False Bay

False Bay (Afrikaans Valsbaai) is a body of water in the Atlantic Ocean between the mountainous Cape Peninsula and the Hottentots Holland Mountains in the extreme south-west of South Africa. The mouth of the bay faces south and is demarcated by Cape Point to the west and Cape Hangklip to the east. The north side of the bay is the low-lying Cape Flats. Much of the bay is on the coast of the City of Cape Town, and it includes part of the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area and the whole of the Helderberg Marine Protected Area.

For other uses, see False Bay (disambiguation).

False Bay
Eastern False Bay coast aerial view looking somewhat south of east: Gordon's Bay (left) to Cape Hangklip (right)
False Bay Location in South Africa Show map of Western Cape False Bay False Bay (South Africa) Show map of South Africa
Coordinates	34°13′47″S 18°38′43″E
Native name	Valsbaai
Ocean/sea sources	Southern Atlantic Ocean
Basin countries	South Africa

False Bay also contains South Africa's largest naval base at Simon's Town (historically a base for the Royal Navy), and small fishing harbours at Kalk Bay and Gordon's Bay

Description and location

Astronaut photo of Cape Town with False Bay

View of City of Cape Town showing the Cape Peninsula and Cape Flats from the International Space Station

The Cape Peninsula seen from the West, False Bay (right) and Table Bay, with Robben Island (left). Compilation produced by NASA from Landsat and SRTM data. Vertical scale exaggerated.

The western side is bordered by the Cape Peninsula, and this stretch of coastline includes the smaller Smitswinkel Bay, Simon's Bay and Fish Hoek Bay. At Muizenberg the coastline becomes relatively low and sandy and curves east across the southern boundary of the Cape Flats to Gordon's Bay to form the northern boundary of False Bay. From Gordon's Bay the coastline swings roughly south, and zig-zags its way along the foot of the Hottentots Holland Mountains to Cape Hangklip which is at nearly the same latitude as Cape Point. The highest peak on this side is Kogelberg at 1,269 m.[1]

In plan the bay is approximately square with rather wobbly edges, being roughly the same extent from north to south as east to west (30 km), with the entire southern side open to the ocean. The area of False Bay has been measured at about 1,090 km², and the volume is approximately 45 km³ (average depth about 40 m). The land perimeter has been measured at 116 km, from a 1:50,000 scale map.[2][1]

The eastern and western shores of the bay are very rocky and even mountainous; in places large cliffs plunge into the water. Notable peaks associated with the bay include Koeëlberg (1,289 m (4,229 ft)), which rises from the water itself forming the highest point of the Kogelberg, as well as Somerset Sneeukop (1590m / 5217 feet) and Wemmershoek Peak (1,788 m (5,866 ft)) which are clearly visible across the bay. Some of the highest peaks visible across False Bay include Du Toits Peak near Paarl (1,995 m (6,545 ft)), Klein Winterhoek Peak near Tulbagh (1,995 m (6,545 ft)), Mostertshoek Peak at the Western extreme of the Michell's Pass (2,008 m (6,588 ft)) and Groot Winterhoek Peak North of Tulbagh (2,077 m (6,814 ft)). The northern shore, however, is defined by a very long, curving, sandy beach. This sandy, northern perimeter of the bay is the southern edge of the area known as the Cape Flats. The bay is 30 km wide at its widest point.[3]

Suburbs of Greater Cape Town stretch right across the Cape Flats from Simon's Town halfway down the Cape Peninsula to the north-eastern corner at Gordon's Bay. There are also two small towns of the Overberg region on the east coast of the bay, Rooi-Els and Pringle Bay.

Coastal landmarks

Coastal landmarks visible from offshore in False Bay, listed clockwise from Cape Point to Cape Hangklip[1]

