Demographics of Canada

Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2016 Canadian Census enumerated a total population of 35,151,728, an increase of around 5.0 percent over the 2011 figure.[1][2] Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.[3] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth.[4] The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth.[5]

BC

AB

SK

MB

ON

QC

NB

PE

NS

NL

YT

NT

NU

Demographics by province

Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[6] driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent, family reunification.[7][8] In 2019, a total of 341,180 immigrants were admitted to Canada, mainly from Asia.[9] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.[10] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees,[11] accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements.[12][13]

Population

Population density of Canadian provinces and territories

Main article: Population of Canada

The Canada 2016 Census had a total population count of 35,151,728 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population.[14][15]

Provinces and territories

Main article: Population of Canada by province and territory

Province or territory	Population, 2016 Census		Population, 2011 Census		Population Change (%), 2011–2016	Total land area (km^2)	Density (people/km^2)	House of Commons seats	People per seat
	Number	Percentage	Number	Percentage
Ontario	13,448,494	38.26%	12,851,821	38.39%	4.64%	917,741	14.65	121	111,145
Quebec	8,164,361	23.23%	7,903,001	23.61%	3.30%	1,365,128	5.98	78	104,671
British Columbia	4,648,055	13.22%	4,400,057	13.14%	5.63%	925,186	5.02	42	110,668
Alberta	4,067,175	11.57%	3,645,257	10.89%	11.57%	642,317	6.33	34	119,623
Manitoba	1,278,365	3.64%	1,208,268	3.61%	5.80%	553,556	2.31	14	91,312
Saskatchewan	1,098,352	3.12%	1,033,381	3.09%	6.29%	591,670	1.86	14	78,454
Nova Scotia	923,598	2.63%	921,727	2.75%	0.20%	53,338	17.32	11	83,963
New Brunswick	747,101	2.13%	751,171	2.24%	−0.54%	71,450	10.46	10	74,710
Newfoundland and Labrador	519,716	1.48%	514,536	1.54%	1.01%	373,872	1.39	7	74,245
Prince Edward Island	142,907	0.41%	140,204	0.42%	1.93%	5,660	25.25	4	35,727
Northwest Territories	41,786	0.12%	41,462	0.12%	0.78%	1,183,085	0.04	1	41,786
Nunavut	35,944	0.10%	31,906	0.09%	12.66%	1,936,113	0.02	1	35,944
Yukon	35,874	0.10%	33,897	0.10%	5.83%	474,391	0.08	1	35,874
Canada	35,151,728	100%	33,476,688	100%	5.00%	9,093,507	3.87	338	103,999

Sources: Statistics Canada[16][17]

Cities

Main article: List of the 100 largest population centres in Canada

Largest cities or towns in Canada 2016 Census[18]
Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
1	Toronto	Ontario	2,731,571	11	Quebec City	Quebec	531,902
2	Montreal	Quebec	1,704,694	12	Surrey	British Columbia	517,887
3	Calgary	Alberta	1,239,220	13	Laval	Quebec	422,993
4	Ottawa	Ontario	934,243	14	Halifax	Nova Scotia	403,131
5	Edmonton	Alberta	932,546	15	London	Ontario	383,822
6	Mississauga	Ontario	721,599	16	Markham	Ontario	328,966
7	Winnipeg	Manitoba	705,244	17	Vaughan	Ontario	306,233
8	Vancouver	British Columbia	631,486	18	Gatineau	Quebec	276,245
9	Brampton	Ontario	593,638	19	Saskatoon	Saskatchewan	246,376
10	Hamilton	Ontario	536,917	20	Longueuil	Quebec	239,700

Census metropolitan areas

Main articles: List of largest Canadian cities by census and List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population

Largest census metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2016 census)[19]
CMA	Province	Population		CMA	Province	Population
Toronto	Ontario	5,928,040		London	Ontario	494,069
Montreal	Quebec	4,098,927		St. Catharines–Niagara	Ontario	406,074
Vancouver	British Columbia	2,463,431		Halifax	Nova Scotia	403,390
Calgary	Alberta	1,392,609		Oshawa	Ontario	379,848
Ottawa–Gatineau	Ontario–Quebec	1,323,783		Victoria	British Columbia	367,770
Edmonton	Alberta	1,321,426		Windsor	Ontario	329,144
Quebec	Quebec	800,296		Saskatoon	Saskatchewan	295,095
Winnipeg	Manitoba	778,489		Regina	Saskatchewan	236,481
Hamilton	Ontario	747,545		Sherbrooke	Quebec	212,105
Kitchener– Cambridge–Waterloo	Ontario	523,894		St. John's	Newfoundland and Labrador	205,955

Growth rate of Canadian provinces

Population growth rates

According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/World Bank, the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics, for the same period the world population growth was 27%, a total of 1,423 million people.[20] However, over the same period, the population of France grew by 8.0%. And from 1991 to 2011, the population of the UK increased by 10.0%.

Total Fertility Rates in the 19th century

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. Source: Statistics Canada.[21][22]

