances of Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in the world.[37] Taxa are represented by complete fossil skeletons, isolated material, microvertebrate remains, and even mass graves. At least 38 dinosaur type specimens were collected in the province. The Foremost Formation, Oldman Formation and Dinosaur Park Formations collectively comprise the Judith River Group and are the most thoroughly studied dinosaur-bearing strata in Alberta.[37]

Dinosaur-bearing strata are distributed widely throughout Alberta.[37] The Dinosaur Provincial Park area contains outcrops of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation. In the central and southern regions of Alberta are intermittent Scollard Formation outcrops. In the Drumheller Valley and Edmonton regions there are exposed Horseshoe Canyon facies. Other formations have been recorded as well, like the Milk River and Foremost Formations. However, these latter two have a lower diversity of documented dinosaurs, primarily due to their lower total fossil quantity and neglect from collectors who are hindered by the isolation and scarcity of exposed outcrops. Their dinosaur fossils are primarily teeth recovered from microvertebrate fossil sites. Additional geologic formations that have produced only few fossils are the Belly River Group and St. Mary River Formations of the southwest and the northwestern Wapiti Formation. The Wapiti Formation contains two Pachyrhinosaurus bone beds that break its general trend of low productivity, however. The Bearpaw Formation represents strata deposited during a marine transgression. Dinosaurs are known from this formation, but represent specimens washed out to sea or reworked from older sediments.[37]

History

Main article: History of Alberta

Blackfoot Confederacy warriors in Macleod in 1907

Paleo-Indians arrived in Alberta at least 10,000 years ago, toward the end of the last ice age. They are thought to have migrated from Siberia to Alaska on a land bridge across the Bering Strait and then possibly moved down the east side of the Rocky Mountains through Alberta to settle the Americas. Others may have migrated down the coast of British Columbia and then moved inland.[38] Over time they differentiated into various First Nations peoples, including the Plains Indian tribes of southern Alberta such as those of the Blackfoot Confederacy and the Plains Cree, who generally lived by hunting buffalo, and the more northerly tribes such as the Woodland Cree and Chipewyan who hunted, trapped, and fished for a living.[18]

After the British arrival in Canada, approximately half of the province of Alberta, south of the Athabasca River drainage, became part of Rupert's Land which consisted of all land drained by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay. This area was granted by Charles II of England to the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1670, and rival fur trading companies were not allowed to trade in it.

The Athabasca River and the rivers north of it were not in HBC territory because they drained into the Arctic Ocean instead of Hudson Bay, and they were prime habitat for fur-bearing animals. The first European explorer of the Athabasca region was Peter Pond, who learned of the Methye Portage, which allowed travel from southern rivers into the rivers north of Rupert's Land. Fur traders formed the North West Company (NWC) of Montreal to compete with the HBC in 1779. The NWC occupied the northern part of Alberta territory. Peter Pond built Fort Athabasca on Lac la Biche in 1778. Roderick Mackenzie built Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca ten years later in 1788. His cousin, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, followed the North Saskatchewan River to its northernmost point near Edmonton, then setting northward on foot, trekked to the Athabasca River, which he followed to Lake Athabasca. It was there he discovered the mighty outflow river which bears his name—the Mackenzie River—which he followed to its outlet in the Arctic Ocean. Returning to Lake Athabasca, he followed the Peace River upstream, eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean, and so he became the first European to cross the North American continent north of Mexico.[39]

The extreme southernmost portion of Alberta was part of the French (and Spanish) territory of Louisiana, sold to the United States in 1803; in 1818, the portion of Louisiana north of the Forty-Ninth Parallel was ceded to Great Britain.[40]

Fort Chipewyan, a trading post and regional headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company in 1820

Fur trade expanded in the north, but bloody battles occurred between the rival HBC and NWC, and in 1821 the British government forced them to merge to stop the hostilities.[41] The amalgamated Hudson's Bay Company dominated trade in Alberta until 1870, when the newly formed Canadian Government purchased Rupert's Land. Northern Alberta was included in the North-Western Territory until 1870, when it and Rupert's land became Canada's Northwest Territories.

The District of Alberta was created as part of the North-West Territories in 1882. As settlement increased, local representatives to the North-West Legislative Assembly were added. After a long campaign for autonomy, in 1905 the District of Alberta was enlarged and given provincial status, with the election of Alexander Cameron Rutherford as the first premier. Less than a decade later, the First World War presented special challenges to the new province as an extraordinary number of volunteers left relatively few workers to maintain services and production. Over 50% of Alberta's doctors volunteered for service overseas.[42]

21st century

Downtown Calgary was one of several areas afflicted during the 2013 Alberta floods.

On June 21, 2013, during the 2013 Alberta floods Alberta experienced heavy rainfall that triggered catastrophic flooding throughout much of the southern half of the province along the Bow, Elbow, Highwood and Oldman rivers and tributaries. A dozen municipalities in Southern Alberta declared local states of emergency on June 21 as water levels rose and numerous communities were placed under evacuation orders.[43]

In 2016, a wildfire resulted in the largest evacuation of residents in Alberta's history, as more than 80,000 people were ordered to evacuate.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Alberta

Population density of Alberta

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1901	73,022	—
1911	374,295	+412.6%
1921	588,454	+57.2%
1931	731,605	+24.3%
1941	796,169	+8.8%
1951	939,501	+18.0%
1956	1,123,116	+19.5%
1961	1,331,944	+18.6%
1966	1,463,203	+9.9%
1971	1,627,875	+11.3%
1976	1,838,035	+12.9%
1981	2,237,724	+21.7%
1986	2,365,830	+5.7%
1991	2,545,553	+7.6%
1996	2,696,826	+5.9%
2001	2,974,807	+10.3%
2006	3,290,350	+10.6%
2011	3,645,257	+10.8%
2016	4,067,175	+11.6%
[44][45][1]

The 2016 census reported Alberta had a population of 4,067,175 living in 1,527,678 of its 1,654,129 total dwellings, an 11.6% change from its 2011 population of 3,645,257. With a land area of 640,330.46 km² (247,232.97 sq mi), it had a population density of 6.4/km² (16.5/sq mi) in 2016.[1] Statistics Canada estimated the province to have a population of 4,428,247 in Q2 of 2020.[2]

Since 2000, Alberta's population has experienced a relatively high rate of growth, mainly because of its burgeoning economy. Between 2003 and 2004, the province had high birthrates (on par with some larger provinces such as British Columbia), relatively high immigration, and a high rate of interprovincial migration compared to other provinces.[46] In 2016, Alberta continued to have the youngest population among the provinces with a median age of 36.7 years, compared with the national median of 41.2 years. Also in 2016, Alberta had the smallest proportion of seniors (12.3%) among the provinces and one of the highest population shares of children (19.2%), further contributing to Alberta's young and growing population.[47]

About 81% of the population lives in urban areas and only about 19% in rural areas. The Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized area in the province and is one of the most densely populated areas of Canada.[48] Many of Alberta's cities and towns have experienced very high rates of growth in recent history. Alberta's population rose from 73,022 in 1901[49] to 3,290,350 according to the 2006 census.[50]

Census information

Alberta census statistics

Languages of Alberta (2016):[51]

  English (74.3%)

  French (1.8%)

  Indigenous language (0.7%)

  Other language (20.9%)

  Multiple (2.3%)

Indigenous and visible minority identity (2016):[52][53]

  European Canadian (70%)

  Visible minority (23.5%)

  First Nations (3.4%)