• Cape Point, the south-westernmost point of the bay, marked by the current lighthouse and the original lighthouse.
• Vasco da Gama Peak (266m), the highest point nearest the mouth of the bay on the Cape Peninsula.
• Rooikrans, A cliff area with a small sea cave.
• Matrooskop (109m), a small local peak inshore of Buffels Bay
• Buffels Bay, a small bay on the west side of False Bay, with a small craft slipway.
• Bordjiesrif, a small, low sandstone promontory on the north side of Buffels Bay
• Venus Pool, a large tidal rock-pool north of Bordjiesrif.
• Paulsberg (369m)
• Judas Peak (319m), the peak obove the cliffs to the immediate south of Smitswinkel Bay.
• Batsata Rock, an exposed inshore granite rock below Judas Peak near the northern boundary of the Paulsberg restricted zone, and the southern limit of Smitswinkel Bay.
• Smitswinkel Bay, a small bay on the west side of False Bay, with a few coastal houses.
• Baboon Rock, a landmark indicating the southern extent of the Castle Rock restricted area.
• Partridge Point, a granite corestone promontory with several large exposed inshore rocks extending about a hundred metres into the bay on the north side of Smitswinkel Bay
• Finlay's Point, a smaller granite corestone promontory north of Partridge Point
• Castle Rocks, a larger granite corestone promontory, comprising a massive and fairly high outcrop at the end of a small, low isthmus, with several large inshore exposed rocks south of Miller's Point.
• Bakoven Rock, an exposed inshore granite rock between Castle Rocks and Miller's Point, near the northern extent of the Castle Rocks restricted area.
• Rumbly Bay, a small cove with a small craft slipway on the south side of Miller's Point.
• Millers Point, a fairly large but low granite corestone promontory, with a small craft slipway on the northwest side, and several exposed and drying rocks extending to seaward.
• Spaniard Rock, an inshore exposed granite rock off Rocklands Point.
• Rocklands Poaint, a minor granite promontory north of Miller's Point.
• Swartkop (679m), the highest point on the Southern Peninsula.
• Simonsberg (548m), the peak above Simon's Town.
• Oatlands Point, a minor granite promontory with a large inshore exposed rock and a shoreline navigation beacon.
• Fishermans Beach, a short, sandy beach north of Oatlands Point.
• Froggy Pond, a small cove with a small sandy beach north of Fishermans Beach separated by a low rocky promontory.
• Windmill Beach, a small sandy beach partly enclosed by massive granite boulders, with two small
• Noah's Ark rock, a conspicuous inshore exposed rock at the mouth of Simon's Bay
• Simon's Bay, the largest bay on the west side of False Bay, very well protected from the prevailing south westerly swell.
• Boulders Beach, Seaforth, a sandy beach between large scattered granite boulders.
• Simon's Town Naval Base harbour, a man-made harbour with breakwater and sea-walls enclosing the naval dockyard.
• False Bay Yacht Club moorings, a floating marina protected from the south-easterly wind and waves by the naval harbour, with somewhat less protected open moorings further into the bay.
• Long Beach, a sandy beach on the west side of Simon's Bay, usually in the lee of the harbour for south easterly winds.
• Mackerel Bay, a small sandy beach north of Simon's Town.
• Glencairn, a small residential suburb in a valley north of Simon's Town, with a beach in Elsebaai
• Elsebaai, a small bay in the north part of Simon's Bay
• Glencairn quarry, a conspicuous excavation in the side of Else Peak
• Else Peak (303m), a small peak between Simon's Town and Fish Hoek
• Fish Hoek bay, the northernmost minor bay of the west side of false bay with a sandy beach open to the sea.
• Sunny Cove, the rocky sandstone coastline on the south side of Fish Hoek bay
• Fish Hoek beach, a sandy beach on the east side of the Fish Hoek–Noordhoek gap, a lowlying break in the mountain range of the peninsula between False Bay and the Atlantic coast.
• Kalk Bay, a small bay to the north of Fish Hoek bay,
• Kalk Bay harbour, a small commercial fishing harbour in Kalk bay, completely enclosing the tiny sandy beach
• St James, the suburb to the north of Kalk Bay
• Kalkbaaiberg (517m), The peak above Kalk Bay
• Muizenberg (509m), the peak to the west of Muzenberg suburb, and the northernmost peak directly overlooking the west side of False Bay.
• Muizenberg beach (Sunrise Beach), a long sandy beach along the low-lying northwestern coast of False Bay.
• Kapteinsklip, a low rocky promontory between Muizenberg and Strandfontein beaches.
• Strandfontein
• Wolfgat Nature Reserve
• Swartklip
• Monwabisi
• Macassar Beach
• Eerste River mouth
• Helderberg Marine Protected Area
• Lourens River mouth
• Strand Beach, a sandy shoreline along the coast of the suburb, becoming rocky to the east
• Harbour Island marina
• Gordon's Bay beach
• Steenbras River mouth
• Boskloof Peak
• Boskloof Point
• Kogelbaai
• Rooielsberg (638m), a peak above the point to the north of Rooi-Els.
• Rooi-Els River mouth
• The Point (Rooi-Els)
• Klein Hangklip (309m), a small peak overlooking Rooi-Els.
• Rooi-Els, a small coastal residential area in the Overberg district
• Pringle Bay
• Buffels River mouth
• Die Punt (Pringle Bay)
• Pringle Peak (159m)
• Hangklip (455m), peak at the south eastern extreme of False Bay, with near vertical profile on the south side
• Cape Hangklip, a low promontory extending southwards below Hangklip preak

