Crime in Canada

Under the Canadian constitution, the power to establish criminal law and rules of investigation is vested in the federal Parliament. The provinces share responsibility for law enforcement (although provincial policing in many jurisdictions is contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police), and while the power to prosecute criminal offences is assigned to the federal government, responsibility for prosecutions is delegated to the provinces for most types of criminal offences. Laws and sentencing guidelines are uniform throughout the country, but provinces vary in their level of enforcement.[2]

Canada
Crime rates* (2017)
Violent Criminal Code violations
Homicide	1.76 (2018 Stat)
Attempted murder	2.25
Sexual assault	67.22
Assault	595.05
Robbery	61.95
Uttering threats	169.10
Total violent crime violations	1098.40
Property crime violations
Breaking and entering	438.51
Theft of motor vehicle	231.61
Theft over $5,000	47.01
Theft under $5,000	570.17
Mischief	713.84
Total property crime violations	3244.76
Notes *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.  Census population: 35,151,728[1] Source: Incident-based crime statistics, by detailed violations

According to the latest report of Statistics Canada, overall crime in Canada has been steadily declining since the late 1990s as measured by the Crime severity index (CSI) and the Violent Crime Severity Index (VCSI), with a more recent uptick since an all-time low in 2014.[3] Both measures of crime saw an 8 to 10 percent decrease between 2010 and 2018.[3] Violent crime, specifically homicides, have declined in Canada since their peak in 1975 by over 40%, placing Canada 79th in the world by homicide rate, much worse than Australia, England, Ireland, but comparable to Belgium and relatively close to poorer European countries, but first in the Americas (homicide rates are 2.7 times lower than in the United States). Current crimes that are increasing include drug-related offences, fraud, sexual assault and theft, with fraud increasing 46% between 2008 and 2018.[4]

Statistics Canada data

Crime rates in Canada were reported at 5,334 incidents per 100,000 inhabitants with violent crime at 1,098 incidents and property crime at 3,245 incidents (per 100,000).[5] The province with the lowest crime rate in 2017 was Quebec with 3,359 incidents per 100,000 followed by Ontario with 3,804 incidents per 100,000. The province with the highest crime rate for 2017 was Nunavut with 34,948 incidents per 100,000. Overall crime decreased 23% between 2007 and 2017 with all provinces experiencing a decrease in crime (up to 34%) with the exception of Yukon which saw no decrease and Nunavut which saw an increase. Violent crime was lowest in Prince Edward Island followed by Ontario and Quebec. [5] The three northern territories have higher per capita crime rates than any province.

Canada Homicide Rate year-by-year

Canada's homicide rate per capita (per 100,000) inhabitants has been declining since a peak in the 1970s. After dropping to a low point of 1.44 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in 2013, Canada's homicide rate has been rising again.[6] In 2015 the rate rose to 1.68 per 100,000 people, up from 1.47 the previous year.[7] According to Statistics Canada data from 2016, police reported 611 homicides across Canada in 2016, a rate of 1.68 per 100,000 people.[8]. Canada's national homicide rate 2017 was the highest it's been in a decade, Statistics Canada says, because of a spike in gang-related violence and shootings. The agency said there were 660 reported homicides in Canada last year. Not only was that an increase of nearly eight per cent from 2016, it also pushed up the homicide rate to 1.8 victims for every 100,000 people, the highest since 2009.[9] The agency also said the rates of other serious offences, including attempted murder, sexual assault, robbery and aggravated assault were all up last year, as was the use of guns in violent crimes.[9]

Police reported criminal violence is thought to be an undercount of actual violence rates. Thus, approximately every five years, Statistics Canada conducts a survey of victimization in Canada. The last General Social Survey conducted was in 2004, where 24,000 people were contacted by telephone: 106 reported incidents of violence per 1,000 polled, which is slightly lower than in 1999 when it was 111 per 1,000 polled.[10] In 2007, the number of murders dropped to 594, 12 fewer than the previous year. One-third of the 2007 murders were stabbings and another third were by firearm. In 2007, there were 190 stabbings and 188 shootings. Handguns were used in two-thirds of all firearm murders. Seventy-four youths were accused of murder, down 11 from the previous year. About eighty-four percent of murders were done by someone known to the victim. Male victims of homicide were most likely to be killed by an acquaintance, someone known to them through a criminal relationship, or a stranger. Female victims of homicide were most frequently killed by a current or former intimate partner, or another family member. The province with the highest crime rate was Manitoba while the lowest crime rates occurred in Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador.