  Métis (2.9%)

  Inuit (0.1%)

  Other Indigenous (0.2%)

Religious affiliation (2011):[54]

  Christian (60.3%)

  Sikh (1.5%)

  Buddhist (1.2%)

  Muslim (3.2%)

  Jewish (0.3%)

  Hindu (1.0%)

  Indigenous spirituality (0.4%)

  Other religions (0.5%)

  Irreligious (31.6%)

Christian sub-affiliation (2011):[54]

  Roman Catholic (40.3%)

  United Church (12.5%)

  Anglican (6.5%)

  Lutheran (5.5%)

  Baptist (3.1%)

  Pentecostal (2.8%)

  Orthodox (2.4%)

  Presbyterian (1.7%)

  Other Christian (25.2%)

The 2006 census found that English, with 2,576,670 native speakers, was the most common mother tongue of Albertans, representing 79.99% of the population. The next most common mother tongues were Chinese with 97,275 native speakers (3.02%), followed by German with 84,505 native speakers (2.62%) and French with 61,225 (1.90%).[55]

Other mother tongues include: Punjabi, with 36,320 native speakers (1.13%); Tagalog, with 29,740 (0.92%); Ukrainian, with 29,455 (0.91%); Spanish, with 29,125 (0.90%); Polish, with 21,990 (0.68%); Arabic, with 20,495 (0.64%); Dutch, with 19,980 (0.62%); and Vietnamese, with 19,350 (0.60%). The most common aboriginal language is Cree 17,215 (0.53%). Other common mother tongues include Italian with 13,095 speakers (0.41%); Urdu with 11,275 (0.35%); and Korean with 10,845 (0.33%); then Hindi 8,985 (0.28%); Farsi 7,700 (0.24%); Portuguese 7,205 (0.22%); and Hungarian 6,770 (0.21%).
(Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)[55]

Alberta has considerable ethnic diversity. In line with the rest of Canada, many are descended from immigrants of Western European nations, notably England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and France, but large numbers later came from other regions of Europe, notably Germany, Ukraine and Scandinavia.[56] According to Statistics Canada, Alberta is home to the second-highest proportion (two percent) of Francophones in western Canada (after Manitoba). Despite this, relatively few Albertans claim French as their mother tongue. Many of Alberta's French-speaking residents live in the central and northwestern regions of the province, after migration from other areas of Canada or descending from Métis.

As reported in the 2001 census, the Chinese represented nearly four percent of Alberta's population, and South Asians represented more than two percent. Both Edmonton and Calgary have historic Chinatowns, and Calgary has Canada's third-largest Chinese community. The Chinese presence began with workers employed in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. Aboriginal Albertans make up approximately three percent of the population.

In the 2006 Canadian census, the most commonly reported ethnic origins among Albertans were: 885,825 English (27.2%); 679,705 German (20.9%); 667,405 Canadian (20.5%); 661,265 Scottish (20.3%); 539,160 Irish (16.6%); 388,210 French (11.9%); 332,180 Ukrainian (10.2%); 172,910 Dutch (5.3%); 170,935 Polish (5.2%); 169,355 North American Indian (5.2%); 144,585 Norwegian (4.4%); and 137,600 Chinese (4.2%). (Each person could choose as many ethnicities as were applicable.)[57]

Amongst those of British heritage, the Scots have had a particularly strong influence on place-names, with the names of many cities and towns including Calgary, Airdrie, Canmore, and Banff having Scottish origins.

Alberta is the third most diverse province in terms of visible minorities after British Columbia and Ontario with 13.9% of the population consisting of visible minorities in 2006.[58] Over one third of the populations of Calgary and Edmonton belong to a visible minority group.[59]

Aboriginal Identity Peoples made up 5.8% of the population in 2006, about half of whom consist of First Nations and the other half are Métis. There are also small number of Inuit people in Alberta.[60] The number of Aboriginal Identity Peoples have been increasing at a rate greater than the population of Alberta.[60]

As of the 2011 National Household Survey, the largest religious group was Roman Catholic, representing 24.3% of the population. Alberta had the second-highest percentage of non-religious residents among the provinces (after British Columbia) at 31.6% of the population. Of the remainder, 7.5% of the population identified themselves as belonging to the United Church of Canada, while 3.9% were Anglican. Lutherans made up 3.3% of the population while Baptists comprised 1.9%.[61]

The remainder belonged to a wide variety of different religious affiliations, none of which constituted more than 2% of the population. Members of LDS Church are mostly concentrated in the extreme south of the province. Alberta has a population of Hutterites, a communal Anabaptist sect similar to the Mennonites, and has a significant population of Seventh-day Adventists. Alberta is home to several Byzantine Rite Churches as part of the legacy of Eastern European immigration, including the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada's Western Diocese which is based in Edmonton.

Muslims made up 3.2% of the population, Sikhs 1.5%, Buddhists 1.2%, and Hindus 1.0%. Many of these are immigrants, but others have roots that go back to the first settlers of the prairies. Canada's oldest mosque, the Al-Rashid Mosque, is located in Edmonton,[62] whereas Calgary is home to Canada's largest mosque, the Baitun Nur Mosque.[63] Alberta is also home to a growing Jewish population of about 15,400 people who constituted 0.3% of Alberta's population. Most of Alberta's Jews live in the metropolitan areas of Calgary (8,200) and Edmonton (5,500).[64]

Municipalities

Main article: List of communities in Alberta

Airdrie

Brooks

Calgary

Camrose

Cold Lake

Edmonton

Fort Saskatchewan

Grande Prairie

Lacombe

Leduc

Lethbridge

Lloydminster

Medicine Hat

Red Deer

Spruce Grove

St. Albert

Wetaskiwin

---

Distribution of cities in Alberta

Largest metro areas and municipalities by population as of 2011

Census metropolitan areas:	2011 [9]	2006 [65]	2001 [66]	1996 [67]
Calgary CMA	1,214,839	1,079,310	951,395	821,628
Edmonton CMA	1,159,869	1,034,945	937,845	862,597
Urban municipalities (10 largest):	2011 [68]	2006 [69]	2001 [70]	1996 [71]
Calgary	1,096,833	988,193	878,866	768,082
Edmonton	812,201	730,372	666,104	616,306
Red Deer	90,564	82,772	67,707	60,080
Lethbridge	83,517	78,713	68,712	64,938
St. Albert (included in Edmonton CMA)	61,466	57,719	53,081	46,888
Medicine Hat	60,005	56,997	51,249	46,783
Grande Prairie	55,032	47,076	36,983	31,353
Airdrie (included in Calgary CMA)	42,564	28,927	20,382	15,946
Spruce Grove (included in Edmonton CMA)	26,171	19,496	15,983	14,271
Okotoks	24,511	17,145	11,689	8,528
Specialized/rural municipalities (5 largest):	2011 [68]	2006 [69]	2001 [70]	1996 [71]
Strathcona County (included in Edmonton CMA)	92,490	82,511	71,986	64,176
Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo (includes Fort McMurray)	65,565	51,496	42,581	35,213
Rocky View County (included in Calgary CMA)	36,461	34,171	29,925	23,326
Parkland County (included in Edmonton CMA)	30,568	29,265	27,252	24,769
Municipal District of Foothills No. 31	21,258	19,736	16,764	13,714