Bottom morphology

The bottom morphology of False Bay is generally smooth and fairly shallow, sloping gently downwards from north to south, so that the depth at the centre of the mouth is about 80 m. The bottom is covered with sediment which ranges from very coarse to very fine, with most of the fine sediment and mud in the centre of the bay. The main exception is a long ridge of sedimentary rock that extends in a southward direction from off the Strand, to approximately level with the mouth of the Steenbras River. The southern tip of this ridge is known as Steenbras Deep.[2][1]

There is one true island in the bay, Seal Island, a barren and stony outcrop of granite about 200 m long and with an area of about 2 ha. It is about 6km south of Strandfontein and is less than 10 m above sea level at its highest point. There are also a number of small rocky islets which extend above the high water mark, and other rocks and shoals which approach the surface. The largest of these, and the most significant navigational hazard in the bay, is Whittle Rock, a large outcrop of granite about halfway into the bay and a quarter of the way across from the Cape Peninsula, which is about a kilometre in diameter and rises to within 4 m of the surface. Most of these reefs are granite of the Peninsula pluton, but east of Seal Island they are generally sandstone, probably of the Table Mountain series, though it is possible that some may be of the underlying Tygerberg formation.[2][4][1]

Outside the bay, but influencing the wave patterns in it, is Rocky Bank, an extensive area of sandstone reef between 20 and 30 m depth.[2][1]

Bathymetry

See also: Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area § Bathymetry

False Bay Bathymetry from SA Council for Geoscience

The Bathymetry of False Bay differs in character from the west side of the Cape Peninsula. The west coast seabed tends to slope down more steeply than in False Bay, and although the close inshore waters are also shallow, the 100 m contour is mostly within about 10km of the west coast, while the entire False Bay is shallower than about 80 m.[5] The bottom of the bay slopes down relatively gradually from the gently sloping beaches of the north shore to the mouth, and is fairly even depth from east to west except close to the shorelines, with three major features disrupting this gentle slope. These are Seal island, Whittle Rock, and the Steenbras ridge. Just outside the bay, there is a large shoal area at Rocky Bank, and a large ridge extending south-west from Cape Hangklip, which channels cold, nutrient-rich water into the west side of the bay during upwelling events.[6]

Geology

Main article: Marine geology of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay

The three main rock formations are the late-Precambrian Malmesbury group (metamorphic rock), the Peninsula granite, a huge batholith that was intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago, and the Table Mountain group sandstones that were deposited on the eroded surface of granite and Malmesbury series basement about 450 million years ago. The sand, silt and mud deposits were lithified by pressure and then folded during the Cape Orogeny to form the Cape Fold Belt, which extends along the western and southern coasts. The present landscape is due to prolonged erosion having carved out deep valleys, removing parts of the once continuous Table Mountain Group sandstone cover from the Cape Flats and leaving high residual mountain ridges.[4]

At times the sea covered the Cape Flats and Noordhoek valley and the Cape Peninsula was then a group of islands. During glacial periods the sea level dropped to expose the bottom of False Bay to weathering and erosion. The last major regression leaving the entire bottom of False Bay exposed. During this period an extensive system of dunes was formed on the sandy floor of False Bay. At this time the drainage outlet lay between Rocky Bank and Hangklip Ridge.[4]

Waves, tides, and water circulation

Charts of sea surface temperature in and near False Bay in summer and winter

In summer False Bay is thermally stratified, with a vertical temperature variation of 5 to 9˚C between the warmer surface water and cooler depths below 50 m, while in winter the water column is at nearly constant temperature at all depths. The development of a thermocline is strongest around late December and peaks in late summer to early autumn.[7]^:8 In summer the south easterly winds generate a zone of upwelling near Cape Hangklip, where surface water temperatures can be 6 to 7°C colder than the surrounding areas, and bottom temperatures below 12°C.[7]^:10

Northward propagating long period waves are focused in the northeast and northwest parts of False Bay by refraction effects over the shoal waters of Rocky Bank in the mouth of the bay, with measured heights of waves in the area between Steenbras mouth and Kogelbaai being up to twice the height of the waves in the Muizenberg to Strandfontein region for the prevailing southwesterly open ocean swell.[8] The reef at Whittle Rock towards the west side of the bay has a similar but lesser effect, and can focus longer period south-easterly waves on Kalk Bay. This is unusual and associated with a cut-off low pressure system causing the south-easterly winds to blow for an unusually long time over enough fetch to develop a sea sufficiently for it to be refracted by the shoal area.[9]^:App3 Wave height of southwesterly swells decreases from west to east along the north coast of False Bay due to the effects of refraction and friction of the wave base on larger areas of offshore reef before reaching the shoreline.[9]^:16

Tides are regular, semi-diurnal, and relatively weak, and there are no strong tidal currents. Maximum tidal range at Simon's Town is 2.0 m at highest astronomical tide, with minimum range of about 0.56 m at mean neap tides.[10] When large waves break at Macassar on a high tide the beach is known to be dangerous for swimming and beach erosion is increased.[9]^:16