Police reported that the number of hate crimes in Canada dropped to 1,798 in 2018 compared to 2,073 in 2017 as per the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey. However, the number is still higher than the previous years when there were 1,409 in 2016, 1,362 in 2015 and 1,295 in 2014. Religion continues to be the leading motivation and cause for the hate crimes (37%) in Canada according to the survey conducted by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS).[11] Studies in the U.S. have found that, all else being equal, a 10-percent reduction in the size of a typical police service has been found to lead to a 6-percent increase in robberies, a 3-percent increase in serious assaults, and a 4-percent increase in vehicle theft.[12]

Crime by region

Violent crime severity index by census metropolitan area

CMAs in Canada – Violent Crime Severity Index, by year[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
City	2016	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011	2010	2009
Abbotsford–Mission	82.3	90.4	81.1	70.7	79.7	72.4	89.8	118.8
Barrie	46.3	43.8	42.3	38.6	46.1	49.2	50.1	53.9
Brantford	88.4	70.0	73.5	73.9	67.6	84.5	92.5	91.5
Calgary	61.3	72.1	63.0	62.0	61.2	72.1	82.1	84.8
Edmonton	102.5	103.9	93.3	89.7	95.8	105.9	106	118.7
Gatineau	63.8	55.9	57.5	65.1	71.4	68.1	59.7	74.5
Greater Sudbury	61.4	63.9	62.9	66.3	75.4	78.7	85	98.1
Guelph	49.1	47.3	44.1	42.5	53.8	48.2	44.5	49.2
Halifax	77.3	79.0	73.6	84.8	92.4	111.7	105.6	120.0
Hamilton	66.0	54.6	55.0	59.9	62.5	75.8	80.9	84.3
Kelowna	62.7	69.8	60.4	67.1	81.8	86.0	95.9	104.3
Kingston	38.5	54.5	44.3	48.6	53.7	48.1	54.5	71.9
Kitchener–Cambridge–Waterloo	60.1	54.5	51.1	57.0	60.9	69.5	69.8	65.1
London	59.4	56.7	49.0	56.9	64.1	70.5	74.3	69.9
Moncton	79.3	75.6	74.5	66.5	73.4	68.2	72.4	79.4
Montreal	73.1	76.1	72.5	79.5	87.8	97.7	98.3	102.7
Ottawa	62.1	53.7	49.6	56.1	58.2	63.9	67.5	78.1
Peterborough	68.9	56.9	51.7	57.7	66.2	60.2	65.8	59.5
Quebec	51.5	43.1	47.5	48.3	50.8	48.6	51.3	50.9
Regina	124.1	107.9	103.8	105.8	110.1	123.5	151.2	155.6
Saguenay	67.7	61.3	58.2	57.2	79.4	55.2	59.2	72.8
Saint John	63.8	65.7	61.6	59.5	68.0	91.3	96.4	100.3
Saskatoon	114.0	113.5	122.6	109.9	126.4	134.5	155.7	154.7
Sherbrooke	55.6	44.1	51.6	45.3	49.7	49.3	N/A	54.2
St. Catharines–Niagara	37.6	42.2	40.9	49.3	54.1	48.0	56.9	63.5
St. John's	88.9	79.6	69.5	79.5	77.3	74.7	90.1	69.3
Thunder Bay	125.6	119.2	138.5	110.9	118.8	128.7	138.5	136.1
Toronto	70.4	64.6	63.5	68.2	78.4	84.7	88.4	94.5
Trois-Rivières	46.2	59.9	57.3	51.4	46.4	46.2	44.4	56.0
Vancouver	72.8	85.0	78.2	83.6	92.6	98.3	108.2	117.8
Victoria	56.8	69.1	58.4	54.4	63.7	70.9	81.3	81.0
Windsor	58.1	67.7	57.0	61.9	66.4	59.8	65.1	74.6
Winnipeg	149.6	122.1	116.1	119.9	145.4	173.8	163.9	187.0
Canada	75.3	74.5	70.2	73.7	81.4	85.3	88.9	93.7