Economy

Main article: Economy of Alberta

See also: List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product

Petroleum resources in Alberta

Alberta's economy was one of the strongest in the world, supported by the burgeoning petroleum industry and to a lesser extent, agriculture and technology. In 2013 Alberta's per capita GDP exceeded that of the United States, Norway, or Switzerland,[72] and was the highest of any province in Canada at C$84,390. This was 56% higher than the national average of C$53,870 and more than twice that of some of the Atlantic provinces.[73][74] In 2006 the deviation from the national average was the largest for any province in Canadian history.[75] According to the 2006 census,[76] the median annual family income after taxes was $70,986 in Alberta (compared to $60,270 in Canada as a whole). In 2014, Alberta had the second-largest economy in Canada after Ontario, with a GDP exceeding C$376 billion.[77] The GDP of the province calculated at basic prices rose by 4.6% in 2017 to $327.4 billion, which was the largest increase recorded in Canada, and it ended two consecutive years of decreases.[78]

Alberta's debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to peak at 12.1% in fiscal year 2021–2022, falling to 11.3% the following year.[79]

The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized region in the province and one of the densest in Canada. The region covers a distance of roughly 400 kilometres north to south. In 2001, the population of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor was 2.15 million (72% of Alberta's population).[80] It is also one of the fastest-growing regions in the country. A 2003 study by TD Bank Financial Group found the corridor to be the only Canadian urban centre to amass a U.S. level of wealth while maintaining a Canadian style quality of life, offering universal health care benefits. The study found that GDP per capita in the corridor was 10% above average U.S. metropolitan areas and 40% above other Canadian cities at that time.

The Fraser Institute states that Alberta also has very high levels of economic freedom and rates Alberta as the freest economy in Canada,[81] and second-freest economy amongst U.S. states and Canadian provinces.[82]

In 2014, Merchandise exports totalled US$121.4 billion. Energy revenues totalled $111.7 billion and Energy resource exports totalled $90.8 billion. Farm Cash receipts from agricultural products totalled $12.9 billion. Shipments of forest products totalled $5.4 billion while exports were $2.7 billion. Manufacturing sales totaled $79.4 billion, and Alberta's ICT industries generated over $13 billion in revenue. In total, Alberta's 2014 GDP amassed $364.5 billion in 2007 dollars, or $414.3 billion in 2015 dollars. In 2015, Alberta's GDP grew despite low oil prices; however, it was unstable with growth rates as high 4.4% and as low as 0.2%. Should the GDP remain at an average of 2.2% for the last two-quarters of 2015, Alberta's GDP should exceed $430 billion by the end of 2015.[83][84] However, RBC Economics research predicts Alberta's real GDP growth to only average 0.6% for the last two-quarters of 2015. This estimate predicts a real GDP growth of only 1.4% for 2015. A positive is the predicted 10.8% growth in Nominal GDP, and possibly above 11% in 2016.[85]

Along with Saskatchewan, Alberta's greenhouse gas emissions are over three times the national per capita average with no plan to significantly reduce emissions in the future.[86]

Agriculture and forestry

Cows in Rocky View. Nearly one-half of Canadian beef is produced in Alberta.

Agriculture has a significant position in the province's economy. The province has over three million head of cattle,[87] and Alberta beef has a healthy worldwide market. Nearly one half of all Canadian beef is produced in Alberta. Alberta is one of the top producers of plains buffalo (bison) for the consumer market. Sheep for wool and mutton are also raised.

Wheat and canola are primary farm crops, with Alberta leading the provinces in spring wheat production; other grains are also prominent. Much of the farming is dryland farming, often with fallow seasons interspersed with cultivation. Continuous cropping (in which there is no fallow season) is gradually becoming a more common mode of production because of increased profits and a reduction of soil erosion. Across the province, the once common grain elevator is slowly being lost as rail lines are decreasing; farmers typically truck the grain to central points.[88]

Alberta is the leading beekeeping province of Canada, with some beekeepers wintering hives indoors in specially designed barns in southern Alberta, then migrating north during the summer into the Peace River valley where the season is short but the working days are long for honeybees to produce honey from clover and fireweed. Hybrid canola also requires bee pollination, and some beekeepers service this need.[89]

A canola field in Alberta

Forestry plays a vital role in Alberta's economy, providing over 15,000 jobs and contributing billions of dollars annually.[90] Uses for harvested timber include pulpwood, hardwood, engineered wood and bioproducts such as chemicals and biofuels. Recently, the United States has been Canada and Alberta's largest importer of hardwood and pulpwood,[91][92] although continued trades issues with the U.S.[92] have likely been a contributing factor towards Alberta's increased focus on Asian markets.[90]

Industry

Alberta is the largest producer of conventional crude oil, synthetic crude, natural gas and gas products in Canada. Alberta is the world's second-largest exporter of natural gas and the fourth-largest producer.[93] Two of the largest producers of petrochemicals in North America are located in central and north-central Alberta. In both Red Deer and Edmonton, polyethylene and vinyl manufacturers produce products that are shipped all over the world. Edmonton's oil refineries provide the raw materials for a large petrochemical industry to the east of Edmonton.

The Athabasca oil sands surrounding Fort McMurray have estimated unconventional oil reserves approximately equal to the conventional oil reserves of the rest of the world, estimated to be 1.6 trillion barrels (254 km³). Many companies employ both conventional strip mining and non-conventional in situ methods to extract the bitumen from the oil sands. As of late 2006 there were over $100 billion in oil sands projects under construction or in the planning stages in northeastern Alberta.[94]

Another factor determining the viability of oil extraction from the oil sands is the price of oil. The oil price increases since 2003 have made it profitable to extract this oil, which in the past would give little profit or even a loss. By mid-2014, however, rising costs and stabilizing oil prices were threatening the economic viability of some projects. An example of this was the shelving of the Joslyn north project in the Athabasca region in May 2014.[95]

With concerted effort and support from the provincial government, several high-tech industries have found their birth in Alberta, notably patents related to interactive liquid-crystal display systems.[96] With a growing economy, Alberta has several financial institutions dealing with civil and private funds.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Alberta

The Three Sisters at Bow Valley Provincial Park in Canmore

Alberta has been a tourist destination from the early days of the twentieth century, with attractions including outdoor locales for skiing, hiking and camping, shopping locales such as West Edmonton Mall, Calgary Stampede, outdoor festivals, professional athletic events, international sporting competitions such as the Commonwealth Games and Olympic Games, as well as more eclectic attractions. According to Alberta Economic Development, Calgary and Edmonton both host over four million visitors annually. Banff, Jasper and the Rocky Mountains are visited by about three million people per year.[97] Alberta tourism relies heavily on Southern Ontario tourists, as well as tourists from other parts of Canada, the United States, and many other countries.

There are also natural attractions like Elk Island National Park, Wood Buffalo National Park, and the Columbia Icefield. Alberta's Rockies include well-known tourist destinations Banff National Park and Jasper National Park. The two mountain parks are connected by the scenic Icefields Parkway. Banff is located 128 km (80 mi) west of Calgary on Highway 1, and Jasper is located 366 km (227 mi) west of Edmonton on Yellowhead Highway. Five of Canada's fourteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located within the province: Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, Wood Buffalo National Park, Dinosaur Provincial Park and Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump. A number of these areas hold ski resorts, most notably Sunshine Village, Lake Louise, Marmot Basin, Norquay and Nakiska.

Bronco riding at the Calgary Stampede. The event is one of the world's largest rodeos.

About 1.2 million people visit the Calgary Stampede,[98] a celebration of Canada's own Wild West and the cattle ranching industry. About 700,000 people enjoy Edmonton's K-Days (formerly Klondike Days and Capital EX).[99][100] Edmonton was the gateway to the only all-Canadian route to the Yukon gold fields, and the only route which did not require gold-seekers to travel the exhausting and dangerous Chilkoot Pass.