The circulation patterns of False Bay are variable over time, with seasonal and longer term cycles. There are cold-water upwelling events associated with south-easterly winds in summer, and periodic intrusions of warm water eddies from the Agulhas Current of the south coast, both of which contribute to the biodiversity.[6]

The water circulation is primarily wind driven. Gordon's Bay is in the wind shadow of the Hottentots-Holland Mountains for south easterly winds, and this causes a semi-permanent anticyclonic eddy and associated anticlockwise gyre, in the opposite direction to the usual cyclonic circulation of the main part of the bay.[6]

In the summer to early autumn (January–March), cold water upwelling near Cape Hangklip causes a strong surface temperature gradient between the south-western and north-eastern corners of the bay. In winter the surface temperature tends to be much the same everywhere. In the northern sector surface temperature varies a bit more (13 to 22°C) than in the south (14 to 20°C) during the year.[6]

Surface temperature variation from year to year is linked to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. During El Niño years the South Atlantic high is shifted, reducing the south-easterly winds, so upwelling and evaporative cooling are reduced and sea surface temperatures throughout the bay are warmer, while in La Niña years there is more wind and upwelling and consequently lower temperatures. Surface water heating during El Niño increases vertical stratification. The relationship is not linear.[6]

The prevailing swell is about 12 to 25 second period from the southwest with average height of about 3 m. It impinges directly on the east coast of the bay, amplified by refraction over Rocky bank in the region near the Steenbras river mouth, where rogue waves may occur. Further west the swell refracts and diffuses around Cape Point, and is moderately to severely attenuated by the time it reaches the western shores.[6]

Waves along the north coast of the bay between Macassar and Muizenberg generally break by spilling as the slope is shallow. In summer, strong south-easterly winds blow over a fetch limited by the width of the bay and generate short period wind waves of around 6 seconds and 2 m height, and produce multiple lines of breakers along the north shore. Where the slopes are steeper rip currents may occur which are a hazard to swimmers.[6]

Water quality

The nutrient contribution to False Bay surface waters by upwelling appears to be greater than that of terrestrial sources by runoff and groundwater seepage, but pollutants from terrestrial sources can be persistent and can have adverse effects on coastal ecosystems and recreational activities. Mixing with offshore water has a significant effect on surf zone and inshore water quality, but the effects of microbial processes on inshore water quality and the relative contribution of anthropogenic sources of nutrients remains unknown, but likely to be increasing.[6]

History

Map showing the locations of False Bay and Table Bay.

In pre-colonial times False Bay was exploited by Khoisan who collected seafood from the shores and deposited the shells in middens along the coast which indicate usage over some 10 000 years.[6] Bartolomeu Dias in 1488 first referred to the bay as "the gulf between the mountains" (Schirmer, 1980). The name "False Bay" was applied early on (at least three hundred years ago) by sailors who confused the bay with Table Bay to the north. According to Schirmer, the confusion arose because sailors returning from the east (The Dutch East Indies) initially confused Cape Point and Cape Hangklip, which are somewhat similar in form. Hangklip was known to the early Portuguese seafarers as Cabo Falso, or False Cape, and the name of the bay derived from the cape. Commercial fishing was started in the late 17th century soon after settlement by the Dutch.[6]

In 1672 the Dutch warship Goudvinck was stationed at the Cape and was instructed to survey False Bay, but it is not known how much was done before they were recalled. Simon van der Stel, appointed commander of the station in 1679, sailed False Bay in November 1687 on the ship De Noord, and took the earliest recorded soundings, and described the islands, reefs and shoreline of the bay. By the end of the 17th century the general bathymetry was known.[11]

The Whittle Rock reef is named after a lieutenant Whittle of the Royal Navy, who surveyed parts of False Bay after HMS Indent was damaged off Miller's Point soon after the first British occupation of the Cape in 1795.[12]

Commercial fishing has been practiced in False bay since the late 1600s Over time a range of fishing methods have been prohibited in False Bay. Demersal trawling, purse seining and gillnetting were introduced in the 19th century, but have been stopped as they were depleting stocks, conflicting with other fisheries and users, and damaging the environment. Illegal gillnetting is still a problem.[6]

Penguin eggs were collected until 1968, whaling operations took place until 1975, seals were hunted for fur until 1984, and guano was collected until 1991. All of these activities had a severely detrimental effect on the targeted populations and are now illegal. Commercial abalone diving has been severely restricted as the resource was overfished but illegal exploitation of the resource continues. Recreational abalone extraction has been discontinued.[6]

There have been symposia, in 1968 and 1989, on the socio-ecological importance of False Bay, with reviews of the oceanography and biology of the bay and human impact on it.[6]

Climate

See also: Cape Town § Climate

The climate is Mediterranean, with warm, dry summers and cool, damp winters. In winter gales and storms from the northwest are common and can be ferocious. False Bay is exposed to southeasterly winds in summer and its waters are approximately 6 °C warmer than those of Table Bay, owing to the influence of the warm Agulhas Current.