Crime statistics by province and territory

Crime statistics vary considerably through different parts of Canada. In general, the eastern provinces have the lowest violent crime rates while the western provinces have higher rates and the territories higher still. Of the provinces, Manitoba and Saskatchewan have the highest violent crime rates. The chart below also shows that Saskatchewan has the highest provincial assault rate, and that Manitoba has the highest provincial sexual assault rate, robbery rate and homicide rate of any Canadian province. In many instances the crime rates in the Yukon, North West Territories and Nunavut are the highest in the country and can be up to ten times the national average.

2016 crime statistics for the provinces and territories are given below, as reported by Statistics Canada.[21]

Crime Rates (per 100,000 residents) by Canadian Provinces & Territories[21]
Province/Territory	Canada	NL	PE	NS	NB	QC	ON	MB	SK	AB	BC	YT	NT	NU
Total of all violations	5904.54	6478.06	4949.24	5540.17	5291.89	4067.02	4031.72	9446.88	13305.3	8801.19	8674.51	24319.85	43457.24	35790.95
Violent Criminal Code violations (total)	1051.62	1327.42	785.74	1153.45	1176.56	950.41	789.81	1938.05	2027.58	1243.53	1139.34	4147.55	7836.92	8152.2
Homicide	1.68	1.32	0	1.37	1.45	0.8	1.47	3.19	4.69	2.73	1.83	10.67	6.75	2.7
Attempted murder	2.14	1.32	0	2.74	0.92	2.29	1.86	3.26	5.74	1.25	2.4	2.67	0	24.27
Sexual assault (not including against children)	57.91	58.85	47.09	65.93	48.63	49.19	53.39	108.57	103.94	63.45	50.17	200.05	310.33	418
Sexual violations against children	19.06	23.39	22.2	22.12	22.99	23.11	13.92	36.34	32.42	17.61	15.59	58.68	85.45	277.76
Assault (not including against a police officer)	574.05	693.61	399.6	561.56	623.16	483.88	421.06	1210.5	1289.38	721.63	589.2	2627.23	5313.81	5361.1
Assaults against a peace officer	27.47	25.47	6.73	34.54	30.79	30.42	18.69	62.13	49.89	30.9	26.05	85.35	139.42	204.95
Discharge firearm with intent	2.98	3.58	0.67	1.37	1.98	1.27	3.4	5.23	6.87	4.56	1.85	0	15.74	35.06
Robbery	60.05	42.07	12.11	28.44	29.86	44.45	59.01	156.21	85.87	71.41	62.17	58.68	69.71	26.97
Forcible confinement or kidnapping	10.43	6.98	2.69	10.64	4.89	16.69	7.16	10.92	13.3	12.51	7.01	21.34	47.22	59.33
Extortion	8.28	7.36	2.69	6.64	4.23	13.7	5.7	3.34	5.21	6.47	11.32	5.33	13.49	5.39
Criminal harassment	51.88	67.53	52.47	45.81	69.37	61.9	54.98	16.77	48.58	46.04	34.87	117.36	175.4	188.77
Uttering threats	166.59	329.73	151.36	242.65	257.01	180.2	104.06	246.26	266.72	179.38	200.31	701.48	1216.58	1092.17