Another tourist destination that draws more than 650,000 visitors each year is the Drumheller Valley, located northeast of Calgary. Drumheller, "Dinosaur Capital of The World", offers the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Drumheller also had a rich mining history being one of Western Canada's largest coal producers during the war years. Another attraction in east-central Alberta is Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions, a popular tourist attraction operated out of Stettler, that offers train excursions into the prairie and caters to tens of thousands of visitors every year.

Environmental issues

This section is an excerpt from Environmental issues in Alberta[edit]

The Canadian province of Alberta faces a number of environmental issues related to natural resource extraction—including gas and oil industry with its oils sands—endangered species, melting glaciers, floods and droughts, wildfires, and global climate change. While the oil and gas industries generates substantial economic wealth, the Athabasca oil sands, which are situated almost entirely in Alberta, are the "fourth most carbon intensive on the planet behind Algeria, Venezuela and Cameroon" according to an August 8, 2018 article in the American Association for the Advancement of Science's journal Science. This article details some of the environmental issues including past ecological disasters in Alberta and describes some of the efforts at the municipal, provincial and federal level to mitigate the risks and impacts.

According to the 2019 report Canada's Changing Climate Report,[101] which was commissioned by Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 C since 1948. The rate of warming is even higher in Canada's North, in the Prairies and northern British Columbia.[102] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) October 8, 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C set a target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) that would require "deep emissions reductions"[103][104] and that "[g]lobal net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching 'net zero' around 2050" for global warming to be limited to 1.5 °C.[104]

The Canadian oil and gas industry produces "60 per cent of all industrial emissions in Canada"[105] and Alberta has the largest oil and gas industry in the country.[105] By September 2017, Alberta had already begun "implementing broad climate change policies" including a "sophisticated two-tier carbon pricing system" for consumers and major emitters. This represented a "first step in broadening the tax base". The province set a "target cap for greenhouse gas emissions" and began the transformation to lower-carbon with coal being phased out for electricity production. Some involved in the energy industry were "voluntarily expanding into renewables and lower-carbon energy sources."[106] The first act introduced by Premier Jason Kenney as promised in his United Conservative Party (UCP) election platform was An Act to Repeal the Carbon Tax, which received Royal Assent on June 4, 2019.[107]

Raw bitumen extracted from the oil sands in northern Alberta is shipped in Canada and to the United States through pipelines, railway, and trucks. Environmental concerns about the unintended consequences of the oil sands industry are linked to environmental issues in the rest if Canada. While pipelines are considered to be the most efficient and safest of the three methods, concerns have been raised about pipeline expansion because of climate change, the risk of pipeline leaks, increased oil tanker traffic and higher risk of oil tanker spills, and violations of First Nations' rights.

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of Alberta and Monarchy in Alberta

See also: List of Alberta Premiers, List of Alberta general elections, and Executive Council of Alberta

The Government of Alberta is organized as a parliamentary democracy with a unicameral legislature. Its unicameral legislature—the Legislative Assembly—consists of 87 members elected first past the post (FPTP) from single-member constituencies.[108] Locally municipal governments and school boards are elected and operate separately. Their boundaries do not necessarily coincide.

The Alberta Legislative Building serves as the meeting place for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

As Queen of Canada, Elizabeth II is the head of state for the Government of Alberta. Her duties in Alberta are carried out by Lieutenant Governor Lois Mitchell. The Queen and lieutenant governor are figureheads whose actions are highly restricted by custom and constitutional convention. The lieutenant governor handles numerous honorific duties in the name of the Queen. The government is headed by the premier. The premier is normally a member of the Legislative Assembly, and draws all the members of the Cabinet from among the members of the Legislative Assembly. The City of Edmonton is the seat of the provincial government—the capital of Alberta. The premier is Jason Kenney, sworn in on April 30, 2019.

Alberta's elections have tended to yield much more conservative outcomes than those of other Canadian provinces. Since the 1960s, Alberta has had three main political parties, the Progressive Conservatives ("Conservatives" or "Tories"), the Liberals, and the social democratic New Democrats. The Wildrose Party, a more conservative party formed in early 2008, gained much support in the 2012 election and became the official opposition, a role it held until 2017 when it was dissolved and succeeded by the new United Conservative Party created by the merger of Wildrose and the Progressive Conservatives. The strongly conservative Social Credit Party was a power in Alberta for many decades, but fell from the political map after the Progressive Conservatives came to power in 1971.

For 44 years the Progressive Conservatives governed Alberta. They lost the 2015 election to the NDP (which formed their own government for the first time in provincial history, breaking almost 80 consecutive years of right-wing rule),[109] suggesting at the time a possible shift to the left in the province, also indicated by the election of progressive mayors in both of Alberta's major cities.[110] Since becoming a province in 1905, Alberta has seen only five changes of government—only six parties have governed Alberta: the Liberals, from 1905 to 1921; the United Farmers of Alberta, from 1921 to 1935; the Social Credit Party, from 1935 to 1971; the Progressive Conservative Party, from 1971 to 2015; from 2015 to 2019, the Alberta New Democratic Party; and from 2019, the United Conservative Party.

Law enforcement

Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers in St. Albert. The RCMP provides municipal policing throughout most of Alberta.

Policing in the province of Alberta upon its creation was the responsibility of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police. In 1917, due to pressures of World War I, the Alberta Provincial Police was created. This organization policed the province until it was disbanded as a Great Depression-era cost-cutting measure in 1932. It was at that time the now renamed Royal Canadian Mounted Police resumed policing of the province, specifically RCMP "K" Division. With the advent of the Alberta Sheriffs Branch, the distribution of duties of law enforcement in Alberta has been evolving as certain aspects, such as traffic enforcement, mobile surveillance and the close protection of the Premier of Alberta have been transferred to the Sheriffs. In 2006, Alberta formed the Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams (ALERT) to combat organized crime and the serious offences that accompany it. ALERT is made up of members of the RCMP, Sheriffs Branch and various major municipal police forces in Alberta.

Military

Military bases in Alberta include Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Cold Lake, CFB Edmonton, CFB Suffield and CFB Wainwright. Air force units stationed at CFB Cold Lake have access to the Cold Lake Air Weapons Range.[111] CFB Edmonton is the headquarters for the 3rd Canadian Division.[112] CFB Suffield hosts British troops and is the largest training facility in Canada.[113]

Taxation

According to Alberta's 2009 budget, government revenue in that year came mainly from royalties on non-renewable natural resources (30.4%), personal income taxes (22.3%), corporate and other taxes (19.6%), and grants from the federal government primarily for infrastructure projects (9.8%).[114] In 2014, Alberta received $6.1 billion in bitumen royalties. With the drop in the price of oil in 2015 it was down to $1.4 billion. In 2016, Alberta received "about $837 million in royalty payments from oil sands Royalty Projects".[115] According to the 2018–21 fiscal plan, the two top sources of revenue in 2016 were personal income tax at $10, 763 million and federal transfers of $7,976 million with total resource revenue at $3,097 million.[116]^:45 Alberta is the only province in Canada without a provincial sales tax. Alberta residents are still subject to the federal sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax of 5%.