Years	1851	1871	1891
Total Fertility Rate in Canada	6.56	6.83	4.92

Vital statistics

[23][24][25]	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Birth rate (per 1,000)	Death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Total Fertility Rate[lower-alpha 1][22][26]
1900	5,500,000	150,000	89,000	61,000	27.2	16.2	11.0
1901	5,600,000	175,000	79,000	96,000	31.2	14.1	17.1
1902	5,760,000	180,000	77,000	103,000	31.3	13.4	17.9	4.8
1903	5,930,000	186,000	78,000	108,000	31.3	13.2	18.1
1904	6,100,000	192,000	82,000	110,000	31.4	13.5	17.9
1905	6,280,000	195,000	82,000	113,000	31.0	13.0	18.0
1906	6,460,000	193,000	85,000	108,000	29.9	13.2	16.7
1907	6,650,000	196,000	85,000	111,000	29.5	12.8	16.7	4.74
1908	6,850,000	208,000	86,000	122,000	30.3	12.6	17.7
1909	7,040,000	213,000	90,000	123,000	30.2	12.8	17.4
1910	7,250,000	220,000	95,000	125,000	30.4	13.1	17.3
1911	7,460,000	225,000	100,000	125,000	30.1	13.4	16.7	4.7
1912	7,610,000	238,000	99,000	139,000	31.3	13.0	19.3	4.62
1913	7,760,000	246,000	102,000	144,000	31.7	13.1	19.6
1914	7,910,000	252,000	100,000	152,000	31.9	12.6	19.3
1915	8,060,000	257,000	101,000	156,000	31.9	12.5	19.4
1916	8,220,000	252,000	107,000	145,000	30.7	13.0	17.7
1917	8,380,000	244,000	106,000	138,000	29.1	12.7	16.4	4.26
1918	8,450,000	243,000	134,000	109,000	28.8	15.9	12.9
1919	8,710,000	241,000	119,000	122,000	27.7	13.7	14.0
1920	8,880,000	259,000	118,000	141,000	29.2	13.3	15.9
1921	9,060,000	265,000	105,000	160,000	29.3	11.6	17.7	3.98
1922	9,230,000	261,000	107,000	154,000	28.3	11.6	16.7	3.86
1923	9,400,000	251,000	111,000	140,000	26.7	11.8	14.9
1924	9,560,000	255,000	104,000	151,000	26.7	10.9	15.8
1925	9,730,000	254,000	104,000	150,000	26.1	10.7	15.4
1926	9,890,000	244,000	113,000	131,000	24.7	11.4	13.3
1927	10,040,000	244,000	110,000	134,000	24.3	11.0	13.3	3.32
1928	10,190,000	246,000	114,000	132,000	24.1	11.2	12.9
1929	10,350,000	243,000	118,000	125,000	23.5	11.4	12.1	3.22
1930	10,498,000	251,000	113,000	138,000	23.9	10.8	13.1	3.28
1931	10,630,000	247,000	108,000	139,000	23.2	10.2	13.0	3.2
1932	10,794,000	243,000	108,000	135,000	22.5	10.0	12.5	3.08
1933	10,919,000	229,000	106,000	123,000	21.0	9.7	11.3	2.86
1934	11,029,000	228,296	105,277	123,019	20.7	9.5	11.2	2.8
1935	11,135,000	228,396	109,724	118,672	20.5	9.9	10.6	2.76
1936	11,242,000	227,980	111,111	116,869	20.3	9.9	10.4	2.70
1937	11,339,000	227,878	118,019	109,859	20.1	10.4	9.7	2.65
1938	11,448,000	237,091	110,647	126,444	20.7	9.7	11.0	2.70
1939	11,565,000	237,991	112,729	125,262	20.6	9.7	10.9	2.65
1940	11,682,000	252,577	114,717	137,860	21.6	9.8	11.8	2.77
1941	11,810,000	263,993	118,797	145,196	22.4	10.1	12.3	2.83
1942	11,962,000	281,569	117,110	164,459	23.5	9.8	13.7	2.96
1943	12,125,000	292,943	122,640	170,303	24.2	10.1	14.1	3.04
1944	12,291,000	283,967	120,393	163,574	24.0	9.8	14.2	3.01
1945	12,441,000	300,570	117,319	183,251	24.3	9.5	14.8	3.02
1946	12,637,000	343,504	118,785	224,719	27.2	9.4	17.8	3.37
1947	12,919,000	372,443	121,478	250,965	28.9	9.4	19.5	3.60
1948	13,167,000	359,860	122,974	236,886	27.3	9.3	18.0	3.44
1949	13,475,000	367,092	124,567	242,525	27.2	9.2	18.0	3.46
1950	13,737,000	372,009	124,220	247,789	27.1	9.0	18.0	3.46
1951	14,050,000	381,092	125,823	255,269	27.1	9.0	18.2	3.50
1952	14,496,000	403,559	126,385	277,174	27.8	8.7	19.1	3.64
1953	14,886,000	417,884	127,791	290,093	28.1	8.6	19.5	3.72
1954	15,330,000	436,198	124,855	311,343	28.5	8.1	20.3	3.83
1955	15,736,000	442,937	128,476	314,461	28.1	8.2	20.0	3.83
1956	16,123,000	450,739	131,961	318,778	28.0	8.2	19.8	3.86
1957	16,677,000	469,093	136,579	332,514	28.1	8.2	19.9	3.93
1958	17,120,000	470,118	135,201	334,917	27.5	7.9	19.6	3.88
1959	17,522,000	479,275	139,913	339,362	27.4	8.0	19.4	3.94
1960	17,909,000	478,551	139,693	338,858	26.7	7.8	18.9	3.895
1961	18,271,000	475,700	140,985	334,715	26.0	7.7	18.3	3.840
1962	18,614,000	469,693	143,699	325,994	25.2	7.7	17.5	3.767
1963	18,964,000	465,767	147,367	318,400	24.6	7.8	16.8	3.694
1964	19,325,000	452,915	145,850	307,065	23.4	7.5	15.9	3.449
1965	19,678,000	418,595	148,939	269,656	21.3	7.6	13.7	3.192
1966	20,048,000	387,710	149,863	237,847	19.3	7.5	11.9	2.749
1967	20,412,000	370,894	150,283	220,611	18.2	7.4	10.8	2.528
1968	20,744,000	364,310	153,196	211,114	17.6	7.4	10.2	2.386
1969	21,028,000	369,647	154,477	215,170	17.6	7.3	10.2	2.334
1970	21,324,000	371,988	155,961	216,027	17.4	7.3	10.1	2.258
1971	21,962,000	362,187	157,272	204,915	16.7	7.3	9.5	2.141
1972	22,218,000	347,319	162,413	184,906	15.8	7.4	8.4	1.98
1973	22,492,000	343,373	164,039	179,334	15.4	7.4	8.1	1.89
1974	22,808,000	350,650	166,794	178,851	15.3	7.4	7.9	1.837
1975	23,143,000	359,323	167,176	191,919	15.6	7.3	8.3	1.824
1976	23,450,000	359,987	167,009	192,978	15.4	7.2	8.3	1.796
1977	23,726,000	361,400	167,498	193,902	15.3	7.1	8.2	1.782
1978	23,963,000	358,852	168,179	190,673	15.0	7.0	8.0	1.768
1979	24,202,000	366,064	168,183	197,881	15.1	6.9	8.2	1.754
1980	24,516,000	370,709	171,473	199,236	15.1	7.0	8.1	1.74
1981	24,820,000	371,346	171,029	200,317	14.9	6.8	8.0	1.7
1982	25,117,000	373,082	174,413	198,669	14.8	6.9	7.9	1.69
1983	25,367,000	373,689	174,484	199,205	14.6	6.8	7.8	1.68
1984	25,608,000	377,031	175,727	201,304	14.6	6.8	7.8	1.65
1985	25,843,000	375,727	181,323	194,404	14.4	7.0	7.5	1.67
1986	26,101,000	372,913	184,224	188,689	14.3	7.1	7.2	1.675
1987	26,449,000	369,742	184,953	184,789	14.0	7.0	7.0	1.68
1988	26,795,000	376,795	190,011	186,784	14.1	7.1	7.0	1.68
1989	27,282,000	392,661	190,965	201,696	14.4	7.0	7.4	1.77
1990	27,698,000	405,486	191,973	213,513	14.6	6.9	7.7	1.83
1991	28,031,000	402,533	195,569	206,964	14.4	7.0	7.4	1.7
1992	28,367,000	398,643	196,535	202,108	14.1	6.9	7.1	1.71
1993	28,682,000	388,394	204,912	183,482	13.5	7.1	6.4	1.7
1994	28,999,000	385,114	207,077	178,037	13.3	7.1	6.1	1.67
1995	29,302,000	378,016	210,733	167,283	12.9	7.2	5.7	1.639
1996	29,611,000	366,200	212,880	153,320	12.4	7.2	5.2	1.592
1997	29,907,000	348,598	215,669	132,929	11.7	7.2	4.4	1.55
1998	30,157,000	342,418	218,091	124,327	11.4	7.2	4.1	1.53
1999	30,404,000	337,249	219,530	117,719	11.1	7.2	3.9	1.51
2000	30,689,000	327,882	218,062	109,820	10.7	7.1	3.6	1.49
2001	31,021,000	333,744	219,538	114,206	10.8	7.1	3.7	1.505
2002	31,373,000	328,802	223,603	105,199	10.5	7.1	3.4	1.52
2003	31,676,000	335,202	226,169	109,033	10.6	7.1	3.4	1.53
2004	31,941,000	337,072	226,584	110,488	10.6	7.1	3.5	1.53
2005	32,245,000	342,176	230,132	112,044	10.6	7.1	3.5	1.54
2006	32,576,000	354,617	228,079	126,538	10.9	7.0	3.9	1.586
2007	32,930,000	367,864	235,217	132,647	11.2	7.1	4.0	1.659
2008	33,318,000	377,886	238,617	139,269	11.3	7.2	4.2	1.681
2009	33,727,000	380,863	242,277	138,586	11.3	7.2	4.1	1.668
2010	34,127,000	377,213	247,926	129,287	11.1	7.3	3.8	1.627
2011	34,484,000	377,636	254,731	122,905	11.0	7.4	3.6	1.61
2012	34,880,000	381,869	256,965	124,904	10.9	7.4	3.6	1.614
2013	35,293,000	380,323	252,338	127,985	10.8	7.3	3.5	1.587
2014	35,667,000	384,100	258,821	125,279	10.8	7.3	3.5	1.582
2015	35,981,000	382,392	264,333	118,059	10.6	7.3	3.3	1.563
2016	36,503,000	383,102	267,213	115,889	10.5	7.3	3.2	1.543
2017	36,963,000	376,291	276,649	99,642	10.2	7.5	2.7	1.496
2018	37,242,000	372,329	283,720	88,609	10.1	7.6	2.5	1.499
2019(p)	37,797,500	377,246	290,404	86,842	10.0	7.7	2.3

