Perphenazine

Perphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug. Chemically, it is classified as a piperazinyl phenothiazine. Originally marketed in the US as Trilafon, it has been in clinical use for decades.

Perphenazine

Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682165
Pregnancy category	AU: C US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of administration	Oral and IM
ATC code	N05AB03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	40%
Metabolism	hepatic
Elimination half-life	8-12 (up to 20) hours
Identifiers
IUPAC name 2-[4-[3-(2-chloro-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl) propyl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanol
CAS Number	58-39-9^Y
PubChem CID	4748
IUPHAR/BPS	209
DrugBank	DB00850^Y
ChemSpider	4586^Y
UNII	FTA7XXY4EZ
KEGG	D00503^Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:8028^Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL567^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1023441
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.346
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C21H26ClN3OS
Molar mass	403.97 g·mol^−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES Clc2cc1N(c3c(Sc1cc2)cccc3)CCCN4CCN(CCO)CC4
InChI InChI=1S/C21H26ClN3OS/c22-17-6-7-21-19(16-17)25(18-4-1-2-5-20(18)27-21)9-3-8-23-10-12-24(13-11-23)14-15-26/h1-2,4-7,16,26H,3,8-15H2^Y Key:RGCVKNLCSQQDEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y
(verify)

Perphenazine is roughly ten times as potent as chlorpromazine at the dopamine-2 (D2) receptor;[1] thus perphenazine is considered a medium-potency antipsychotic.[2][3]

Medical uses

In low doses it is used to treat agitated depression (together with an antidepressant). Fixed combinations of perphenazine and the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline in different proportions of weight exist (see Etrafon below). When treating depression, perphenazine is discontinued as fast as the clinical situation allows. Perphenazine has no intrinsic antidepressive activity. Several studies show that the use of perphenazine with fluoxetine (Prozac) in patients with psychotic depression is most promising, although fluoxetine interferes with the metabolism of perphenazine, causing higher plasma levels of perphenazine and a longer half-life. In this combination the strong antiemetic action of perphenazine attenuates fluoxetine-induced nausea and vomiting (emesis), as well as the initial agitation caused by fluoxetine. Both actions can be helpful for many patients.

Perphenazine has been used in low doses as a 'normal' or 'minor' tranquilizer in patients with a known history of addiction to drugs or alcohol, a practice which is now strongly discouraged.

Perphenazine has sedating and anxiolytic properties, making the drug useful for the treatment of agitated psychotic patients.

A valuable off-label indication is the short-time treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum, in which pregnant women experience violent nausea and vomiting. This problem can become severe enough to endanger the pregnancy. As perphenazine has not been shown to be teratogenic and works very well, it is sometimes given orally in the smallest possible dose.

Effectiveness

Perphenazine is used to treat psychosis (e.g. in people with schizophrenia and the manic phases of bipolar disorder). Perphenazine effectively treats the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, but its effectiveness in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as flattened affect and poverty of speech, is unclear. Earlier studies found the typical antipsychotics to be ineffective or poorly effective in the treatment of negative symptoms,[4] but two recent, large-scale studies found no difference between perphenazine and the atypical antipsychotics.[5] A 2015 systematic review compared perphenazine with other antipsychotic drugs:

Perphenazine compared with any antipsychotic drug for schizophrenia[6]

Summary
Although perphenazine has been used in randomized trials for more than 50 years, incomplete reporting and the variety of comparators used make it impossible to draw clear conclusions. All data for the main outcomes were of very low quality evidence. At best it can be said that perphenazine showed similar effects—including adverse events—as several of the other antipsychotic drugs.[6]
Outcome Findings in words Findings in numbers Quality of evidence Global state No better or deterioration Follow-up: mean 8 weeks Perphenazine is not clearly different than other drugs for this global outcome and data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 1.04 (0.91 to 1.17) Very low Mental state Mental state - 'no effect' (BPRS score reduction) Follow-up: average 8 weeks At present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between perphenazine and any other antipsychotic drug. Data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 1.24 (0.61 to 2.52) Very low Adverse events Extrapyramidal adverse effects - dystonia Follow-up: average 10 weeks Perphenazine is not clearly different to other antipsychotic drugs and data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 1.36 (0.23 to 8.16) Very low Any serious adverse event Follow-up: average 39 weeks It is also not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments. Data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 0.98 (0.68 to 1.41) Very low No study reported any data on outcomes such as death, economic outcomes and information relating to time in services

Side effects

As a member of the phenothiazine type of antipsychotics, perphenazine shares in general all allergic and toxic side-effects of chlorpromazine. A 2015 systematic review of the data on perphenazine conducted by the Cochrane Collaboration concluded that "there were no convincing differences between perphenazine and other antipsychotics" in the incidence of adverse effects.[6] Perphenazine causes early and late extrapyramidal side effects more often than placebo, and at a similar rate to other medium-potency antipsychotics[7] and the atypical antipsychotic risperidone.[8][9]

When used for its strong antiemetic or antivertignosic effects in cases with associated brain injuries, it may obscure the clinical course and interferes with the diagnosis. High doses of perphenazine can cause temporary dyskinesia. As with other typical antipsychotics, permanent or lasting tardive dyskinesia is a risk.