Revenue source	in millions of dollars[116]
personal income tax	10,763
federal transfers	7,976
Other tax revenue	5,649
Corporate income tax	3,769
Premiums, fees and licenses	3,701
Investment income	3,698
Resource revenue – other	1,614
Resource revenue – Bitumen royalties	1,483
Net income from business enterprises	543
Total revenue	42,293

In 2001, Alberta became the only Canadian province to have a flat tax of 10% of taxable income, which was introduced by then-Premier, Ralph Klein, as part of the Alberta Tax Advantage, which also included a zero-percent tax on income below a "generous personal exemption".[117][118][118]

In 2016, under then-Premier Rachel Notley, while most Albertans continued to pay the 10-per-cent income tax rate, new tax brackets 12-per-cent, 14-per-cent, and 15-per-cent for those with higher incomes ($128,145 annually or more) were introduced.[119][117] Alberta's personal income tax system maintained a progressive character by continuing to grant residents personal tax exemptions of $18,451,[120] in addition to a variety of tax deductions for persons with disabilities, students, and the aged.[121] Alberta's municipalities and school jurisdictions have their own governments who usually work in co-operation with the provincial government. By 2018, most Albertans continued to pay the 10-per-cent income tax rate.[119]

According to a March 2015 Statistics Canada report, the median household income in Alberta in 2014 was about $100,000, which is 23 per cent higher than the Canadian national average.[122]

Based on Statistic Canada reports, low income Albertans, who earn less than $25,000 and those in the high-income bracket earning $150,000 or more, are the lowest-taxed people in Canada.[119] Those in the middle income brackets representing those that earn about $25,000 to $75,000[Notes 1] pay more in provincial taxes than residents in British Columbia and Ontario.[119] In terms of income tax, Alberta is the "best province" for those with a low income because there is no provincial income tax for those who earn $18,915 or less.[119] Even with the 2016 progressive tax brackets up to 15%, Albertans who have the highest incomes, those with a $150,000 annual income or more—about 178,000 people in 2015, pay the least in taxes in Canada.[119] — About 1.9 million Albertans earned between $25,000 and $150,000 in 2015.[119]

Alberta also privatized alcohol distribution. By 2010, privatization had increased outlets from 304 stores to 1,726; 1,300 jobs to 4,000 jobs; and 3,325 products to 16,495 products.[123] Tax revenue also increased from $400 million to $700 million.

In 2017/18 Alberta collected about $2.4 billion in education property taxes from municipalities.[124] Albertan municipalities raise a significant portion of their income through levying property taxes.[125] The value of assessed property in Alberta was approximately $727 billion in 2011.[126] Most real property is assessed according to its market value.[125] The exceptions to market value assessment are farmland, railways, machinery & equipment and linear property, all of which is assessed by regulated rates.[127] Depending on the property type, property owners may appeal a property assessment to their municipal 'Local Assessment Review Board', 'Composite Assessment Review Board,' or the Alberta Municipal Government Board.[125][128]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Alberta

Summer brings many festivals to the province of Alberta, especially in Edmonton. The Edmonton Fringe Festival is the world's second-largest after the Edinburgh Festival. Both Calgary and Edmonton host a number of annual festivals and events, including folk music festivals. The city's "heritage days" festival sees the participation of over 70 ethnic groups. Edmonton's Churchill Square is home to a large number of the festivals, including the large Taste of Edmonton & The Works Art & Design Festival throughout the summer months.

The City of Calgary is also famous for its Stampede, dubbed "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth". The Stampede is Canada's biggest rodeo festival and features various races and competitions, such as calf roping and bull riding. In line with the western tradition of rodeo are the cultural artisans that reside and create unique Alberta western heritage crafts.

An ice hockey game between the Calgary Flames, and the Edmonton Oilers, two teams in the National Hockey League

The Banff Centre hosts a range of festivals and other events including the international Mountain Film Festival. These cultural events in Alberta highlight the province's cultural diversity. Most of the major cities have several performing theatre companies who entertain in venues as diverse as Edmonton's Arts Barns and the Francis Winspear Centre for Music. Both Calgary and Edmonton are home to Canadian Football League and National Hockey League teams (the Stampeders/Flames and Edmonton Football Team/Oilers respectively). Soccer, rugby union and lacrosse are also played professionally in Alberta.

In 2019 the then Minister of Culture and Tourism Ricardo Miranda announced the Alberta Artist in Residence program in conjunction with the province's first Month of the Artist[129] to celebrate the arts and the value they bring to the province, both socially and economically,[130] The Artist is selected each year via a public and competitive process is expected to do community outreach and attend events to promote the arts through out the province. The award comes with $60,000 funding which includes travel and materials costs.[131] On January 31, 2019 Lauren Crazybull named Alberta's 1st Artist in Residence.[132][133][131] Alberta is the first province to launch an Artist in Residence program in Canada.

Education

Main article: Education in Alberta

As with any Canadian province, the Alberta Legislature has (almost) exclusive authority to make laws respecting education. Since 1905 the Legislature has used this capacity to continue the model of locally elected public and separate school boards which originated prior to 1905, as well as to create and regulate universities, colleges, technical institutions and other educational forms and institutions (public charter schools, private schools, home schooling).

Elementary and secondary

There are forty-two public school jurisdictions in Alberta, and seventeen operating separate school jurisdictions. Sixteen of the operating separate school jurisdictions have a Catholic electorate, and one (St. Albert) has a Protestant electorate. In addition, one Protestant separate school district, Glen Avon, survives as a ward of the St. Paul Education Region. The City of Lloydminster straddles the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, and both the public and separate school systems in that city are counted in the above numbers: both of them operate according to Saskatchewan law.

For many years the provincial government has funded the greater part of the cost of providing K–12 education. Prior to 1994 public and separate school boards in Alberta had the legislative authority to levy a local tax on property as a supplementary support for local education. In 1994 the government of the province eliminated this right for public school boards, but not for separate school boards. Since 1994 there has continued to be a tax on property in support of K–12 education; the difference is that the mill rate is now set by the provincial government, the money is collected by the local municipal authority and remitted to the provincial government. The relevant legislation requires that all the money raised by this property tax must go to the support of K–12 education provided by school boards. The provincial government pools the property tax funds from across the province and distributes them, according to a formula, to public and separate school jurisdictions and Francophone authorities.

Public and separate school boards, charter schools, and private schools all follow the Program of Studies and the curriculum approved by the provincial department of education (Alberta Education). Homeschool tutors may choose to follow the Program of Studies or develop their own Program of Studies. Public and separate schools, charter schools, and approved private schools all employ teachers who are certificated by Alberta Education, they administer Provincial Achievement Tests and Diploma Examinations set by Alberta Education, and they may grant high school graduation certificates endorsed by Alberta Education.

Post-secondary

Main article: Higher education in Alberta

The University of Alberta in 2005. The institution is the oldest, and largest university in Alberta.

The University of Alberta, located in Edmonton and established in 1908, is Alberta's oldest and largest university. The University of Calgary, once affiliated with the University of Alberta, gained its autonomy in 1966 and is now the second-largest university in Alberta. Athabasca University, which focuses on distance learning, and the University of Lethbridge are located in Athabasca and Lethbridge respectively.

