List of wars involving Spain

This is a list of wars fought by the Kingdom of Spain or on Spanish territory.

Ancient

Medieval

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Byzantine conquest of Visigothic Baetica
(551–555)
Visigothic Kingdom Byzantine Empire Byzantine victory
Visigothic conquest of Spania
(570–624)
Visigothic Kingdom Byzantine Empire Visigothic victory
Visigothic conquest of Córdoba
(572)
Visigothic Kingdom Byzantine Empire Visigothic victory
Visigothic conquest of Sabaria
(573)
Visigothic Kingdom Sappi Visigothic victory
Visigothic conquest of Cantabria
(574)
Visigothic Kingdom Cantabri Visigothic victory
Second Visigothic-Suevic War
(575–577)
Visigothic Kingdom Kingdom of the Suebi Visigothic victory
Visigothic-Vasconic War
(581)
Visigothic Kingdom Vascones Visigothic victory
Third Visigothic-Suevic War
(585–586)
Visigothic Kingdom Kingdom of the Suebi Visigothic victory
Umayyad conquest of Hispania
(711–718)
Depiction of the Battle of Guadalete.
Visigothic Kingdom Umayyad Caliphate Umayyad victory
Battle of Covadonga
(722)
Kingdom of Asturias Umayyad Caliphate Asturian victory
Battle of Montecubeiro
(774)
Kingdom of Asturias Galician rebels Asturian victory
Battle of the Burbia River
(791)
Kingdom of Asturias Emirate of Córdoba Defeat
Battle of Lutos
(794)
Kingdom of Asturias Emirate of Córdoba Asturian victory
Battle of Las Babias
(795)
Kingdom of Asturias Emirate of Córdoba Defeat
Viking raid on Galicia
(844)
Kingdom of Asturias Norwegian Vikings Asturian victory
Battle of Guadalacete
(852)
Kingdom of Asturias
Kingdom of Pamplona
Toledo rebels
Emirate of Córdoba Defeat
Battle of the Morcuera
(865)
Kingdom of Asturias Emirate of Córdoba Defeat
Battle of Polvoraria
(878)
Kingdom of Asturias Emirate of Córdoba Asturian victory
First Battle of Cellorigo
(882)
Kingdom of Asturias Emirate of Córdoba Asturian victory
Second Battle of Cellorigo
(883)
Kingdom of Asturias Emirate of Córdoba Asturian victory
Day of Zamora
(901)
Kingdom of Asturias Emirate of Córdoba Asturian victory
Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz
(917)
Kingdom of León Emirate of Córdoba Leonese victory
Battle of Alhandic
(939)
Kingdom of León Emirate of Córdoba Defeat
Battle of Simancas
(939)
Kingdom of León Emirate of Córdoba Leonese victory
Battle of Rueda
(981)
Kingdom of León
County of Castile
Kingdom of Navarre
Emirate of Córdoba Defeat
Battle of Cervera
(1000)
Kingdom of León
County of Castile
Kingdom of Pamplona
Emirate of Córdoba Defeat
Battle of Calatañazor
(1002)
Kingdom of León
County of Castile
Kingdom of Pamplona
Emirate of Córdoba Christian victory
Battle of Graus
(1063)
Kingdom of Castile
Taifa of Zaragoza
Kingdom of Aragon Castilian–Zaragozan victory
Crusade of Barbastro
(1064)
Kingdom of Aragon
County of Urgell
Duchy of Aquitaine
Papal states
Emirate of Lārida Christian victory
Battle of Paterna
(1065)
Kingdom of León Taifa of Valencia Leonese victory
War of the Three Sanchos
(1065–67)
Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Aragon
Castilian victory
  • Castile annexes La Bureba, Montes de Oca and Pancorbo
Battle of Llantada
(1068)
  • Part of the Castilian–Leonese war
Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of León Castilian victory
Battle of Golpejera
(1072)
Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of León Castilian victory
Battle of Piedra Pisada
(1084)
Christian Aragon Muslim Zaragoza Defeat
Siege of Toledo[1]
(1084–85)
Kingdom of Castile Taifa of Toledo Castilian victory
Battle of Sagrajas
(1086)
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of León
Kingdom of Aragon
Almoravids Defeat
Siege of Toledo (1090) Kingdom of Castile Almoravids Castilian victory
Siege of Valencia[1]
(1092–1094)
El Cid ordering the execution of Almoravid allies after his conquest of Valencia in 1094
Kingdom of Castile Taifa of Valencia
Almoravids
Castilian victory
Battle of Bairén
(1097)
A depiction of El Cid, who commanded the Aragonese forces in the battle.