Discontinuation

The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.[10] Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.[11] Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping.[11] Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains.[11] Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.[11]

There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis.[12] It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated.[13] Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.[11]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Perphenazine has the following binding profile towards cloned human receptors unless otherwise specified:[14][15]

Molecular target	Binding affinity (Ki[nM]) for perphenazine	Binding affinity (Ki[nM]) for dealkylperphenazine	Binding affinity (Ki[nM]) for 7-hydroxyperphenazine
5-HT1A	421	-	-
5-HT2A	5.6	54	38
5-HT2C	132	-	-
5-HT6	17	-	-
5-HT7	23	-	-
α1A	10	-	-
α2A	810	-	-
α2B	104.9	-	-
α2C	85.2	-	-
M1	2000	130	3400
M3	1848	-	-
D1	29.9 (RS)	-	-
D2	0.765	-	-
D2L receptor	3.4	85	4.1
D3	0.13	-	-
D4	17	-	-
D4.4 receptor	140	690	620
H1	8	-	-
σ	18.5 (RB)	-	-

Acronyms:
RS — Rat striatum receptor.
RB — Rat brain receptor.

Pharmacokinetics

Perphenazine has an oral bioavailability of approximately 40% and a half-life of 8 to 12 hours (up to 20 hours), and is usually given in 2 or 3 divided doses each day. It is possible to give two-thirds of the daily dose at bedtime and one-third during breakfast to maximize hypnotic activity during the night and to minimize daytime sedation and hypotension without loss of therapeutic activity.

Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable antipsychotics

Medication	Brand name	Class	Vehicle	Dosage	Tmax	t1/2 single	t1/2 multiple	logP^c	Ref
Aripiprazole lauroxil	Aristada	Atypical	Water^a	441–1064 mg/4–8 weeks	24–35 days	?	54–57 days	7.9–10.0
Aripiprazole monohydrate	Abilify Maintena	Atypical	Water^a	300–400 mg/4 weeks	7 days	?	30–47 days	4.9–5.2
Bromperidol decanoate	Impromen Decanoas	Typical	Sesame oil	40–300 mg/4 weeks	3–9 days	?	21–25 days	7.9	[16]
Clopentixol decanoate	Sordinol Depot	Typical	Viscoleo^b	50–600 mg/1–4 weeks	4–7 days	?	19 days	9.0	[17]
Flupentixol decanoate	Depixol	Typical	Viscoleo^b	10–200 mg/2–4 weeks	4–10 days	8 days	17 days	7.2–9.2	[17][18]
Fluphenazine decanoate	Prolixin Decanoate	Typical	Sesame oil	12.5–100 mg/2–5 weeks	1–2 days	1–10 days	14–100 days	7.2–9.0	[19][20][21]
Fluphenazine enanthate	Prolixin Enanthate	Typical	Sesame oil	12.5–100 mg/1–4 weeks	2–3 days	4 days	?	6.4–7.4	[20]
Fluspirilene	Imap, Redeptin	Typical	Water^a	2–12 mg/1 week	1–8 days	7 days	?	5.2–5.8	[22]
Haloperidol decanoate	Haldol Decanoate	Typical	Sesame oil	20–400 mg/2–4 weeks	3–9 days	18–21 days		7.2–7.9	[23][24]
Olanzapine pamoate	Zyprexa Relprevv	Atypical	Water^a	150–405 mg/2–4 weeks	7 days	?	30 days	–
Oxyprothepin decanoate	Meclopin	Typical	?	?	?	?	?	8.5–8.7
Paliperidone palmitate	Invega Sustenna	Atypical	Water^a	39–819 mg/4–12 weeks	13–33 days	25–139 days	?	8.1–10.1
Perphenazine decanoate	Trilafon Dekanoat	Typical	Sesame oil	50–200 mg/2–4 weeks	?	?	27 days	8.9
Perphenazine enanthate	Trilafon Enanthate	Typical	Sesame oil	25–200 mg/2 weeks	2–3 days	?	4–7 days	6.4–7.2	[25]
Pipotiazine palmitate	Piportil Longum	Typical	Viscoleo^b	25–400 mg/4 weeks	9–10 days	?	14–21 days	8.5–11.6	[18]
Pipotiazine undecylenate	Piportil Medium	Typical	Sesame oil	100–200 mg/2 weeks	?	?	?	8.4
Risperidone	Risperdal Consta	Atypical	Microspheres	12.5–75 mg/2 weeks	21 days	?	3–6 days	–
Zuclopentixol acetate	Clopixol Acuphase	Typical	Viscoleo^b	50–200 mg/1–3 days	1–2 days	1–2 days		4.7–4.9
Zuclopentixol decanoate	Clopixol Depot	Typical	Viscoleo^b	50–800 mg/2–4 weeks	4–9 days	?	11–21 days	7.5–9.0
Note: All by intramuscular injection. Footnotes: ^a = Microcrystalline or nanocrystalline aqueous suspension. ^b = Low-viscosity vegetable oil (specifically fractionated coconut oil with medium-chain triglycerides). ^c = Predicted, from PubChem and DrugBank. Sources: Main: See template.