In early September 2009, Mount Royal University became Calgary's second public university, and in late September 2009, a similar move made MacEwan University Edmonton's second public university. There are 15 colleges that receive direct public funding, along with two technical institutes, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology and Southern Alberta Institute of Technology.[134] Two of the colleges, Red Deer College and Grande Prairie Regional College, were approved by the Alberta government to become degree granting universities[135]

There is also many private post-secondary institutions, mostly Christian Universities, bringing the total number of universities to 12. Students may also receive government loans and grants while attending selected private institutions. There was some controversy in 2005 over the rising cost of post-secondary education for students (as opposed to taxpayers). In 2005, Premier Ralph Klein made a promise that he would freeze tuition and look into ways of reducing schooling costs.[136][137]

Health care

Alberta provides a publicly funded health care system, Alberta Health Services, for all its residents as set out by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984. Alberta became Canada's second province (after Saskatchewan) to adopt a Tommy Douglas-style program in 1950, a precursor to the modern medicare system.

Alberta's health care budget was $22.5 billion during the 2018–2019 fiscal year (approximately 45% of all government spending), making it the best-funded health-care system per-capita in Canada.[138] Every hour the province spends more than $2.5 million, (or $60 million per day), to maintain and improve health care in the province.[139]

Notable health, education, research, and resources facilities in Alberta, all of which are located within Calgary or Edmonton. Health centres in Calgary include:

Foothills Medical Centre in Calgary is the largest hospital in Alberta.

• Alberta Children's Hospital
• Foothills Medical Centre
• Grace Women's Health Centre
• Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta
• Peter Lougheed Centre
• Rockyview General Hospital
• South Health Campus
• Tom Baker Cancer Centre
• University of Calgary Medical Centre (UCMC)

Health centres in Edmonton include:

• Alberta Diabetes Institute
• Cross Cancer Institute
• Edmonton Clinic
• Grey Nuns Community Hospital
• Lois Hole Hospital for Women
• Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute
• Misericordia Community Hospital
• Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research
• Royal Alexandra Hospital
• Stollery Children's Hospital
• University of Alberta Hospital

The Edmonton Clinic complex, completed in 2012, provides a similar research, education, and care environment as the Mayo Clinic in the United States.[140][141]

All public health care services funded by the Government of Alberta are delivered operationally by Alberta Health Services. AHS is the province's single health authority, established on July 1, 2008, which replaced nine regional health authorities. AHS also funds all ground ambulance services in the province, as well as the province-wide Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society (STARS) air ambulance service.[142]

Transportation

Air

Calgary International Airport, the province's largest airport by passenger traffic.

Alberta is well-connected by air, with international airports in both Calgary and Edmonton. Calgary International Airport and Edmonton International Airport are the fourth- and fifth-busiest in Canada, respectively. Calgary's airport is a hub for WestJet Airlines and a regional hub for Air Canada. Calgary's airport primarily serves the Canadian prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) for connecting flights to British Columbia, eastern Canada, 15 major U.S. centres, nine European airports, one Asian airport and four destinations in Mexico and the Caribbean.[143] Edmonton's airport acts as a hub for the Canadian north and has connections to all major Canadian airports as well as 10 major U.S. airports, 3 European airports and 6 Mexican and Caribbean airports.[144]

Public transit

Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, and Lethbridge have substantial public transit systems. In addition to buses, Calgary and Edmonton operate light rail transit (LRT) systems. Edmonton LRT, which is underground in the downtown core and on the surface outside the CBD, was the first of the modern generation of light rail systems to be built in North America, while the Calgary C-Train has one of the highest number of daily riders of any LRT system in North America.

Rail

A Via Rail passenger train passing by freight trains in the background, at Jasper station

There are more than 9,000 km (5,600 mi) of operating mainline railway in Alberta. The vast majority of this trackage is owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway and Canadian National Railway companies, which operate railway freight across the province. Additional railfreight service in the province is provided by two shortline railways: the Battle River Railway and Forty Mile Rail. Passenger trains include Via Rail's Canadian (Toronto–Vancouver) or Jasper–Prince Rupert trains, which use the CN mainline and pass through Jasper National Park and parallel the Yellowhead Highway during at least part of their routes. The Rocky Mountaineer operates two sections: one from Vancouver to Banff and Calgary over CP tracks, and a section that travels over CN tracks to Jasper.

Road

See also: List of Alberta provincial highways and List of airports in Alberta

Alberta has over 181,000 km (112,000 mi) of highways and roads, of which nearly 41,000 km (25,000 mi) are paved.[145] The main north–south corridor is Highway 2, which begins south of Cardston at the Carway border crossing and is part of the CANAMEX Corridor. Highway 4, which effectively extends Interstate 15 into Alberta and is the busiest U.S. gateway to the province, begins at the Coutts border crossing and ends at Lethbridge. Highway 3 joins Lethbridge to Fort Macleod and links Highway 2 to Highway 4. Highway 2 travels north through Fort Macleod, Calgary, Red Deer, and Edmonton.[146]

Alberta Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail) at the TransCanada Highway

North of Edmonton, the highway continues to Athabasca, then northwesterly along the south shore of Lesser Slave Lake into High Prairie, north to Peace River, west to Fairview and finally south to Grande Prairie, where it ends at an interchange with Highway 43.[146] The section of Highway 2 between Calgary and Edmonton has been named the Queen Elizabeth II Highway to commemorate the visit of the monarch in 2005.[147] Highway 2 is supplemented by two more highways that run parallel to it: Highway 22, west of Highway 2, known as Cowboy Trail, and Highway 21, east of Highway 2. Highway 43 travels northwest into Grande Prairie and the Peace River Country; Highway 63 travels northeast to Fort McMurray, the location of the Athabasca oil sands.[146]

Alberta has two main east–west corridors. The southern corridor, part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, enters the province near Medicine Hat, runs westward through Calgary, and leaves Alberta through Banff National Park. The northern corridor, also part of the Trans-Canada network and known as the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16), runs west from Lloydminster in eastern Alberta, through Edmonton and Jasper National Park into British Columbia.[146] One of the most scenic drives is along the Icefields Parkway, which runs for 228 km (142 mi) between Jasper and Lake Louise, with mountain ranges and glaciers on either side of its entire length. A third corridor stretches across southern Alberta; Highway 3 runs between Crowsnest Pass and Medicine Hat through Lethbridge and forms the eastern portion of the Crowsnest Highway.[146] Another major corridor through central Alberta is Highway 11 (also known as the David Thompson Highway), which runs east from the Saskatchewan River Crossing in Banff National Park through Rocky Mountain House and Red Deer, connecting with Highway 12 20 km (12 mi) west of Stettler. The highway connects many of the smaller towns in central Alberta with Calgary and Edmonton, as it crosses Highway 2 just west of Red Deer.[146]

Urban stretches of Alberta's major highways and freeways are often called trails. For example, Highway 2, the main north–south highway in the province, is called Deerfoot Trail as it passes through Calgary but becomes Calgary Trail (for southbound traffic) and Gateway Boulevard (for northbound traffic) as it enters Edmonton and then turns into St. Albert Trail as it leaves Edmonton for the City of St. Albert. Calgary, in particular, has a tradition of calling its largest urban expressways trails and naming many of them after prominent First Nations individuals and tribes, such as Crowchild Trail, Deerfoot Trail, and Stoney Trail.[148]

Friendship partners

Alberta has relationships with many provinces, states, and other entities worldwide.[149]

• Gangwon-do, South Korea (1974)[150]
• Hokkaido, Japan (1980)
• Heilongjiang, China (1981)
• Montana, United States (1985)
• Tyumen, Russia (1992)
• Khanty–Mansi, Russia (1995)
• Yamalo-Nenets, Russia (1997)
• Jalisco, Mexico (1999)
• Alaska, United States (2002)
• Saxony, Germany (2002)
• Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine (2004)
• Lviv, Ukraine (2005)
• California, United States (1997)[151]
• Guangdong, China (2017)

See also

• Index of Alberta-related articles
• Outline of Alberta
• Symbols of Alberta

Notes

1. According to a 2018 CBC article, Albertans whose annual income is less than $25,000 pay the least income tax in Canada; those that earn about $50, 000 "pay more than both Ontarians and British Columbians". Residents of British Columbia who earn about $75,000 pay $1,200 less in provincial taxes than those in Alberta. Albertans who earn about $100,000, "pay less than Ontarians but still more than people in B.C." Alberta taxpayers who earn $250,000 a year or more, pay $4,000 less in provincial taxes than someone with a similar income in B.C. and "about $18,000 less than in Quebec."