Winds

The winds have a strong influence on the waves and water circulation and through it the sea surface temperature. The wind follows a characteristic pattern, which shifts in latitude with the seasons and follows the Rossby waves as they move eastwards over the southern ocean. A southwesterly wind follows the passage of a cold front as the anticyclone moves east and merges with the South Atlantic High, producing strong south-easterly winds. The high pressure cell moves further over the tip of Africa and splits off the South Atlantic high, with weakening south easterly winds, followed by a coastal low with north-westerly wind before the next cold front, bringing cool, wet westerly wind which passes around Table Mountain and converges as a northerly wind over the bay.[6]

The South Atlantic high shifts latitude with the seasons, following the sun, and this causes a large variation in the wind pattern over the passage of the year. In summer it moves south and the south-easterly winds dominate, and on average are strongest during January and February. During winter the northward shift allows the fronts to extend further north with stronger north-westerly winds and more frequent and heavier rain. The winter winds tend to be strongest in June and are generally northwesterly. The transition periods are April and September.[6]

Local variations in wind direction and strength are caused by interaction with the mountains on both sides of the bay. South-easterly winds are accelerated northwest of Cape Hangklip, and a distinct wind shadow can develop in the lee of the Kogelberg mountain. Northwesterly winds accelerate over table Mountain and approach the bay from varying directions depending on the local topography. Temperature differences between land and water can also produce diurnal variations of wind speed and direction, particularly in summer.[6]

Ecology and marine life

See also: Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area and Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone

False Bay is at the extreme western end of the inshore Agulhas marine ecoregion which extends from Cape Point to the Mbashe river over the continental shelf, in the overlap zone between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point where the warm Agulhas Current and the cooler South Atlantic waters mix. The continental shelf is at its widest in this ecoregion, extending up to 240km offshore on the Agulhas Bank, but is considerably narrower off False Bay. This ecoregion has the highest number of South African endemics, and is a breeding area for many species. There are several important commercial fisheries in this region. The transition between the Agulhas ecoregion and the cooler Benguela ecoregion is at Cape Point, on the western boundary of False Bay.[13]^:103[14]

Algal blooms

See also: Algal bloom and Red tide

False Bay has a high incidence of dinoflagellate blooms that may produce toxins or accumulate as red tides. The water retention and stratification of late summer and autumn produce the environment most conducive to harmful algal blooms. Algal blooms tend to propagate clockwise with the circulation, and may become trapped in the Gordon's Bay eddy for more extended periods.[6]

Brown discoloration in the surf zone along the north shore is frequently due to persistent blooms of the non-toxic diatom Anaulus australis, which is provided with nutrients from groundwater seepage through the sand bottom and river outfalls containing waste water from the nearby sewage purification systems.[6]

Habitat types

The benthic habitat types listed for False Bay in the National Biodiversity Assessment are:[6]

• Estuaries
• Estuarine shore
• Dissipative sandy coast
• Dissipative-intermediate sandy coast
• Intermediate sandy coast
• Reflective sandy coast
• Mixed shore
• Boulder shore
• Sheltered rocky coast
• Exposed rocky coast
• Very exposed rocky coast
• Sandy inshore
• Sandy inner shelf
• Hard inshore
• Hard inner shelf
• Hard outer shelf
• Reef
• Island buffer zone, and
• Harbour

Fauna

See also: List of marine animals of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay

• Great white shark
• Cape fur seal
• Cetaceans
  • Southern right whale
  • Humpback whale
  • Bryde's whale
  • Pygmy right whale
  • Heaviside's dolphin
  • Dusky dolphin
  • Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
  • Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin
  • Long-beaked common dolphin
  • Killer whale

Seaweeds

See also: List of seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay

Economic value

Extractive exploitation of resources

The only current commercial fisheries remaining in False Bay are linefishing for pelagic snoek and yellowtail and demersal species hottentot, kob, white stumpnose, geelbek and roman, trapping of west coast rock lobster, and beach-seine fishing (treknet). There are experimental fisheries such as for octopus, but this has been controversial due to entanglement of whales in the trap recovery lines. The demersal shark longline fishery also occasionally operates on the southeastern side of the bay.[6]