Current population growth

[27]

• Births from January–March 2019 = 91,285
• Births from January–March 2020 = 93,117
• Deaths from January–March 2019 = 77,479
• Deaths from January–March 2020 = 79,623
• Natural increase from January–March 2019 = 13,806
• Natural increase from January–March 2020 = 13,494

Population projection

Population projections – High-growth scenario (Statistics Canada) Year Pop. ±% 2021 39,110,000 —     2031 44,430,000 +13.6% 2041 49,900,000 +12.3% 2051 56,070,000 +12.4% 2061 63,000,000 +12.4% [28]

Canada population projection, 2010 est. (US Census Bureau) Year Pop. ±% 2020 36,387,000 —     2030 38,565,000 +6.0% 2040 40,070,000 +3.9% 2050 41,136,000 +2.7% [29]

Life expectancy at birth from 1831 to 2015

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1831–1911[30]

Year	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881	1891	1901	1911
Life expectancy in Years	39.0	40.3	41.0	41.6	42.6	44.7	45.2	48.6	52.5

1921–1950

Year	Life expectancy in Years	Year	Life expectancy in Years	Year	Life expectancy in Years
1921	57.0	1931	60.3	1941	63.7
1922	57.0	1932	61.4	1942	64.6
1923	56.9	1933	62.3	1943	64.6
1924	58.8	1934	62.7	1944	65.3
1925	59.2	1935	62.4	1945	66.3
1926	57.2	1936	62.7	1946	66.5
1927	58.6	1937	61.3	1947	66.7
1928	58.4	1938	63.3	1948	67.3
1929	57.9	1939	63.7	1949	67.6
1930	58.9	1940	64.0	1950	68.2

1950–2015

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	69.1	1985–1990	76.8
1955–1960	70.3	1990–1995	77.8
1960–1965	71.3	1995–2000	78.6
1965–1970	72.2	2000–2005	79.7
1970–1975	73.0	2005–2010	80.8
1975–1980	74.3	2010–2015	81.8
1980–1985	75.9

Source: UN World Population Prospects[31]

Age characteristics

Population by age and gender, 2016[32]
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0 to 4 years	973,030	925,760	1,898,790	5.4%
5 to 9 years	1,034,685	983,445	2,018,130	5.7%
10 to 14 years	985,200	937,445	1,922,645	5.5%
15 to 19 years	1,039,215	986,940	2,026,160	5.8%
20 to 24 years	1,144,495	1,098,200	2,242,690	6.4%
25 to 29 years	1,144,470	1,141,515	2,285,990	6.5%
30 to 34 years	1,148,290	1,181,110	2,329,395	6.6%
35 to 39 years	1,118,635	1,169,730	2,288,365	6.5%
40 to 44 years	1,104,440	1,150,695	2,255,135	6.4%
45 to 49 years	1,157,760	1,202,210	2,359,965	6.7%
50 to 54 years	1,318,755	1,359,320	2,678,075	7.6%
55 to 59 years	1,285,190	1,335,055	2,620,240	7.5%
60 to 64 years	1,114,885	1,175,630	2,290,510	6.5%
65 to 69 years	953,075	1,019,405	1,972,480	5.6%
70 to 74 years	677,975	742,900	1,420,875	4%
75 to 79 years	469,550	552,300	1,021,850	2.9%
80 to 84 years	325,765	423,880	749,650	2.1%
85 years and over	268,790	501,990	770,780	2.2%
Total	16,414,225	17,062,460	33,476,685	100%
0 to 14 years	2,992,920	2,846,645	5,839,565	16.6%
15 to 64 years	11,576,130	11,800,400	23,376,530	66.5%
65 years and over	2,695,150	3,240,485	5,935,630	16.9%

Other demographics statistics

58.9% of Canadians reported being members of a single ethnic group in the 2016 Census. 31.7% of them stated “Canadian” as their single ethnic origin, followed by Chinese (7.1%), English (5.4%), East Indian (5.4%), French (5.0%), Italian (3.4%), Filipino (3.2%), German (2.8%), First Nations (North American Indian) (2.6%), Scottish (2.3%), and Irish (2.3%).[33]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[33]

• One birth every 1 minutes
• One death every 2 minutes
• One net migrant every 2 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 2 minutes

Population pyramid of Canada in 1950

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[26]

Population

35,881,659 (July 2018 est.)

35,623,680 (July 2017 est.)

Age structure

Population pyramid of Canada in 2017

0-14 years: 15.43% (male 2,839,236 /female 2,698,592)

15-24 years: 11.62% (male 2,145,626 /female 2,023,369)

25-54 years: 39.62% (male 7,215,261 /female 7,002,546)

55-64 years: 14.24% (male 2,538,820 /female 2,570,709)

65 years and over: 19.08% (male 3,055,560 /female 3,791,940) (2018 est.)

0-14 years: 15.44% (male 2,819,279/female 2,680,024)

15-24 years: 11.85% (male 2,171,703/female 2,048,546)

25-54 years: 39.99% (male 7,227,145/female 7,020,156)

55-64 years: 14.1% (male 2,492,120/female 2,529,652)

65 years and over: 18.63% (male 2,958,721/female 3,676,334) (2017 est.)

Median age

total: 42.4 years. Country comparison to the world: 31st

male: 41.1 years

female: 43.7 years (2018 est.)

total: 42.2 years.

male: 40.9 years

female: 43.5 years (2017 est.)

total: 40.6 years

male: 39.6 years

female: 41.5 years (2011)

Median age by province and territory, 2011

1. Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0
2. Nova Scotia: 43.7
3. New Brunswick:43.7
4. Prince Edward Island: 42.8
5. Quebec: 41.9
6. British Columbia: 41.9
7. Ontario: 40.4
8. Yukon: 39.1
9. Manitoba: 38.4
10. Saskatchewan: 38.2
11. Alberta: 36.5
12. Northwest Territories: 32.3
13. Nunavut: 24.1

Total: 40.6

Sources: Statistics Canada[34]

Birth rate

10.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 189th

Death rate

8.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 67th

Total fertility rate

1.6 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 180th

Net migration rate

5.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 20th

5.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Population growth rate

0.72% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 139th

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.1 years (2012 est.)

Ethnic groups

Canadian 32.3%, English 18.3%, Scottish 13.9%, French 13.6%, Irish 13.4%, German 9.6%, Chinese 5.1%, Italian 4.6%, North American Indian 4.4%, East Indian 4%, other 51.6% (2016 est.)
Note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin (2016 est.)

Canadian 32.2%, English 19.8%, French 15.5%, Scottish 14.4%, Irish 13.8%, German 9.8%, Italian 4.5%, Chinese 4.5%, North American Indian 4.2%, other 50.9%
Note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin (2011 est.)

Languages

English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)

Population distribution

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Religions

Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 82 years

male: 79.4 years

female: 84.8 years (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.3

youth dependency ratio: 23.5

elderly dependency ratio: 23.8

potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 11.6%. Country comparison to the world: 110th

male: 13.3%

female: 9.9% (2017 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 81% of total population (2010)

rate of urbanization: 1.1% annual rate of change (2010–2015 est.)