Formulations

It is sold under the brand names Trilafon (single drug) and Etrafon/Triavil/Triptafen[26] (contains fixed dosages of amitriptyline). A brand name in Europe is Decentan pointing to the fact that perphenazine is approximately 10-times more potent than chlorpromazine. Usual oral forms are tablets (2, 4, 8, 16 mg) and liquid concentrate (4 mg/ml).

The 'Perphenazine injectable USP' solution is intended for deep intramuscular (i.m.) injection, for patients who are not willing to take oral medication or if the patient is unable to swallow. Due to a better bioavailability of the injection, two-thirds of the original oral dose is sufficient. The incidence of hypotension, sedation and extrapyramidal side-effects may be higher compared to oral treatment. The i.m.-injections are appropriate for a few days, but oral treatment should start as soon as possible.

In many countries, depot forms of perphenazine exist (as perphenazine enanthate). One injection works for 1 to 4 weeks depending on the dose of the depot-injection. Depot-forms of perphenazine should not be used during the initial phase of treatment as the rare neuroleptic malignant syndrome may become more severe and uncontrollable with this form. Extrapyramidal side-effects may be somewhat reduced due to constant plasma-levels during depot-therapy. Also, patient compliance is sure, as many patients do not take their oral medication, particularly if feeling better once improvement in psychosis is achieved.

Interactions

Fluoxetine causes higher plasma-levels and a longer half-life of perphenazine, therefore a dose reduction of perphenazine might be necessary.

Perphenazine intensifies the central depressive action of drugs with such activity (tranquilizers, hypnotics, narcotics, antihistaminics, OTC-antiemetics etc.). A dose reduction of perphenazine or the other drug may be necessary.

In general, all neuroleptics may lead to seizures in combination with the opioid tramadol (Ultram).

Perphenazine may increase the insulin needs of diabetic patients. Monitor blood glucose levels of insulin-dependent patients regularly during long-term treatment.

References

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2. Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, Faries D, Landbloom R, Swartz M, Swanson J (2006). "Time to discontinuation of atypical versus typical antipsychotics in the naturalistic treatment of schizophrenia". BMC Psychiatry. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-6-8. PMC 1402287. PMID 16504026.
3. Freudenreich, Oliver (2007). "Treatment of psychotic disorders". Psychotic disorders. Practical Guides in Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7817-8543-3. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
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7. Kelsey, Jeffrey E; Newport, D Jeffrey; Nemeroff, Charles B (2006). "Schizophrenia". Principles of psychopharmacology for mental health professionals (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-471-25401-0. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
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10. Joint Formulary Committee, BMJ, ed. (March 2009). "4.2.1". British National Formulary (57 ed.). United Kingdom: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-85369-845-6. Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.
11. Haddad, Peter; Haddad, Peter M.; Dursun, Serdar; Deakin, Bill (2004). Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide. OUP Oxford. p. 207-216. ISBN 9780198527480.
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14. National Institute of Mental Health. PDSD Ki Database (Internet) [cited 2013 Oct 3]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina. 1998-2013. Available from: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2013-11-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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16. Parent, M., Toussaint, C., & Gilson, H. (1983). Long-term treatment of chronic psychotics with bromperidol decanoate: clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Current Therapeutic Research, 34(1), 1–6. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10379409109713994773
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26. "Triptafen | Mind, the mental health charity - help for mental health problems". www.mind.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-19.