Commercial line-fishing remains mostly hand-line fishing using baited lines. In the mid 1980s regulations and a licencing system were introduced. In the last decade of the 20th century linefish catches along the South African coast declined to the extent that emergency measures were declared to protect the remaining stock. Licencing systems were revised in an attempt to establish a sustainable commercial boat based fishery, restricted to 316 boats between Port Nolloth and Cape Infanta. Catch limits on most species apply, with the exception of snoek, which is now by far the largest part of reported catch. Catches have become relatively stable since the early 2000s, though white stumpnose have continued to decline.[6]

Recreational fishing is the largest and most economically important fishery in the bay. It includes boat based angling and shore angling both from the rocky coast and from sandy beaches, and angling in estuaries, spearfishing and cast netting. in the first part of the 20th century most shore angling was for reef fish from the rocky east and west coasts of the bay, but a decline in the targeted species on the shoreline reefs and availability of four-wheel drive vehicles led to a move towards beach angling from the northern shore and targeting kob, white steenbras and slender belman. Catches have declined and elasmobranchs are increasingly targeted by sports fishers. There has also been a move towards catch and release, recent limitations on catch and closed areas in marine protected areas have slightly relieved the pressure, but stock of the top five target species have continued to diminish.[6]

The beach-seine or treknet fishery has provided fish for over 300 years. For much of that time it has been in conflict with other fisheries, some of which have been discontinued. Before 1975 there were more than 100 licensed operators, bu this number has been reduced and as of 2019 stands at only five. Despite claims that the fishery is detrimental to stocks, large quantities of juveniles and other bycatch are affected and the nets damage the benthic ecosystem, an investigation found that the licence holders had a right to continue targeting traditional species and that the impacts on the ecosystem are insignificant. Traditional fishing communities account for a large part of the traditional line-fish, lobster, and beach-seine fisheries, as crew or rights-holders, or by illegal fishing. Snoek and harder are an important part of the informal trade system in the traditional fishing communities, and contribute towards local food security.[6]

Chondrichthyans were traditionally a minor component of the catch or were often bycatch, but have recently become target of the demersal shark longline fishery, and are now more likely to be retained in other fisheries, which has led to concern whether the exploitation levels are sustainable.[6]

The commercially important West coast rock lobster fishery was historically concentrated on the west coast, but catches east of Cape Point have increased since 1990, partly due to eastward shift of the lobster population, and partly due to declines in the west coast stock due to over-exploitation and habitat degradation, but the portion caught in False Bay remains a small part of the total catch. The population has recovered slightly, but the long-term survival of the resource is compromised by extensive illegal fishing and excessive allocations by the authorities.[6]

The abalone fishery was historically concentrated east of False Bay, and a high level of poaching and ecological side effects of the lobster population shift have caused severe reductions in the abalone stocks, which led to the commercial fishery being closed between 2008 and 2009. The recreational lobster fishery has been severely reduced and the recreational abalone fishery closed altogether since 2003.[6]

Other invertebrates that are harvested in the bay under the permit system include mussels and clams, giant turban shells (alikreukel) and various limpets. Experimental fisheries have included whelks, crabs and octopus.[6]

The sea bamboo kelp Ecklonia maxima is harvested as whole kelp, kelp fronds, and stranded drift, for use as feed for farmed abalone and as a plant growth stimulant, in quantities considered far below the sustainable yield. No other seaweeds are harvested commercially in False Bay.[6]

Recreational pursuits and tourism

Recreational scuba diving at Whittle Rock reef

Surfers Corner; A popular surfing spot at Muizenberg in the northwest corner of False Bay

Fishing can be good in False Bay and at times there are large schools of snoek, an oily, barracuda-like fish that is much sought after locally, and Yellowtail. Angling from the rocky shores to either side of the bay is very popular, but can be dangerous. The shape of the seabed at the mouth of the bay creates interference patterns in the swells that come in from the Southern Ocean and these patterns occasionally combine to cause "killer waves" to rise up without obvious warning and to sweep the sandstone ledges well above the high tide mark.[8] A number of rock anglers have been swept away and drowned over the years, but this seems to have done little to dampen enthusiasm for the sport.

Sailing is also a popular recreational activity in False Bay. The sailing clubs in False Bay include False Bay Yacht Club in Simon's Town, Fish Hoek Beach Sailing Club at the main beach in Fish Hoek, Gordon's Bay Yacht Club in the Gordon's Bay Harbour, and Hottentots Holland Beach Sailing Club in Strand. The moorings at the False Bay Yacht club are well protected from south easterly waves as they are in the lee of the naval base harbour, and are in the lee of the peninsula for westerly waves, and the water is relatively deep. The marina at Harbour Island in Gordon's Bay is protected against swells from all directions, but the entrance and inshore approaches are exposed to large south-westerly seas. Gordon's Bay harbour is largely silted up by sand, and access by keeled sailing yachts is limited by draught and tide.