Sex ratio:

• at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
• under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
• 15 – 24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
• 25 – 54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
• 55 – 64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
• 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
• total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 180th

male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

Ethnicity

Ethnic origin

Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada

As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.

Statistics Canada projects that immigrants will represent between 24.5% and 30.0% of Canada's population in 2036, compared with 20.7% in 2011.[35] Statistics Canada further projects that visible minorities among the working-age population (15 to 64 years) will make up 33.7–34.3% of Canada's total population, compared to 22.3% in 2016.[36]

Counting both single and multiple responses, the most commonly identified ethnic origins were (2016):

Ethnic origin[37]	%	Population
Canadian[lower-alpha 2]	32.32%	11,136,134
English	18.34%	6,320,085
Scottish	13.93%	4,799,010
French	13.55%	4,670,595
Irish	13.43%	4,627,000
German	9.64%	3,322,405
Chinese	5.13%	1,769,195
Italian	4.61%	1,587,970
First Nations[lower-alpha 3]	4.43%	1,525,565
Indian	3.99%	1,374,710
Ukrainian	3.95%	1,359,655
Dutch	3.23%	1,111,655
Polish	3.21%	1,106,585
Filipino	2.43%	837,130
British, not included elsewhere	1.87%	644,695
Russian	1.81%	622,445
Métis	1.74%	600,000
Portuguese	1.40%	482,610
Welsh	1.38%	474,805
Norwegian	1.34%	463,275
Spanish	1.15%	396,460
American	1.10%	377,410
Swedish	1.02%	349,640
Hungarian	1.01%	348,085

The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows in 2006[38] (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

• Quebec (7,723,525): Canadian (59.1%), French (29.1%)
• New Brunswick (735,835): Canadian (50.3%), French (27.2%), English (25.9%), Irish (21.6%), Scottish (19.9%)
• Newfoundland and Labrador (507,265): Canadian (49.0%), English (43.4%), Irish (21.8%)
• Nova Scotia (906,170): Canadian (39.1%), Scottish (31.2%), English (30.8%), Irish (22.3%), French (17.0%), German (10.8%)
• Prince Edward Island (137,375): Scottish (39.3%), Canadian (36.8%), English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%)
• Ontario (12,651,795): Canadian (23.3%), English (23.1%), Scottish (16.4%), Irish (16.4%), French (10.8%), German (9.5%), Italian (7.2%)
• Alberta (3,567,980): English (24.9%), Canadian (21.8%), German (19.2%), Scottish (18.8%), Irish (15.8%), French (11.1%)
• Manitoba (1,174,345): English (21.8%), German (18.6%), Canadian (18.5%), Scottish (18.0%), Ukrainian (14.9%), Irish (13.2%), French (12.6%), North American Indian (10.6%)
• Saskatchewan (1,008,760): German (28.6%), English (24.9%), Scottish (18.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Irish (15.5%), Ukrainian (13.5%), French (12.2%), North American Indian (12.1%)
• British Columbia (4,324,455): English (27.7%), Scottish (19.3%), Canadian (19.1%), German (13.1%), Chinese (10.7%)
• Yukon (33,320): English (28.5%), Scottish (25.0%), Irish (22.0%), North American Indian (21.8%), Canadian (21.8%), German (15.6%), French (13.1%)
• Northwest Territories (40,800): North American Indian (37.0%), Scottish (13.9%), English (13.7%), Canadian (12.8%), Irish (11.9%), Inuit (11.7%)
• Nunavut (31,700): Inuit (85.4%)

Bold indicates either that this response is dominant within this province, or that this province has the highest ratio (percentage) of this response among provinces.

Visible minority population

Visible and non-visible minority populations by group, 1996–2016
Group	1996[39][40]		2001[41]		2006[42]		2011[43]		2016[44]
	Total	Pct.	Total	Pct.	Total	Pct.	Total	Pct.	Total	Pct.
Total visible minority population	3,197,480	11.2%	3,983,845	13.4%	5,068,095	16.2%	6,264,750	19.1%	7,674,580	22.3%
South Asian	670,590	2.4%	917,075	3.1%	1,262,865	4%	1,567,400	4.8%	1,924,635	5.6%
Chinese (East Asian)	860,150	3%	1,029,395	3.5%	1,216,565	3.9%	1,324,750	4%	1,577,060	4.6%
Black	573,860	2%	662,215	2.2%	783,795	2.5%	945,665	2.9%	1,198,540	3.5%
Filipino	234,195	0.8%	308,575	1%	410,695	1.3%	619,310	1.9%	780,125	2.3%
Latin American	176,970	0.6%	216,980	0.7%	304,245	1%	381,280	1.2%	447,325	1.3%
Arab/West Asian	244,665	0.9%
Arab			194,685	0.7%	265,550	0.9%	380,620	1.2%	523,235	1.5%
Southeast Asian (except Filipino)	172,765	0.6%	198,880	0.7%	239,935	0.8%	312,075	0.9%	313,260	0.9%
West Asian			109,285	0.4%	156,700	0.5%	206,840	0.6%	264,305	0.8%
Korean (East Asian)	64,835	0.2%	100,660	0.3%	141,890	0.5%	161,130	0.5%	188,710	0.5%
Japanese (East Asian)	68,135	0.2%	73,315	0.2%	81,300	0.3%	87,270	0.3%	92,920	0.3%
Visible minority, n.i.e.	69,745	0.2%	98,915	0.3%	71,420	0.2%	106,475	0.3%	132,090	0.4%
Multiple visible minorities	61,575	0.2%	73,875	0.2%	133,120	0.4%	171,935	0.5%	232,375	0.7%
Not a visible minority	25,330,645	88.8%	25,655,185	86.6%	26,172,935	83.8%	26,587,575	80.9%	26,785,480	77.7%
Aboriginal identity (see breakdown below)	799,005	2.8%	976,305	3.3%	1,172,785	3.8%	1,400,685	4.3%	1,673,785	4.9%
European/White	24,531,640	86%	24,678,880	83.3%	25,000,150	80%	25,186,890	76.7%	25,111,695	72.9%
Total population in private households	28,528,125	100%	29,639,030	100%	31,241,030	100%	32,852,320	100%	34,460,065	100%

By province and territory

Visible minority population by province and territory, 2011[45]
Province/territory	Not a visible minority	South Asian	Chinese	Black	Filipino	Latin American	Arab	Southeast Asian	West Asian	Korean	Japanese	Visible minority, n.i.e.	Multiple visible minorities	Total visible minority population	Total population	Percent visible minority
Alberta[46]	2,690,960	156,665	133,390	74,435	106,035	41,305	34,920	41,025	16,030	15,000	12,415	6,270	18,840	656,325	3,567,980	18.39%
British Columbia[47]	2,911,295	313,440	438,140	33,260	126,040	35,465	14,090	51,970	38,960	53,770	38,120	6,465	31,160	1,180,870	4,324,455	27.31%
Manitoba[48]	824,830	25,265	17,025	19,610	59,220	9,140	3,235	7,565	2,040	3,045	1,745	1,765	3,975	153,625	1,174,350	13.08%
New Brunswick[49]	696,080	2,445	2,540	4,870	1,100	1,160	1,380	730	305	1,855	305	85	360	17,135	735,835	2.33%
Newfoundland and Labrador[50]	464,540	1,855	1,645	1,455	350	185	370	320	155	80	60	205	250	6,930	507,270	1.37%
Northwest Territories[51]	16,920	185	380	555	895	105	115	230	60	50	45	75	30	2,720	40,800	6.67%
Nova Scotia[52]	825,055	4,965	6,050	20,790	1,890	1,360	6,290	1,155	1,365	960	445	720	1,290	47,270	906,175	5.22%
Nunavut[53]	3,825	95	65	120	130	25	15	30	0	10	0	10	0	510	31,700	1.61%
Ontario[54]	9,070,800	965,990	629,140	539,205	275,380	172,560	151,645	137,875	122,530	78,290	29,085	81,130	96,735	3,279,565	12,651,795	25.92%
Prince Edward Island[55]	130,890	485	1,830	390	85	235	200	205	345	140	210	75	70	4,260	137,380	3.10%
Quebec[56]	6,740,375	83,320	82,845	243,625	31,495	116,380	166,260	65,855	23,445	6,665	4,025	8,895	17,420	850,235	7,732,525	11.00%
Saskatchewan[57]	787,745	12,325	11,300	7,255	16,025	3,250	2,095	4,910	1,600	1,270	720	745	1,775	63,275	1,008,760	6.27%
Yukon[58]	23,590	365	400	100	675	110	0	210	0	0	80	35	35	2,025	33,320	6.08%
Canada[59]	25,186,890	1,567,400	1,324,750	945,665	619,310	381,280	380,620	312,075	206,840	161,130	87,270	106,475	171,935	6,264,750	32,852,325	19.07%