Indecent/Harassing communications	41.96	45.08	78.04	102.79	59.33	8.56	21.81	44.38	68.31	58.29	115.1	181.37	353.05	374.84
Other violent violations	27.14	21.13	10.09	26.85	21.95	33.95	23.3	30.95	46.66	27.3	21.47	77.34	89.97	80.89
Property crime violations (total)	3206.84	3375.41	2916.94	2843.18	2696.16	1854.28	2286.89	5093.28	6553.36	5205.65	5001.44	9225.97	20661.58	15171.78
Breaking and entering	438.51	509.69	255.64	307.21	429.98	371.75	285.55	727.7	886.9	658.12	628.02	672.14	1014.19	1766.36
Theft of motor vehicle	216.91	92.81	59.87	96.05	124.34	143.24	123.17	313.1	492.16	536.13	294.76	469.43	526.21	323.61
Theft over $5000 (non-motor vehicle)	42.48	43.76	22.87	24.75	30.13	35.55	32.46	34.82	54.93	76.3	58.82	72.02	40.48	29.66
Theft under $5000 (non-motor vehicle)	1365.91	1004.1	1276.83	1221.06	1057.64	705.84	1108.64	1437.72	1882.97	2112.83	2578.37	2440.52	1931.68	725.42
Fraud	299.05	269.37	390.85	296.68	235.6	181.01	292.48	268.79	564.04	428.2	364.13	472.1	301.33	210.34
Identity theft and identity fraud	46.92	11.51	21.53	15.8	24.45	58.42	34.78	26.94	51.71	63.27	67.66	13.34	11.25	5.4
Mischief	717.44	1407.58	836.2	771.35	718.44	314.94	372.62	2157.98	2402.59	1112.89	913.18	4979.73	16697.02	11970.77
Other property crime violations	79.62	36.59	53.15	110.28	75.58	43.53	37.19	126.23	218.06	217.91	96.5	106.69	139.42	140.22
Other Criminal Code violations (total)	965.39	1221.59	619.58	882.25	823.62	442.21	531.65	1775.32	3164.78	1610.56	1597.37	9169.96	12089.32	11088.94
Child pornography (including making and distributing)	17.21	16.41	16.14	21.49	14.27	9.7	10.63	16.31	14.78	8.63	58	18.67	20.24	8.09
Disturb the peace	268.84	438.38	264.38	158.4	189.88	6.41	39.65	671.71	551.44	437.16	901.29	6244	8632.98	8146.81
Administration of justice violations	560.17	617.4	232.76	553.13	457.07	362.98	407.83	903.86	2294.91	980.56	432.32	2544.54	2797.45	2491.77
Other Criminal Code violations (all other violations)	119.17	149.4	106.3	149.23	162.4	63.12	73.54	183.44	303.65	184.21	205.76	362.75	638.65}	442.27
Criminal Code traffic violations (total)	341.53	325.2	397.58	326.07	300.09	480.02	201.4	324.7	811.12	407.11	330.18	1165.58	1738.29	790.14
Impaired driving	194.31	259.56	328.29	263.4	221.46	180.46	105.59	257.26	554.22	286.65	240.99	976.21	1490.93	644.52
Other Criminal Code traffic violations	147.22	65.64	69.29	62.67	78.63	299.56	95.81	67.44	256.9	120.46	89.19	189.37	247.36	145.62
Federal Statute violations (total)	339.16	228.44	229.4	335.23	295.46	340.1	221.97	315.52	748.46	334.34	606.17	610.8	1131.13	587.89
Drug violations (total)	262.96	185.24	187.69	287.62	221.6	293.93	179.63	206.35	300.36	275.63	452.63	450.76	859.03	544.74