There is a small granite island in the bay called Seal Island, which is one of the main breeding sites for the Cape fur seal. The seals attract many great white sharks and some of the biggest sharks ever seen have been spotted in these waters. These sharks are famous for the manner in which they breach the surface of the water while attacking seals, sometimes jumping entirely out of the water. Despite this, swimming, surfing, sailing, scuba diving and freediving are popular pastimes around the bay, at centres such as Muizenberg, Kalk Bay, Smitswinkel Bay, Strand and Gordon's Bay. Shark attacks are uncommon but not unknown, with two deaths since 2010.[15]

There are two marine protected areas in False Bay: The Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area lies on both sides of the Cape Peninsula, so is partly in False Bay,[16] and the Helderberg Marine Protected Area is off Macassar on the northern shoreline of the bay.[17]

Tourism relating to False Bay makes a significant contribution to the region's economy, providing revenue from whale watching, shark-cage diving and other water sports.[6]

Naval base at Simon's Town

A historic 9 inch gun overlooking False Bay installed at Simon's Town in the 1800s by the British to defend the bay.

The famous naval base of Simon's Town is in Simon's Bay, about halfway down the length of the False Bay coast of the Cape Peninsula. During the Second World War many heavy guns were mounted in concrete bunkers at various points along the mountainous shores of False Bay in order to deter attacks on Simon's Town. The firepower and defensive situation of these weapons were formidable and no attack was ever mounted. Although some of the guns were removed decades ago a few large guns are still emplaced on the hillsides near the Redhill road. Lower North battery at the bottom of Redhill road is used for naval gunnery training and has a few examples of currently used weapon systems for this purpose.

Development and human impact

Although urban development of the coast is intense along some parts of False Bay, much of the shoreline remains relatively wild and unspoiled. The bulk of the development is residential; there is little heavy industry. There are a few exceptions, however: one of the largest dynamite factories in the world used to lie near the beach in a sparsely inhabited region towards the eastern end of the bay. The nitroglycerine plant at this installation blew up twice in the second half of the 20th century and sent massive shockwaves across the bay, breaking windows and rattling walls on the distant shores. False Bay is poor in natural harbours. Almost all protection for shipping and yachts has been created by extending the small naturally protected bays by artificial means (e.g. at Kalkbaai, Simon's Town and Gordon's Bay).

During the critical water shortage of the 2018 Cape Town water crisis two reverse osmosis desalination plants were installed at Strandfontein and Monwabisi resort on the north coast of the bay They were all operating by August 2018,[18] but there have been problems and shutdowns since then due to algal blooms, a natural phenomenon quite common in the area.[19] The locations were at least partly chosen for proximity to the suburbs of the Cape Flats, which could have been severely affected if the supply of piped water had failed.

The population of Cape Town has more than doubled since the 1980s, and pollution has followed suit. Over-fishing has caused major reductions in stock and catches of commercially and recreationally targeted fish and invertebrates, and poaching is widespread. A number of alien invasive species have spread into the bay.[6]

Climate change

Winds that cause upwellings have increased, causing a cooling of the water in the bay, and possibly nutrient enrichment. The ecosystem has shifted as a result, with typical west coast species like kelp and rock lobsters expanding their ranges and populations eastwards. Sea level rise and exposure to more frequent storm surge has increased the erosion of low lying sandy shores, and increased risk to coastal developments.[6]

The rising sea level is cutting back the coastline near Macassar beach during high swell events at a rate in the order of 2 m per year. The sea level is estimated to have been rising at about 1.9 mm per year since 1958.[6]

Research

Early oceanographic and biological research in the region tended to be top-down sector based, but this trend has changed since the last decade of the 20th century to systems-orientated research for integrated coastal management and ecosystem based conservation. Recent research has included the effects of climate change, population growth, and related issues of over-fishing and coastal development.[6]

On 25 September 1968, and again, 21 years later, on 11th and 12th September 1989, symposia on the environmental assessment of False Bay were held under the auspices of the Royal Society of South Africa in Cape Town. The proceedings of both symposia were published as dedicated issues of the Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. See "Symposium on False Bay, 25 September 1968, University of Cape Town". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 39 (2). 1970. and "Symposium on False Bay, 11 and 12 September 1989, Cape Town". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 47 (4 and 5). 1991..[20][21]

Subsequently, in 1991, the Society published the proceedings of the 1989 symposium in book form[22].