By city over 100,000

Visible minority in Canadian cities over 100,000 people, 2016[45]
City	Population	Visible minority	Black	East Asian	Latin American	South Asian	Southeast Asian	West Asian	Arab	Multiracial	Other
Toronto	2,731,571	51.5%	8.9%	13.2%	2.9%	12.6%	7.2%	2.2%	1.3%	1.8%	1.4%
Montreal	1,704,694	34.2%	10.3%	3.7%	4.1%	3.3%	3.5%	0.9%	7.3%	0.7%	0.3%
Calgary	1,239,220	36.2%	4.2%	8.5%	2.1%	9.5%	7.3%	1.0%	2.0%	1.1%	0.4%
Ottawa	934,243	26.3%	6.6%	5.1%	1.2%	4.2%	2.7%	1.0%	4.5%	0.9%	0.3%
Edmonton	932,546	37.1%	5.9%	7.3%	1.9%	9.5%	7.7%	0.7%	2.6%	1.1%	0.4%
Mississauga	721,599	57.2%	6.6%	8.7%	2.3%	23.2%	7.2%	1.1%	5.1%	1.9%	1.3%
Winnipeg	705,224	28.0%	3.9%	3.6%	1.0%	5.4%	11.8%	0.4%	0.7%	0.9%	0.4%
Vancouver	631,486	51.6%	1.0%	30.2%	1.8%	6.0%	8.7%	1.4%	0.5%	1.8%	0.2%
Brampton	593,638	73.3%	13.9%	1.7%	2.4%	44.3%	4.8%	0.9%	1.0%	1.6%	2.7%
Hamilton	536,917	19.0%	3.8%	2.5%	1.6%	4.2%	2.8%	0.9%	2.0%	0.7%	0.5%
Quebec City	531,902	6.4%	2.4%	0.5%	1.3%	0.3%	0.5%	0.1%	1.2%	0.1%	0.1%
Surrey	517,887	58.5%	1.8%	7.8%	1.4%	32.8%	8.8%	0.7%	1.1%	1.2%	0.4%
Laval	422,993	26.1%	7.8%	1.0%	3.1%	2.1%	2.1%	1.0%	8.2%	0.3%	0.1%
Halifax	403,131	11.4%	3.8%	2.2%	0.3%	1.6%	0.9%	0.3%	1.8%	0.3%	0.1%
London	383,822	19.9%	3.0%	3.8%	2.4%	3.1%	2.1%	0.9%	3.6%	0.6%	0.4%
Markham	328,966	77.9%	2.9%	46.8%	0.5%	17.8%	3.8%	2.4%	1.0%	2.1%	0.9%
Vaughan	306,233	35.4%	2.7%	8.7%	2.4%	10.1%	5.1%	2.9%	1.4%	1.4%	0.8%
Gatineau	276,245	13.5%	6.1%	1.0%	1.5%	0.4%	0.7%	0.3%	3.1%	0.3%	0.2%
Longueuil	239,700	18.6%	7.0%	1.4%	3.1%	0.8%	1.3%	0.8%	3.2%	0.4%	0.3%
Burnaby	232,755	63.6%	1.6%	38.9%	2.0%	8.1%	7.7%	2.2%	0.7%	2.1%	0.3%
Saskatoon	246,376	19.8%	2.2%	3.6%	0.8%	5.5%	5.4%	0.5%	1.0%	0.6%	0.2%
Kitchener	233,222	21.8%	4.1%	2.6%	2.6%	5.0%	2.9%	1.2%	1.8%	0.8%	0.8%
Windsor	217,188	26.9%	5.0%	3.6%	1.2%	4.5%	3.0%	0.6%	7.5%	0.9%	0.6%
Regina	215,106	19.2%	3.0%	6.2%	0.6%	5.9%	5.2%	0.3%	0.7%	0.4%	0.2%
Richmond	198,309	76.3%	0.6%	55.6%	0.8%	7.3%	7.9%	0.6%	0.8%	2.4%	0.2%
Richmond Hill	195,022	60.0%	2.0%	32.5%	0.8%	7.7%	2.7%	10.4%	1.8%	1.6%	0.4%
Oakville	193,832	30.8%	2.9%	9.0%	1.9%	8.9%	2.4%	1.1%	3.2%	1.0%	0.4%
Burlington	183,314	16.0%	2.1%	2.9%	1.3%	4.8%	2.0%	0.6%	1.4%	0.6%	0.4%
Greater Sudbury	161,531	3.8%	0.9%	0.7%	0.2%	0.9%	0.4%	0.1%	0.4%	0.1%	0.0%
Sherbrooke	161,323	7.3%	2.2%	0.4%	1.7%	0.3%	0.4%	0.8%	1.2%	0.2%	0.0%
Oshawa	159,458	16.0%	5.5%	2.0%	0.8%	3.8%	1.6%	0.4%	0.6%	0.8%	0.8%
Saguenay	145,949	1.4%	0.5%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%
Lévis	143,414	2.2%	0.7%	0.3%	0.4%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Barrie	141,434	10.3%	2.7%	1.8%	1.1%	2.2%	1.4%	0.2%	0.3%	0.4%	0.3%
Abbotsford	141,397	33.7%	1.0%	3.0%	0.8%	25.5%	2.2%	0.2%	0.2%	0.5%	0.2%
St. Catharines	133,113	12.7%	2.9%	2.7%	1.7%	1.4%	1.8%	0.3%	1.1%	0.7%	0.2%
Trois-Rivières	134,413	3.5%	1.4%	0.3%	0.8%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.6%	0.0%	0.0%
Cambridge	129,920	15.6%	2.5%	1.4%	1.3%	6.2%	2.1%	0.3%	0.8%	0.4%	0.6%
Coquitlam	139,284	50.2%	1.1%	29.3%	1.6%	4.5%	5.2%	5.6%	1.0%	1.7%	0.2%
Kingston	123,798	9.7%	1.5%	2.7%	0.7%	2.0%	1.1%	0.4%	0.8%	0.4%	0.1%
Whitby	128,377	25.3%	8.0%	3.1%	1.1%	6.6%	2.4%	1.0%	0.8%	1.5%	0.9%
Guelph	131,794	18.8%	2.2%	3.6%	1.0%	5.0%	4.1%	1.2%	0.6%	0.9%	0.2%
Kelowna	127,380	9.5%	0.8%	2.9%	0.6%	2.6%	1.6%	0.3%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%
Saanich	114,148	22.1%	1.0%	10.5%	0.7%	5.0%	3.0%	0.4%	0.6%	0.6%	0.2%
Ajax	119,677	56.7%	16.7%	3.2%	1.4%	20.9%	5.3%	2.4%	1.7%	2.4%	2.7%
Thunder Bay	107,909	4.5%	0.6%	1.1%	0.3%	0.9%	0.8%	0.2%	0.3%	0.2%	0.0%
Terrebonne	111,575	11.8%	4.5%	0.4%	1.7%	0.1%	0.6%	0.1%	1.7%	0.1%	0.0%
St. John's	108,860	7.0%	1.4%	1.6%	0.5%	1.5%	0.7%	0.2%	1.0%	0.1%	0.1%
Langley	117,285	18.7%	1.0%	8.0%	0.9%	4.4%	3.0%	0.3%	0.3%	0.5%	0.1%
Chatham-Kent	101,647	4.6%	2.1%	0.6%	0.2%	0.6%	0.5%	0.0%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%
Milton	110,128	42.8%	4.8%	3.1%	2.4%	21.0%	4.7%	0.9%	3.5%	1.4%	0.9%
Waterloo	104,986	26.4%	1.9%	10.6%	1.4%	6.4%	1.7%	1.1%	1.8%	0.9%	0.6%
Delta	102,238	36.0%	0.8%	9.2%	0.8%	20.3%	3.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.8%	0.3%
Red Deer	100,418	15.5%	1.8%	1.8%	1.8%	1.7%	7.0%	0.4%	0.5%	0.4%	0.1%