References

1. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011 censuses". Statistics Canada. February 2, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
2. "Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories". Statistics Canada. September 26, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
3. "Languages Act". Government of Alberta. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
4. "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2015)". Statistics Canada. November 9, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
5. "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
6. "Alberta becomes a Province". Alberta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
7. Erin Wenckstern (January 8, 2015). "Chinook winds and Alberta weather". The Weather Network. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
8. NEB (May 2008). "Canadian Energy Overview 2007". National Energy Board of Canada. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
9. "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
10. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
11. "History". Government of Alberta. Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
12. "A land of freedom and beauty, named for love". Government of Alberta. 2002. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
13. Larry Donovan & Tom Monto (2006). Alberta Place Names: The Fascinating People & Stories Behind the Naming of Alberta. Dragon Hill Publishing Ltd. p. 121. ISBN 1-896124-11-9.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
14. Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Albert". Behind the Name.
15. "Alberta | Origin and meaning of the name Alberta by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
16. "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. February 2005. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
17. "Alberta, Canada". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
18. "Climate and Geography" (PDF). About Alberta. Government of Alberta. 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
19. "Athabasca River". The Canadian Heritage Rivers System. 2011. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
20. "Atlas of Alberta Railways Maps – Alberta Land Grants". ualberta.ca. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
21. "Alberta". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
22. "Climate of Alberta". Agroclimatic Atlas of Alberta. Government of Alberta. 2003. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
23. "Alberta Weather and Climate Data". Government of Alberta, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
24. "Alberta Clipper". The Weather Notebook. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2012.
25. "Chance of White Christmas". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
26. Vettese, Dayna (September 4, 2014). "Tornadoes in Canada: Everything you need to know". The Weather Network. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
27. "Canadian Climate Normals". Environment Canada. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
28. "Plant Hardiness Zone by Municipality". Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
29. Prairie Crocus Information Alberta Plant Watch. Author Annora Brown. Published: no date given. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
30. Neil L. Jennings (2010). In Plain Sight: Exploring the Natural Wonders of Southern Alberta. Rocky Mountain Books Ltd. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-897522-78-3. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
31. Bradford Angier (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Stackpole Books. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-8117-2018-2. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
32. Paul A. Johnsgard (2005). Prairie Dog Empire: A Saga of the Shortgrass Prairie. U of Nebraska Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8032-2604-3. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
33. "The History of Rat Control in Alberta". Alberta Department of Agriculture. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
34. Markusoff, Jason (September 1, 2009). "Rodents defying Alberta's rat-free claim". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
35. "Alberta's rat-free status in jeopardy: More than dozen found in landfill". The Globe and Mail. August 15, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
36. "Several rats found at Medicine Hat landfill, one spotted at nearby farm". CBC News. April 8, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
37. Ryan, M. J., and Russell, A. P., 2001. Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 279–297.
38. "Canada's First Nations". Applied History. University of Calgary. 2000. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
39. "Alexander Mackenzie Biography". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved January 5, 2006.
40. Kennedy, D.; Cohen, L.; Bailey, T. (2010). The American Pageant: Volume I: To 1877. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-547-16659-9.
41. Easterbrook, W. T. Easterbrook (1988). Canadian Economic History. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. p. 320. ISBN 0-8020-6696-8.
42. Da Cambra, MP; McAlister, VC (2017). "Calgary, Edmonton and the University of Alberta: the extraordinary medical mobilization by Canada's newest province". Can J Surg. 60: 296. doi:10.1503/cjs.012117. PMC 5608576. PMID 28930035.
43. Kaufmann, Bill (June 21, 2013). "Thousands flee rising waters from Red Deer to Crowsnest". Calgary Sun. p. 3.
44. 2006 Census, Population, urban and rural, by province and territory
45. 2011 Census, Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses
46. "Components of population growth, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on September 30, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
47. "2016 Census of Canada – age and sex release". Alberta Treasury Board and Finance / Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
48. "Types of Municipalities in Alberta". Alberta Municipal Affairs. May 16, 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
49. "Population urban and rural, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
50. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
51. "Language Highlight Tables". 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
52. "Aboriginal Peoples Highlight Tables". 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
53. "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
54. "Religion (108) for the Population in Private Households of Canada". 2011 National Household Survey. Statistics Canada. 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
55. "Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 2006 Censuses – 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
56. "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables". 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
57. "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
58. "Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: Provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
59. "Visible minority groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities) with 5,000-plus population – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
60. "Aboriginal identity population by age groups, median age and sex, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
61. "NHS Profile, Alberta, 2011". Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
62. "Al-Rashid Mosque". Canadian Islamic Congress. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
63. "Politicians and faithful open Canada's largest mosque". July 5, 2008. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
64. Jewish Virtual Library. "Encyclopedia Judaica: Alberta, Canada". Retrieved December 15, 2016.
65. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
66. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". Statistics Canada. 2001. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
67. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Metropolitan Areas in Decreasing Order of 1996 Population, 1991 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". Statistics Canada. 1996. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
68. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
69. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
70. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2001. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
71. "Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. 1996. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
72. "Provincial and Territorial Ranking: Income per Capita". How Canada Performs. The Conference Board of Canada. May 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
73. "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
74. "Population by year, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. September 27, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
75. "The Alberta economic Juggernaut:The boom on the rose" (PDF). Statistics Canada. September 2006. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
76. "Median earnings for economic families with earnings, both senior and non-senior families, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
77. Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory". statcan.gc.ca.
78. "Gross Domestic Product". Economic Dashboard.
79. "Canadian Federal and Provincial Fiscal Tables" (PDF). Economic Reports. Royal Bank of Canada. January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
80. "Calgary-Edmonton corridor". Statistics Canada, 2001 Census of Population. January 20, 2003. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
81. "Alberta Rated as Best Investment Climate". The Fraser Institute. November 2006. Archived from the original on April 16, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
82. Economic Freedom of North America 2008 Annual Report. The Fraser Institute. 2008. ISBN 0-88975-213-3. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
83. Alberta, Government of (December 12, 2017). "Economic highlights". albertacanada.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
84. "Inflation Calculator". bankofcanada.ca.
85. "Regional differences to narrow in 2016" (PDF). Retrieved April 30, 2017.
86. "CANADIAN GHG EMISSIONS" (PDF). www.ivey.uwo.ca.
87. "Alberta Livestock Inspections – October 2011". Government of Alberta. November 24, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
88. Gerson, Jen (April 7, 2013). "Preserving prairie cathedrals: Progress is leaving Alberta's historic grain elevators in its wake". National Post. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