Police

Main article: Law enforcement in Canada

Map of Police per 100,000 population across Canada, 2012.[22]

  < 176

  176-200

  201-300

  301-400

  > 400

In 2005, there were 61,050 police officers in Canada which equates to one police officer per 528.6 persons, but with significant regional variations.[23] Newfoundland and Labrador and Prince Edward Island have the fewest police per capita with 664.9 and 648.4 persons per police officer, respectively. Conversely, the highest ratio of police to population is found in Canada's northern territories; Nunavut has 247.9 persons per police officer, the Northwest Territories has 248.5 persons per officer and the Yukon has 258.2 persons for each police officer.[24]

That is a substantially lower rate than most developed countries with only Japan and Sweden having so few police officers. The United States has one officer per 411.5 persons, and Germany 344.8.

Canada's national police force is the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) which is the main police force in Canada's north, and in rural areas except in Quebec, Ontario, and Newfoundland. Those three provinces have their own provincial police forces, although the RCMP still operate throughout rural Newfoundland and also provide specific federal policing services in Ontario and Quebec. Many cities and districts have their own municipal police forces, while others have contracts with the provincial police or RCMP to police their communities.

Report rates of crimes

A publication posted on Statistics Canada reported that in 2009, only a small portion of crimes that happen are reported to the police (31% of all crimes), and this figure has been lowering from 1999 (37%) and 2004 (34%).[25] Only 54% of break and enters, 43% of robberies, and 34% of assaults are reported to the police.[26] The most common reason for not reporting a crime was the victim thought it was not important enough (68%). Other common reasons include; they think the police cannot do anything about it (59%), or they dealt with it another way (42%). Multiple reasons are given so the percentages do not sum to 100%.

Unreported Crime in Canada (2009)[26]
Reason for not reporting crime	% of people gave this reason
Not important enough	68%
Police could not do anything about it	59%
Dealt with another way	42%
Incident was a personal matter	36%
Didn't want to get the police involved	35%
Police wouldn't help	22%
Insurance wouldn't cover it	15%
No confidence in criminal justice system	14%
No items taken/recovered	14%
Police would be biased	9%
Fear of revenge by the offender	7%
Fear of publicity/news coverage	5%

Punishment

See also: Criminal sentencing in Canada

Canada abolished the death penalty for murder in 1976,[27] instituting a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment for murder.

Further information: Life imprisonment in Canada

In 2001, Canada had about 32,000 people in prison or about 0.13% of the total population. Globally, the United States was the country with the highest percentage of inmate population (about 0.7% of the total population). The European average is 0.2% of the total population, with France and Germany having lower rates than Canada, but with the United Kingdom, Spain and most of Eastern Europe having higher ones.

Comparisons

Comparing crime rates between countries is difficult due to the differences in jurisprudence, reporting and crime classifications. National crime statistics are in reality statistics of only selected crime types. Data are collected through various surveying methods that have previously ranged between 15% and 100% coverage of the data. A 2001 Statistics Canada study concluded that comparisons with the U.S. on homicide rates were the most reliable. Comparison of rates for six lesser incident crimes was considered possible but subject to more difficulty of interpretation. For example, types of assaults receive different classifications and laws in Canada and the U.S., making comparisons more difficult than homicides. At the time, the U.S. crime of aggravated assault could be compared to the sum of three Canadian crimes (aggravated assault, assault with a weapon, and attempted murder). This comparison had a predicted bias that would inflate the Canadian numbers by only 0.1%. The study also concluded that directly comparing the two countries' reported total crime rate (i.e. total selected crimes) was "inappropriate" since the totals include the problem data sets as well as the usable sets.[28] For reasons like these, homicides have been favored in international studies looking for predictors of crime rates (predictors like economic inequality).

Crime Comparison Between Selected Countries (Reported crimes per 100 000 population)
Country	Homicide	Robbery	Sexual Assault	Statistics Year
Canada	1.6	79.4	62.9	2012[29]
Australia	1.3	63.3	80.1	2011[30][31]
England and Wales	1.0	119.3	78.2	2012[32][33][34]
Ireland	1.0	61.1	39.7	2011[35][36]
New Zealand	0.9	47.1	76.5	2012[37]
Northern Ireland	1.5	72.6	88.9	2010/2011[38][39]
Scotland	1.7	34.9	85.1	2012/2013[40][41]
South Africa	30.1	297.5		2012[42][43]
United States of America	4.5	102.2	110	2014[44][45]

United States

Much study has been done of the comparative experience and policies of Canada with its southern neighbour the United States, and this is a topic of intense discussion within Canada.

Historically, the violent crime rate in Canada is far lower than that of the U.S. and this continues to be the case. For example, in 2000 the United States' rate for robberies was 65 percent higher, its rate for aggravated assault was more than double, and its murder rate was triple that of Canada. However, the rate of some property crime types is lower in the U.S. than in Canada. For example, in 2006, the rates of vehicle theft were 22% higher in Canada than in the U.S.[46]

Furthermore, in recent years, the gap in violent crime rates between the United States and Canada has narrowed due to a precipitous drop in the violent crime rate in the U.S. For example, while the aggravated assault rate declined for most of the 1990s in the U.S. and was 324 per 100,000 in 2000, the aggravated assault rate in Canada remained relatively steady throughout and was 143 per 100,000 in 2000. In other areas, the U.S. had a faster decline. For instance, whereas the murder rate in Canada declined by 36% between 1991 and 2004, the U.S. murder rate declined by 44%. [47]