Aboriginal population

Aboriginal population in Canada, 1996–2016 censuses
Group	1996[39]		2001[41]		2006[42]		2011[43]		2016[60]
	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total
Total Aboriginal	2.8%	799,005	3.3%	976,305	3.8%	1,172,785	4.3%	1,400,685	4.9%	1,673,780
First Nations	1.8%	529,040	2.1%	608,850	2.2%	698,025	2.6%	851,560	2.8%	977,230
Métis	0.7%	204,115	1.0%	292,305	1.2%	389,780	1.4%	451,795	1.7%	587,545
Inuit	0.14%	40,220			0.16%	50,485	0.2%	59,445	0.2%	65,025

Note: Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal

By province and territory

Aboriginal population by province and territory, 2011[45]
Province/territory	Not Aboriginal	First Nations	Métis	Inuit	Aboriginal, n.i.e.	Multiple Aboriginal identities	Total Aboriginal population	Total population
Alberta[46]	2,690,960	116,670	96,870	1,985	3,300	1,870	220,695	3,567,980
British Columbia[47]	2,911,295	155,020	69,475	1,570	3,745	2,480	232,290	4,324,455
Manitoba[48]	824,830	114,225	78,830	580	1,055	1,200	195,895	1,174,350
New Brunswick[49]	696,080	16,120	4,850	485	1,020	150	22,620	735,835
Newfoundland and Labrador[50]	464,540	19,315	7,660	6,265	2,300	260	35,800	507,270
Northwest Territories[51]	16,920	13,350	3,250	4,335	185	45	21,160	40,800
Nova Scotia[52]	825,055	21,895	10,050	695	980	225	33,850	906,175
Nunavut[53]	3,825	125	130	27,070	15	20	27,365	31,700
Ontario[54]	9,070,800	201,100	86,020	3,355	8,040	2,910	301,430	12,651,795
Prince Edward Island[55]	130,890	1,520	410	55	235	0	2,230	137,380
Quebec[56]	6,740,375	82,425	40,960	12,570	4,415	1,545	141,915	7,732,525
Saskatchewan[57]	787,745	103,205	52,450	290	1,120	675	157,740	1,008,760
Yukon[58]	23,590	6,585	845	175	70	25	7,705	33,320
Canada[59]	25,186,890	851,560	451,795	59,440	26,475	11,415	1,400,685	32,852,325

All statistics are from the Canada 2011 Census.

By city over 100,000

Aboriginal population in Canadian cities over 100,000 people, 2011[45]
City	Population	European	Total Aboriginal	First Nations	Métis
Toronto	2,576,025	50.2%	0.7%	0.5%	0.2%
Montreal	1,612,640	67.7%	0.6%	0.3%	0.2%
Calgary	1,082,235	67.3%	2.7%	1.2%	1.4%
Ottawa	867,090	74.2%	2.1%	1.2%	0.7%
Edmonton	795,675	64.7%	5.3%	2.4%	2.7%
Mississauga	708,725	45.8%	0.5%	0.3%	0.1%
Winnipeg	649,995	66.9%	11.7%	5.9%	6.3%
Vancouver	590,210	46.2%	2.0%	1.3%	0.6%
Brampton	521,315	32.9%	0.7%	0.4%	0.2%
Hamilton	509,640	82.3%	2.0%	1.6%	0.3%
Quebec City	502,595	95.0%	0.9%	0.5%	0.4%
Surrey	463,340	44.5%	2.9%	1.9%	1.0%
Laval	392,725	78.7%	0.6%	0.3%	0.2%
Halifax	384,330	88.4%	2.5%	1.5%	0.8%
London	360,715	82.0%	1.9%	1.4%	0.4%
Markham	300,135	27.5%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%
Vaughan	286,305	68.4%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%
Gatineau	261,665	86.2%	3.5%	1.8%	1.5%
Longueuil	227,970	84.8%	1.0%	0.6%	0.0%
Burnaby	220,255	39.1%	1.5%	0.9%	0.5%
Saskatoon	218,315	77.4%	10.2%	4.9%	4.6%
Kitchener	215,950	80.1%	1.5%	0.9%	0.5%
Windsor	208,015	74.8%	2.3%	1.3%	0.9%
Regina	189,740	78.6%	9.9%	5.8%	3.9%
Richmond	189,305	28.6%	1.0%	0.7%	0.3%
Richmond Hill	184,370	46.9%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%
Oakville	180,430	77.2%	0.6%	0.4%	0.2%
Burlington	173,495	87.1%	0.9%	0.5%	0.3%
Greater Sudbury	157,765	89.1%	8.2%	3.8%	4.1%
Sherbrooke	150,255	93.6%	0.9%	0.5%	0.3%
Oshawa	147,680	88.7%	2.0%	1.2%	0.8%
Saguenay	141,335	96.6%	2.5%	0.8%	1.6%
Lévis	135,835	98.0%	0.5%	0.2%	0.2%
Barrie	133,240	89.8%	2.6%	1.4%	1.2%
Abbotsford	130,950	66.5%	4.0%	2.5%	1.6%
St. Catharines	128,770	88.3%	1.9%	1.2%	0.6%
Trois-Rivières	126,980	96.3%	1.1%	0.6%	0.4%
Cambridge	125,060	85.4%	2.0%	1.2%	0.6%
Coquitlam	125,015	54.1%	2.1%	1.1%	0.9%
Kingston	118,930	89.7%	2.9%	2.0%	0.8%
Whitby	120,285	79.5%	1.2%	0.7%	0.4%
Guelph	120,550	82.7%	1.6%	1.0%	0.6%
Kelowna	114,570	87.9%	4.5%	2.1%	2.3%
Saanich	107,855	79.3%	2.7%	1.5%	1.1%
Ajax	109,220	53.2%	1.0%	0.7%	0.3%
Thunder Bay	105,950	87.1%	9.5%	7.3%	2.0%
Terrebonne	105,610	91.7%	0.7%	0.5%	0.1%
St. John's	103,905	93.3%	2.6%	1.2%	0.8%
Langley	103,145	83.2%	3.4%	1.6%	1.7%
Chatham-Kent	101,680	93.2%	2.9%	1.7%	0.9%

Future projections

Ethnic origin by regional group

Group	2016[61]		2036[62][63]
	Number	% of 2016 population (34,460,065)	Number	% of 2036 estimated population (43,816,000)
European origins	25,111,695	72.9%	26,113,000	59.6%
South Asian and Middle Eastern origins	2,712,175	7.9%	5,672,000	13.0%
East and Southeast Asian origins	3,144,210	9.1%	5,517,000	12.6%
Aboriginal origins	1,673,785	4.9%	2,633,000	6.0%
African origins	1,198,540	3.5%	2,349,000	5.4%
Latin, Central and South American origins	780,125	1.3%	865,000	2.0%
Other	364,465	1.1%	666,000	1.5%
*Percentages total over 100% due to multiple responses, e.g. German-Indian, Norwegian-Irish.

