Penbutolol

Penbutolol (brand names Levatol, Levatolol, Lobeta, Paginol, Hostabloc, Betapressin) is a medication in the class of beta blockers, used in the treatment of high blood pressure.[1] Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making it a non-selective β blocker.[2]:Table 10–2, p 252 Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors.[3]

Penbutolol
Clinical data
Trade namesLevatol
AHFS/Drugs.comConsumer Drug Information
MedlinePlusa601091
ATC code
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC18H29NO2
Molar mass291.435 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
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It was approved by the FDA in 1987[4] and was withdrawn from the US market by January 2015.[5]

Medical uses

Penbutolol is used to treat mild to moderate high blood pressure.[1] Like other beta blockers it is not a first line treatment for this indication.[6]

It should not be used or only used with caution in people with heart failure and people with asthma. It may mask signs of low blood sugar in people with diabetes and it may mask signs of hyperthyroidism.[1]

Animal studies showed some signs of potential trouble for women who are pregnant, and it has not been tested in women who are pregnant. It is not known if penbutolol is secreted in breast milk.[1]

Side effects

Penbutolol has a low frequency of side effects.[1][7] These side effects include dizziness, light headedness, and nausea.[1][8]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Penbutolol is able to bind to both beta-1 adrenergic receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors (the two subtypes), thus making it a non-selective β blocker.[2]:Table 10–2, p 252 Penbutolol is a sympathomimetic drug with properties allowing it to act as a partial agonist at β adrenergic receptors.[3]

Blocking β adrenergic receptors decreases the heart rate and cardiac output to lower arterial blood pressure. β blockers also decrease renin levels, which ultimately results in less water being reabsorbed by the kidneys and therefore a lower blood volume and blood pressure.[9]

Penbutolol acts on the β1 adrenergic receptors in both the heart and the kidney. When β1 receptors are activated by a catecholamine, they stimulate a coupled G protein which activates adenylyl to convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The increase in cAMP ultimately alters the movement of calcium ions in heart muscle and increases heart rate.[2]:213–214 Penbutolol blocks this and decreases heart rate, which lowers blood pressure.[10]:40

The ability of penbutolol to act as a partial agonist proves useful in the prevention of bradycardia as a result of decreasing the heart rate excessively.[3] Penbutolol binding β1 adrenergic receptors also alters kidney functions. Under normal physiological conditions, the enzyme renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which will then be converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland, causing a decrease in electrolyte and water retention, ultimately increasing water excretion and decreasing blood volume and pressure.[11]:221

Like propanolol and pindolol, it is a serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor antagonist;[12] this discovery by several groups in the 1980s generated excitement among those doing research on the serotonin system as such antagonists were rare at that time.[13]:111–14

Pharmacokinetics

Penbutolol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, has a bioavailability over 90%,[8] and has a rapid onset of effect. Penbutolol has a half life of five hours.[2]:Table 10–2, p 252

Society and culture

Availability

Penbutolol was approved by the FDA in 1987.[4] In January 2015 the FDA acknowledged that the penbutolol was no longer marketed in the US, and determined that the drug was not withdrawn for safety reasons.[5]

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References
  1. FDA Penbutolol label Last updated Dec 2010
  2. Katzung, Bertram G. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (13th ed.) McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. ISBN 9780071826419
  3. Frishman WH, Covey S (1990). "Penbutolol and carteolol: two new beta-adrenergic blockers with partial agonism". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 30 (5): 412–21. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1990.tb03479.x. PMID 2189902.
  4. FDA History NDA 018976
  5. FDA notice in the Federal Register. Jan 9, 2015 Determination That TAGAMET (Cimetidine) Tablets and Other Drug Products Were Not Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness
  6. NICE Hypertension guidance Last updated 2013
  7. Schoenberger JA (Jun 1989). "Usefulness of penbutolol for systemic hypertension. Penbutolol Research Group". Am J Cardiol. 63 (18): 1339–42. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(89)91045-x. PMID 2658525.
  8. Vallner JJ, et al. (1977). "Plasma level studies of penbutolol after oral dose in man". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 17 (4): 231–23. doi:10.1177/009127007701700407. PMID 14976.
  9. Berdeaux A, Duhaze P, Giudicelli JF (1982). "Pharmacological analysis of beta adrenoceptor blockade-induced coronary blood flow redistribution in dogs using l-penbutolol". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 221 (3): 740–747. PMID 6123586.
  10. Dent, M. R., Singal, T., Tappia, P. S., Sethi, R., Dhall, N. S. (2008). β-Adrenoceptor-Linked Signal Transduction Mechanisms in Congestive Heart Failure. Chapter 2, pp 27-49 in Signal transduction in the cardiovascular system in health and disease, Eds Srivastava, Ashok K., Anand-Srivastava, Madhu B. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008 ISBN 9780387095523
  11. Finkel, Richard; Clark, Michelle A.; Cubeddu, Luigi X. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009. ISBN 9780781771559
  12. Langlois M, Brémont B, Rousselle D, Gaudy F (1993). "Structural analysis by the comparative molecular field analysis method of the affinity of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents for 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 244 (1): 77–87. doi:10.1016/0922-4106(93)90061-d. PMID 8093601.
  13. Glennon RA. Strategies for the Development of Selective Serotonergic Agents. Chapter 4 in The Serotonin Receptors: From Molecular Pharmacology to Human Therapeutics. Ed. Bryan L. Roth. Springer Science & Business Media, 2008 ISBN 9781597450805
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