The homicide rate in Canada peaked in 1975 at 3.03 per 100,000 and has dropped since then; it reached lower peaks in 1985 (2.72) and 1991 (2.69). It reached a post-1970 low of 1.73 in 2003. The average murder rate between 1970 and 1976 was 2.52, between 1977 and 1983 it was 2.67, between 1984 and 1990 it was 2.41, between 1991 and 1997 it was 2.23 and between 1998 and 2004 it was 1.82.[48] The attempted homicide rate has fallen at a faster rate than the homicide rate.[49]

By comparison, the homicide rate in the U.S. reached 10.1 per 100,000 in 1974, peaked in 1980 at 10.7 and reached a lower peak in 1991 (10.5). The average murder rate between 1970 and 1976 was 9.4, between 1977 and 1983 it was 9.6, between 1984 and 1990 it was 9, between 1991 and 1997 it was 9.2 and between 1998 and 2004 it was 6.3. In 2004, the murder rate in the U.S. dipped below 6 per 100,000, for the first time since 1966, and as of 2010 stood at 4.8 per 100,000 [47]

In more recent years, the U.S. as a country still typically has higher violent crimes rates. In 2012, the homicide rate in the U.S. was 4.7 per 100,000 residents,[50] Canada's was 3 times lower at 1.6.[29] However the chances of being murdered at random are extremely low in both countries. In Canada, only 15% of murders are committed by strangers,[51] in the U.S. this number is very similar at 14%,[52] meaning in 50 years your chance of being murdered at random is 0.000128% in Canada,[53] in the U.S. it is 0.000329% (of course these numbers would vary by neighborhoods within each country). Certain methods of homicide are used more frequently in each country; in Canada (0.59),[54] stabbing homicides occur 51.3% more often than in the U.S. (0.39),[55] however firearm homicides occur 440% more in the U.S. (2.7) than in Canada (0.5). In the U.S., you are 3 times more likely to die being shot (17.4%) than being stabbed (5.3%).[56]

Beyond homicides, the U.S. (112.9) has a higher robbery rate - 42.2% higher than Canada (79.4). Other violent crimes such as physical assaults or sexual assaults are not very comparable between the countries because of different definitions of the crimes. The disparity in property crime is not as large, however it still exists. The burglary/break-in rate in the U.S. (670.2) is 33.1% higher than in Canada (503.7), the theft rate in the U.S. (1959.3) is 33.4% higher than in Canada (1468.4), and the auto-theft rate in the U.S. (229.7) is slightly higher than the rate in Canada (223.5).

See also

• Crime Stoppers
• Block Parent Program
• Gangs in Canada
• Political scandals in Canada
• Computer crime in Canada
• Terrorism in Canada
• Department of Justice (Canada)

References

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3. "www150.statcan.gc.ca". Retrieved 2020-03-10.
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5. "Table 2b Police-reported crime rate, by province and territory, 2017". Retrieved Jun 7, 2020.
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7. "7 charts that tell the story of Canada's higher homicide rate - Macleans.ca". www.macleans.ca. Retrieved Jun 7, 2020.
8. "These are the Canadian cities with the highest homicide rates for 2016 | National Post". Nov 23, 2017. Retrieved Jun 7, 2020.
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Further reading

• Auger, Michel; Edwards, Peter (2004), The encyclopedia of Canadian organized crime: from Captain Kidd to Mom Boucher, Marks & Spencer ISBN 0-7710-3044-4
• André Cédilot; André Noël (2011). Mafia Inc.: The Long, Bloody Reign of Canada's Sicilian Clan. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-36042-7.
• Beare, Margaret E (2007), Money laundering in Canada: chasing dirty and dangerous dollars, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-9143-7
• Doob, Anthony N (2004), Responding to youth crime in Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-8856-2
• Kyle Grayson (12 April 2008). Chasing dragons: security, identity, and illicit drugs in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9479-7.
• Schneider, Stephen (2009), Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada, Mississauga, Ont. : Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-83500-5

• Homicide in Canada, 2018

External links

• Correctional Service Canada (commonly called Corrections Canada) administers federal prisons and parole boards.
• Crime comparisons between Canada and the United States
• Black markets in Canada