Languages

Main article: Languages of Canada

Languages in Canada
Language			Percent
English			58%
French			22%
English and French			11%
others			9%

Language used most often at work:[64]

• English: 78.3%
• French: 21.7%
• Non-official languages: 2%

Languages by language used most often at home:[65]

• English: 67.1%
• French: 21.5%
• Non-official languages: 11.4%

Languages by mother tongue:

First language	Population (2016)	% of total population (2016)	Population (2011)	% of total population (2011)	Population (2006)	% of total population (2006)	Notes
Single language responses	33,947,610	97.64%	32,481,635	98.07%	30,848,270	98.74%
Official languages	26,627,545	76.59%	25,913,955	78.24%	24,700,425	79.06%
English	19,460,855	55.97%	18,858,980	56.94%	17,882,775	57.24%
French	7,166,700	20.61%	7,054,975	21.3%	6,817,650	21.82%
Non-official languages	7,321,070	21.06%	6,567,680	19.83%	6,147,840	19.68%
Combined Chinese Responses	1,227,680	3.53%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Combined responses of Mandarin, Cantonese, Chinese n.o.s. and Min Nan
Mandarin (Standard Chinese)	592,035	1.7%	248,705	0.75%	170,950	0.55%
Cantonese	565,275	1.63%	372,460	1.12%	361,450	1.16%
Punjabi	501,680	1.44%	430,705	1.3%	367,505	1.18%
Spanish	458,850	1.32%	410,670	1.24%	345,345	1.11%
Tagalog (Filipino)	431,385	1.24%	327,445	0.99%	235,615	0.75%
Arabic	419,895	1.21%	327,870	0.99%	261,640	0.84%
German	384,040	1.1%	409,200	1.24%	450,570	1.44%
Italian	375,645	1.08%	407,485	1.23%	455,040	1.46%
Hindustani	321,465	0.92%	263,345	0.8%	224,045	0.72%	Combined responses of Hindi and Urdu
Portuguese	221,535	0.64%	211,335	0.64%	219,275	0.7%
Persian (Farsi)	214,200	0.62%	170,045	0.51%	134,080	0.43%
Urdu	210,820	0.61%	172,800	0.52%	145,805	0.47%
Dravidian languages	189,405	0.54%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	Combined responses of Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada.
Russian	188,255	0.54%	164,330	0.5%	133,580	0.43%
Polish	181,705	0.52%	191,645	0.58%	211,175	0.68%
Vietnamese	156,430	0.45%	144,880	0.44%	141,625	0.45%
Korean	153,425	0.44%	137,925	0.42%	125,570	0.4%
Tamil	140,720	0.4%	131,265	0.4%	115,880	0.37%	Most of the Canadian Tamils live in Toronto.
Hindi	110,645	0.32%	90,545	0.27%	78,240	0.25%
Gujarati	108,775	0.31%	91,450	0.28%	81,465	0.26%
Greek	106,520	0.31%	108,925	0.33%	117,285	0.38%
Ukrainian	102,485	0.29%	111,540	0.34%	134,500	0.43%
Dutch	99,015	0.28%	110,490	0.33%	128,900	0.41%
Romanian	96,660	0.28%	90,300	0.27%	78,495	0.25%
Bengali	73,125	0.21%	59,370	0.18%	45,685	0.15%
Creoles	72,130	0.21%	61,725	0.19%	53,515	0.17%
Cree, n.o.s.[nb 1]	64,045	0.18%	77,900	0.24%	78,855	0.25%	In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'.
Hungarian	61,235	0.18%	67,920	0.21%	73,335	0.23%	The majority of Hungarian speakers in Canada live in Ontario. A community of Hungarian speakers is found within a part of Windsor, Ontario.
Berber languages (Kabyle)	n/a	n/a	57,855	0.17%	25,578	0.08%
Serbian	57,345	0.16%	56,420	0.17%	51,665	0.17%
Croatian	48,200	0.14%	49,730	0.15%	55,330	0.18%
Japanese	43,640	0.13%	39,985	0.12%	40,200	0.13%
Chinese, n.o.s.[nb 1]	38,575	0.11%	425,210	1.28%	456,705	1.46%
Somali	36,760	0.11%	31,380	0.09%	27,320	0.09%
Inuktitut	35,215	0.1%	33,500	0.1%	32,015	0.1%	In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.[nb 2]
Armenian	33,455	0.1%	29,795	0.09%	30,130	0.1%
Turkish	32,815	0.09%	29,640	0.09%	24,745	0.08%
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	31,795	0.09%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Malayalam	28,570	0.08%	16,080	0.05%	11,925	0.04%
Albanian	26,895	0.08%	23,820	0.07%	n/a	n/a
Ilocano	26,345	0.08%	17,915	0.05%	13,450	0.04%
Amharic	22,465	0.06%	18,020	0.05%	14,555	0.05%
Czech	22,295	0.06%	23,585	0.07%	24,450	0.08%
Khmer (Cambodian)	20,130	0.06%	19,440	0.06%	19,105	0.06%
Bulgarian	20,020	0.06%	19,050	0.06%	16,790	0.05%
Hebrew	19,530	0.06%	18,450	0.06%	17,635	0.06%
Niger–Congo languages, n.i.e.[nb 1]	19,140	0.06%	14,075	0.04%	n/a	n/a
Nepali	18,275	0.05%	8,480	0.03%	n/a	n/a
Ojibway	17,885	0.05%	17,625	0.05%	24,190	0.08%
Slovak	17,585	0.05%	17,580	0.05%	18,820	0.06%
Pashto	16,910	0.05%	12,465	0.04%	9,025	0.03%
Macedonian	16,770	0.05%	17,245	0.05%	18,435	0.06%
Tigrigna	16,650	0.05%	10,220	0.03%	7,105	0.02%
Sinhala	16,335	0.05%	14,185	0.04%	10,180	0.03%
Bisayan languages	n/a	n/a	16,240	0.05%	11,240	0.04%
Telugu	15,655	0.05%	9,315	0.03%	6,625	0.02%
Finnish	15,295	0.04%	17,415	0.05%	21,030	0.07%
Yiddish	13,555	0.04%	15,205	0.05%	16,295	0.05%
Akan (Twi)	13,460	0.04%	12,680	0.04%	12,780	0.04%
Swahili	13,375	0.04%	10,090	0.03%	7,935	0.03%
Wu (Shanghainese)	12,920	0.04%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Oji-Cree	12,855	0.04%	9,835	0.03%	11,690	0.04%
Lao	12,670	0.04%	12,970	0.04%	13,940	0.04%
Danish	12,630	0.04%	14,145	0.04%	18,735	0.06%
Malay	12,275	0.04%	10,910	0.03%	9,490	0.03%
Bosnian	12,210	0.04%	11,685	0.04%	12,790	0.04%
Sindhi	11,860	0.03%	11,330	0.03%	10,355	0.03%
Kurdish	11,705	0.03%	9,805	0.03%	7,660	0.02%
Hakka	10,910	0.03%	5,115	0.02%	n/a	n/a
Dene	10,700	0.03%	11,215	0.03%	9,745	0.03%
Afrikaans	10,260	0.03%	8,770	0.03%	n/a	n/a
Montagnais (Innu)	10,230	0.03%	10,785	0.03%	10,975	0.04%	In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'.
Slovenian	9,785	0.03%	10,775	0.03%	13,135	0.04%
Taiwanese	n/a	n/a	9,635	0.03%	9,620	0.03%
Serbo-Croatian	9,555	0.03%	10,155	0.03%	12,510	0.04%
African languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	n/a	n/a	9,125	0.03%	n/a	n/a
Thai	9,255	0.03%	7,935	0.02%	n/a	n/a
Marathi	8,295	0.02%	5,830	0.02%	n/a	n/a
Bantu languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	n/a	n/a	7,150	0.02%	n/a	n/a
Lithuanian	7,075	0.02%	7,245	0.02%	8,335	0.03%
Swedish	6,840	0.02%	7,350	0.02%	8,220	0.03%
Mi'kmaq	6,690	0.02%	7,635	0.02%	7,365	0.02%
Tibetan	6,165	0.02%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Atikamekw	6,150	0.02%	5,820	0.02%	5,250	0.02%
Canadian Gaelic	n/a	n/a	6,015	0.02%	6,015	0.02%
Fukien (Fuzhou dialect)	n/a	n/a	5,925	0.02%	n/a	n/a
Rundi (Kirundi)	5,845	0.02%	3,975	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Maltese	5,565	0.02%	6,220	0.02%	6,405	0.02%
Estonian	5,445	0.02%	6,385	0.02%	8,240	0.03%
Latvian	5,455	0.02%	6,200	0.02%	7,000	0.02%
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,250	0.02%	3,895	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	5,180	0.01%	5,255	0.02%	n/a	n/a
Oromo	4,960	0.01%	11,140	0.03%	n/a	n/a
Norwegian	4,615	0.01%	5,800	0.02%	7,225	0.02%
Tibetan languages	n/a	n/a	4,640	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	n/a	n/a	4,360	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Sign languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	4,125	0.01%	3,815	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,895	0.01%	4,690	0.01%	5,660	0.02%
Lingala	3,810	0.01%	3,085	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Burmese	3,585	0.01%	2,985	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Stoney	3,025	0.01%	3,050	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Shanghainese	n/a	n/a	2,920	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Blackfoot	2,815	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	3,085	0.01%
Slavic languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	2,420	0.01%	3,630	0.01%	n/a	n/a
Semitic languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	2,155	0.01%	16,970	0.05%	n/a	n/a
Frisian	2,095	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	2,890	0.01%
Dogrib (Tlicho)	1,645	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	2,020	0.01%
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	1,405	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Siouan languages (Dakota/Sioux)	1,265	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	5,585	0.02%
Algonquin	1,260	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,920	0.01%
Scottish Gaelic	1,095	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Welsh	1,075	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Carrier	1,030	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,560	<0.01%
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,020	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	365	<0.01%
Mohawk	985	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	290	<0.01%
South Slavey	950	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,605	0.01%
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	880	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,180	<0.01%
North Slave (Hare)	765	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,065	<0.01%
Chilcotin	655	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	1,070	<0.01%
Celtic languages, n.i.e.[nb 2]	530	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Chipewyan	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	525	<0.01%
Michif	465	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Shuswap (Secwepemctsin)	445	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	935	<0.01%
Nisga'a	400	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	680	<0.01%
Malecite	300	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	535	<0.01%
Kutchin-Gwich’in (Loucheux)	260	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	360	<0.01%
Tlingit	95	<0.01%	n/a	n/a	80	<0.01%
Other languages	n/a	n/a	77,890	0.2%	172,650	0.55%
Multiple language responses	818,640	2.35%	639,540	1.9%	392,760	1.26%
English and French	165,335	0.48%	144,685	0.4%	98,630	0.32%
English and a non-official language	533,260	1.53%	396,330	1.2%	240,005	0.77%
French and a non-official language	86,145	0.25%	74,430	0.2%	43,335	0.14%
English, French, and a non-official language	33,900	0.1%	24,095	0.07%	10,790	0.03%
Total[66][67][68]	34,767,250	100%	33,121,175	100%	31,241,030	100%