A review paper published in August 2019 lists 310 relevant papers published on False Bay.[6]

See also

• List of bays of South Africa
• Cape Peninsula – Rocky peninsula in the Western Cape, South Africa
• Cape Town – Legislative capital of South Africa
• Helderberg Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area in the Western Cape in South Africa
• Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – A marine conservation area around the Cape Peninsula in South Africa

References

1. SAN 1016 - Valsbaai (Map). Cape Town: SA Navy Hydrographic Office. 1978.
2. Theron, J.N.; Gresse, P.G.; Siegfried, H.P.; Rogers, J. (1992). Explanation sheet 3318 – The Geology of the Cape Town Area. Pretoria: Geological Survey, Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Government Printer. ISBN 978-0-621-14284-6.
3. GoogleEarth
4. Compton, John S. (2004). The Rocks & Mountains of Cape Town. Cape Town: Double Story. ISBN 978-1-919930-70-1.
5. Garmin Mapsource BlueChart Atlantic V5 (Map). Garmin. 2003.
6. Pfaff, Maya C.; Logston, Renae C.; Raemaekers, Serge J. P. N.; Hermes, Juliet C.; Blamey, Laura K.; Cawthra, Hayley C.; Colenbrander, Darryl R.; Crawford, Robert J. M.; Day, Elizabeth; du Plessis, Nicole; Elwen, Simon H.; Fawcett, Sarah E.; Jury, Mark R.; Karenyi, Natasha; Kerwath, Sven E.; Kock, Alison A.; Krug, Marjolaine; Lamberth, Stephen J.; Omardien, Aaniyah; Pitcher, Grant C.; Rautenbach, Christo; Robinson, Tamara B.; Rouault, Mathieu; Ryan, Peter G.; Shillington, Frank A.; Sowman, Merle; Sparks, Conrad C.; Turpie, Jane K.; van Niekerk, Lara; Waldron, Howard N.; Yeld, Eleanor M.; Kirkman, Stephen P. "A synthesis of three decades of socio-ecological change in False Bay, South Africa: setting the scene for multidisciplinary research and management". Elementa Science of the Anthropocene. 7 (32). doi:10.1525/elementa.367. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)
7. Coleman, Fawaaz (April 2019). The Development and Validation of a Hydrodynamic Model of False Bay (Thesis). University of Stellenbosch.
8. Shipley, A.M. (June 1964). "Some aspects of wave refraction in False Bay" (PDF). South African Journal of Science. 60 (6): 115–120 – via Sabinet.
9. Brundrit, Geoff (December 2009). Global Climate Change and Adaptation: City of Cape Town sea-level rise risk assessment (PDF) (Report). Phase 5: Full investigation of alongshore features of vulnerability on the City of Cape Town coastline, and their incorporation into the City of Cape Town Geographic Information System (GIS).
10. SAN HO-2 South African Tide Tables (Report). Cape Town: The Hydrrographer, South African Navy. 2019.
11. Gründlingh, M.L.; Largier, J.L. (1988). "Fisiese Oseanografie in Valsbaai: 'n Oorsig". South African Journal of Science and Technology (in Afrikaans). 7 (3): 133–143. ISSN 0254-3486.
12. Stibbe, George R.; Moss, Iain (1998). A Traditional Way of Life – The story of the Kalk Bay Fishermen (PDF). Cape Town: G.R. Stibbe. p. 5. ISBN 0-620-22706-0.
13. Sink, K.; Harris, J.; Lombard, A. (October 2004). Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions (PDF). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT (Report). pp. 97–109.
14. Sink, K; Holness, S; Harris, L; Majiedt, P; Atkinson, L; Robinson, T; Kirkman, S; Hutchings, L; Leslie, R; Lamberth, S; Kerwath, S; von der Heyden, S; Lombard, A; Attwood, C; Branch, G; Fairweather, T.; Taljaard, S.; Weerts, S.; Cowley, P.; Awad, A.; Halpern, B.; Grantham, H; Wolf, T. (2012). National Biodiversity Assessment 2011: Technical Report (PDF) (Report). Volume 4: Marine and Coastal Component. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. p. 325. Note: This is the full document, with numbered pages.
15. "The complete South African Shark Attack Related Incident Record". Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
16. "Government Notice 695: Marine Living Resources Act (18/1998): Notice declaring the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area under section 43" (PDF). Government Gazette: 3–9. 4 June 2004.
17. Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948 (PDF). 29 December 2000. Retrieved 19 January 2019 – via Centre for Environmental Rights.
18. Smith, Graig-Lee. "All 3 of CT'S Desalination Plants Finally Up and Running". Eyewitness News. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
19. Pace, Aimee (11 December 2018). "Two Cape Town desalination plants go offline". capetownetc.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
20. "Symposium on False Bay, 25 September 1968, University of Cape Town". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 39 (2). 1970.
21. "Symposium on False Bay, 11 and 12 September 1989, Cape Town". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 47 (4 and 5). 1991.
22. False Bay: an Environmental Assessment. Cape Town: Royal Society of South Africa. 1991. ISBN 0 620 16083 7.

Works cited

• Schirmer, P. 1980. The concise illustrated South African Encyclopaedia. Central News Agency, Johannesburg. First edition, about 211pp.

External links

• Muizenberg website