89. "Beekeeping in Alberta". Government of Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. Government of Alberta. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
90. "Agriculture and Forestry – Forest Business". agric.gov.ab.ca. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
91. "Commodities: Lumber". October 26, 2008.
92. "Agriculture and Forestry – Forest Business – Trade, Imports". agric.gov.ab.ca. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
93. "Alaska – Alberta Relations" (PDF). Government of Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
94. "Canada Oilsands Opportunities". U.S. Commercial Service. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
95. "Cost escalation leads Total to put Joslyn oil sands project on hold". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
96. Interactive display system—US Patent U.S. Patent No. 5,448,263; Archived February 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine—SMART Technologies
97. "Living in Canada : Alberta". AKCanada. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
98. "History of the Stampede". Calgary Stampede. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
99. Manisha Krishnan (July 29, 2012). "Capital Ex to be named K-Days (Poll)". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
100. "K-Days Edmonton". Northlands. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
101. Bush, E.; Lemmen, D.S., eds. (2019). Canada's Changing Climate Report (PDF). Government of Canada (Report). Ottawa, Ontario. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-660-30222-5. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
102. April 1, 2019 (April 1, 2019). "Canada warming at twice the global rate, leaked report finds". CBC News. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
103. V. Masson-Delmotte; P. Zhai; H. O. Pörtner; et al., eds. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (PDF) (Report). Headline statements.
104. Press release: Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC (PDF) (Report). Incheon, Republic of Korea: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
105. "Why Canada will have a tougher time cutting greenhouse gas emissions than the rest of the world". Financial Post. May 15, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019. In Canada, 60 per cent of all industrial emissions come from the oil and gas sector.
106. Hodgson, Glen (September 26, 2017). "Three challenges facing Alberta amid the province's new economic reality". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 23, 2019. Reposted by the Conference Board of Canada.
107. "Bill Status Report for the 30th Legislature - 1st Session (2019)" (PDF), Legislative Assembly of Alberta, p. 2, June 20, 2019, retrieved June 20, 2019
108. "Legislative Assembly of Alberta". assembly.ab.ca. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
109. Eisen, Ben (March 31, 2018). "Alberta's Rae Days—the 2018 budget shows Rachel is just like Bob". Fraser Institute. Retrieved September 22, 2018. When Rachel Notley’s NDP shook Alberta’s political landscape by winning a majority government in 2015, the similarities to Ontario’s Bob Rae NDP government in the 1990s were striking. Both cases marked the first NDP government in provincial history, and both brought an end to Progressive Conservative dynasties (though in the case of Ontario, the beginning of the end had come a few years earlier when David Peterson formed a minority Liberal government).
110. Gary Mason (May 5, 2015). "An NDP victory changes everything Canadians think about Alberta". Retrieved May 6, 2015.
111. "4 Wing Home". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. December 9, 2008. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
112. "About CFB Edmonton". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. December 5, 2011. Archived from the original on September 5, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
113. "Welcome to Canadian Forces Base Suffield". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. October 22, 2012. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
114. "Building On Our Strength". Finance Alberta. Government of Alberta. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
115. "Oil sands royalties", Government of Alberta, n.d., retrieved May 21, 2019
116. 2018–21 Fiscal Plan (PDF). Finance Alberta (Report). Government of Alberta. March 22, 2018. ISBN 978-1-4601-3834-2. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
117. Tedds, Lindsay (May 9, 2018). "The winners and losers if Alberta returns to a flat tax system". Macleans. Retrieved May 21, 2019. As the province debates the merits of a less progressive tax system, voters will have to make tradeoffs that help and punish different income earners
118. "What are the income tax rates in Canada for 2009?". Canada Revenue Agency. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
119. Fletcher, Robson (May 24, 2018). "Think Alberta has the lowest income taxes? If you're in the middle class, think again". CBC News. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
120. "TD1AB – 2015 Alberta Personal Tax Credits Return". cra-arc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
121. "Alberta Tax and Credits". Government of Alberta. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
122. Johnson, Tracy (March 5, 2015). "Albertans make too much money, some economists say". CBC News. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
123. "The Right Way to Sell Booze in New Brunswick". Taxpayer. Archived from the original on January 18, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
124. "Provincial 2012 Equalized Assessment Report (page 19)" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
125. "Municipal Government Act". Alberta Queen's Printer. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
126. "Provincial 2012 Equalized Assessment Report (page 19)" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
127. "2011 Regulated Property Minister's Guidelines". Alberta Municipal Affairs. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
128. "Assessment Complaints and Appeals". Alberta Municipal Affairs. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
129. "Alberta's Month of the Artist Moved to September". Galleries West. December 17, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
130. "Alberta announces Month of the Artist and new Artist in Residence program". Alberta Foundation for the Arts. November 15, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
131. Clancy, Clare (February 19, 2019). "Alberta's artist-in-residence plans large-scale map focusing on Indigenous culture | Edmonton Journal". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
132. "Alberta's 1st Artist in Residence revealed". Alberta Foundation for the Arts. January 31, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
133. Collins, Leah (February 21, 2019). "She's Alberta's first artist in residence, so how will Lauren Crazybull spend her year?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
134. "Service Centres" (PDF). Government of Alberta. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
135. "RDC's Future – Today is the start of our University journey – Red Deer College". rdc.ab.ca. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
136. "Advocacy". University of Alberta. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
137. Bellamy, Marshall (February 16, 2005). "Klein promises tuition freeze". The Gazette. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
138. "Government of Alberta". November 7, 2011. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
139. "Health Funding: Budget 2018". Government of Alberta. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
140. "Edmonton Clinic". Alberta Health Services; University of Alberta. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
141. Larson, Jackie (December 3, 2012). "$30-million donation from Donald Kaye makes Kaye Edmonton Clinic possible". Edmonton Sun. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
142. "STARS; About Us". STARS. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
143. "Calgary Airport Authority". Calgary Airport Authority. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
144. "EIA". Edmonton International Airport. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
145. "Roads and highways". Government of Alberta. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
146. "Provincial Highway 1–216 Progress Chart" (PDF). Alberta Transportation. March 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
147. "Highway 2 receives 'Royal' treatment". Alberta Transportation. May 23, 2005. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016. Highway 2 between Edmonton and Calgary is now known as the Queen Elizabeth II Highway.
148. "Calgary, Alberta". Google Maps. Archived from the original (Map) on October 8, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
149. "Twinning Relationships". Government of Alberta. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
150. "Gangwon – Alberta Relations" (PDF). AlbertaCanada.com. Government of Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
151. "California's Sister State Relationships". ca.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2016.

Further reading

• Berry, Susan; Jack Brink (2004). Aboriginal Cultures in Alberta: Five Hundred Generations. Provincial Museum of Alberta. ISBN 0-7785-2852-9. Retrieved October 21, 2012. Alberta.
• Cavanaugh, Catherine Anne; Michael Payne; Donald Wetherell; Catherine Cavanaugh (2006). Alberta formed, Alberta transformed, Volume 1. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 1-55238-194-3. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
• Connors, Richard; Law, John M. (2005). Forging Alberta's constitutional framework. University of Alberta – Centre for Constitutional Studies. ISBN 0-88864-457-4. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
• Holt, Faye Reineberg (2009). Alberta: A History in Photographs. Heritage House ; Lancaster : Gazelle. ISBN 978-1-894974-87-5. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
• Melnyk, George (1999). The literary history of Alberta. University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0-88864-296-2. Retrieved October 21, 2012. Alberta.
• Taylor, Alison (2001). The politics of educational reform in Alberta. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-4813-7. Retrieved October 21, 2012. Alberta.

External links

• Government of Alberta website
• Alberta at Curlie
• Alberta Encyclopedia