1. n.o.s. – not otherwise specified
2. n.i.e. – not included elsewhere

Religion

See also: Religion in Canada

Statistics Canada (StatCan) grouped responses to the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) question on religion into nine core religious categories – Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality, other religions and no religious affiliation.[69] Among these, 67% of Canadians were self-identified as Christians in 2011.[70] The second, third, and fourth-largest categories were of Canadians with no religious affiliation at 24%, Canadian Muslims at 3%, and Canadian Hindus at 2%.[70]

Within the 2011 NHS results, StatCan further subcategorized Christianity in nine groups of its own – Anglican, Baptist, Catholic, Christian Orthodox, Lutheran, Pentecostal, Presbyterian, United Church and Other Christian.[69] Among these, 39% of Canadians were self-identified as Catholic in 2011.[70] The second and third-largest ungrouped subcategories of Christian Canadians were United at 6% and Anglican at 5%, while 9% of Christians were grouped into the Other Christian subcategory comprising numerous denominations.[70]

Of the 3,036,785 or 5% of Canadians identified as Other Christians:[70]

• 105,365 (0.3% of Canadians) were identified as Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church);
• 137,775 (0.4% of Canadians) were identified as Jehovah's Witness;
• 175,880 (0.5% of Canadians) were identified as Mennonite;
• 550,965 (1.7% of Canadians) were identified as Protestant; and
• 102,830 (0.3% of Canadians) were identified as Reformed.

Religion status of the Canadian Population in 2011[70]
Religion	Total	Percent
Buddhist	366,830	1%
Christian	22,102,745	67%
Anglican	1,631,845	5%
Baptist	635,840	2%
Roman Catholic	12,810,705	39%
Christian Orthodox	550,690	2%
Lutheran	478,185	1%
Pentecostal	478,705	1%
Presbyterian	472,385	1%
United Church	2,007,610	6%
Other Christian	3,036,785	9%
Hindu	497,960	1.5%
Jewish	329,500	1%
Muslim	1,053,945	3%
Sikh	454,965	1%
Traditional (Aboriginal) Spirituality	64,940	0.2%
Other religions	130,835	0.4%
No religious affiliation	7,850,605	24%

See also

BC

AB

SK

MB

ON

QC

NB

PE

NS

NL

YT

NT

NU

Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories

• Demographics of North America
• 1666 census of New France
• Canada 2016 Census
• List of Canadian census areas demographic extremes
• Interprovincial migration in Canada
• Cahiers québécois de démographie academic journal
• Canadian Studies in Population academic journal

Notes

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
2. All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), but no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage.
   Source 1: Jack Jedwab (April 2008). "Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'" (PDF). Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
   Source 2: Don Kerr (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.
3. The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another non-Canadian North American aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis).
   Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples". Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 16, 2011.

References

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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of Canada

• Bumsted, J. M (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Library of Congress ( ABC-CLIO). ISBN 978-1-57607-672-9. The people of Canada.
• Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.
• Richard, Madeline (1992). Ethnic history and marital assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0431-8.
• Thornton, Russell (2000). Michael R. Haines, Richard Hall Steckel (ed.). A population history of North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49666-7.
• Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4.
• Roderic Beaujot and Don Kerr, (2007) The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population, Canadian Scholars' Press, ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.

External links

• Canada Year Book (2010) – Statistics Canada
• Population estimates and projections, 2010 – 2036 – Statistics Canada
• Canada's population clock