Kingdom of Aragon
Valencia under Cid's rule
Kingdom of Castile
Almoravid dynasty Aragonese/Castilian/Valencian victory
Battle of Consuegra
(1097)
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of León
Almoravid dynasty Defeat
Battle of Uclés
(1108)
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of León
Almoravid dynasty Defeat
1113–15 Balearic Islands expedition Republic of Pisa
Catalan counties
County of Provence
Giudicato of Torres
Papal states
Taifa of Majorca
Almoravids
Christian victory
Battle of Cutanda
(1120)
Kingdom of Aragon
Duchy of Aquitaine
Almoravid dynasty Christian victory
Siege of Oreja
(1139)
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Galicia
Kingdom of León
Kingdom of Toledo (Christians)
Almoravids (Muslims) Christian victory
Second Crusade
(1147–50)
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Kingdom of France
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Castile
County of Barcelona
Kingdom of León
Byzantine Empire
Kingdom of England
Seljuq Sultanate
Emirate of Zengids
Abbasid Caliphate
Fatimid Caliphate
Almoravids
Status quo ante bellum
  • Decisive Seljuk Turks victory in Anatolia
  • Decisive Crusader victories in Iberia
Battle of Alarcos
(1195)
Kingdom of Castile
Order of Santiago
Order of Évora
Almohad Caliphate Defeat
Siege of Al-Dāmūs
(1210)
Crown of Aragon
Knights Hospitaller
Knights Templar
Almohad Caliphate Christian victory
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
(1212)
Kingdom of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
Order of Santiago
Order of Calatrava
Knights Templar
French volunteers
Leonese volunteers
Almohad Caliphate Christian victory
  • 100,000 Muslims killed[2]
  • 25–30 Christians killed[2]
Battle of Muret
(1213)
Crown of Aragon
County of Toulouse
County of Comminges
County of Foix
Viscounty of Carcassonne
Crusaders
Kingdom of France
French-Crusader victory
Conquest of Majorca
(1228–31)
Crown of Aragon
Marseille
Narbonne
Republic of Genoa
Knights Templar
Order of Malta
Almohad Caliphate territory of Majorca Aragonese victory
Siege of Burriana
(1233)
Crown of Aragon
Knights Hospitaller
Knights Templar
Senyoria d'Albarrasí
Taifa of Valencia Aragonese victory
Siege of Córdoba (1236) Kingdom of Castile Moors Castilian victory
Battle of the Puig
(1237)
Crown of Aragon Taifa of Valencia Aragonese victory
  • Conquest of Valencia
Siege of Jaén (1245–46) Kingdom of Castile
Order of Santiago
Taifa of Jayyān (جيان)
Emirate of Granada
Castilian victory
Siege of Seville
(1247–48)
Kingdom of Castile
Order of Santiago
Knights Templar
Knights Hospitaller
Order of Calatrava
Almohad Caliphate
Taifa of Niebla
Castilian victory
Siege of Albarracín (1284)
  • Part of the War of the Castilian Succession (1284–90)
Kingdom of Aragón House of Lara
Señorío de Albarracín
Aragonese victory
Battle of Écija (1275) Kingdom of Castile Sultanate of Morocco
Emirate of Granada
Defeat
Battle of Algeciras (1278) Kingdom of Castile
Order of Santa María de España
Sultanate of Morocco
Emirate of Granada
Defeat
Siege of Algeciras (1278–79) Kingdom of Castile
Order of Santa María de España
Sultanate of Morocco
Emirate of Granada
Defeat
Battle of Moclín (1280) Kingdom of Castile
Order of Santa María de España
Emirate of Granada Defeat
War of the Sicilian Vespers
(1282–1302)
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Trinacria
 Byzantine Empire
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of France
Papal States
Aragonese victory
Battle of Malta
(1283)
Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Naples Aragonese victory
Battle of the Gulf of Naples
(1284)
Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Naples Aragonese victory
Aragonese Crusade
(1284–85)
Crown of Aragon Papal States
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Majorca
Lordship of Albarracín
Republic of Genoa
Aragonese victory
Battle of Les Formigues
(1285)
Kingdom of Sicily
Crown of Aragon
France
Republic of Genoa
Aragonese victory
Battle of the Col de Panissars
(1285)
Crown of Aragon Kingdom of France Aragonese victory
Battle of the Counts
(1287)
Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Naples
Papal States
Aragonese victory
Battle of Iznalloz
(1295)
Kingdom of Castile
Order of Calatrava
Emirate of Granada Defeat
Battle of Cape Orlando
(1299)
Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Sicily Aragonese victory
Battle of Ponza (1300) Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Naples
Supported by:
Republic of Genoa
Aragonese victory
Siege of Algeciras (1309–10) Kingdom of Castile
Order of Santiago
Order of Calatrava
Emirate of Granada Defeat
Second Siege of Gibraltar
(1315)
Kingdom of Castile Emirate of Granada Castilian victory
Battle of Picotin
(1316)
Kingdom of Majorca Principality of Achaea Catalan victory
Battle of Manolada
(1316)
Kingdom of Majorca Burgundians Defeat
Aragonese conquest of Sardinia
(1323–26)
Crown of Aragon
Giudicato of Arborea
Republic of Pisa
Republic of Genoa
Aragonese victory
Siege of Villa di Chiesa
(1323–24)
Crown of Aragon
Giudicato of Arborea
Republic of Pisa Aragonese victory
Battle of Lucocisterna
(1324)
Crown of Aragon Republic of Pisa Aragonese victory
Battle of Teba
(1330)
15th century depiction of Battle of Teba
Kingdom of Castile Emirate of Granada Castilian victory
Genoese–Catalan War
(1330–36)
Crown of Aragon Republic of Genoa Status quo ante bellum
Luso-Castillian War
(1336–37)
Crown of Castile Kingdom of Portugal Castilian victory
English Channel naval campaign
(1338–39)
Kingdom of France
Genoese mercenaries
Castilian mercenaries
Kingdom of England
County of Flanders
Indecisive
Battle of Río Salado
(1340)
Crown of Castile
Kingdom of Portugal
Marinid Empire
Emirate of Granada
Portuguese-Castilian victory
Battle of Estepona
(1342)
Crown of Aragon Marinid dynasty Aragonese victory
Siege of Algeciras (1342–44) Kingdom of Castile
Republic of Genoa
Kingdom of Aragon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
European crusaders
Sultanate of Morocco
Emirate of Granada
Castilian victory
Battle of Llucmajor
(1349)
Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Majorca Aragonese victory
  • Annexation of the Kingdom of Majorca
Battle of Winchelsea
(1350)
A depiction of medieval naval combat from Jean Froissart's Chronicles, 14th century
Kingdom of Castile Kingdom of England Defeat
Siege of Alghero
(1354)
Republic of Venice
Crown of Aragon
Republic of Genoa Aragonese victory
War of the Two Peters
(1356–75)
Crown of Castile
With the support of:
Kingdom of England
Republic of Genoa
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Granada
Crown of Aragon
With the support of:
Henry of Trastámara
Kingdom of France
Indecisive
  • Overthrowing of Peter I of Castile
Battle of Linuesa
(1361)
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Jaén
Order of Calatrava
Emirate of Granada Castilian victory
Battle of Guadix
(1362)
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Jaén
Order of Calatrava
Emirate of Granada Defeat
Castilian Civil War
(1366–69)
Battle of Nájera, from a fifteenth-century manuscript, the English and Pedro are on the left.
Forces of Pedro of Castile
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Granada
Forces of Henry of Trastámara
Kingdom of France
Crown of Aragon
Victory for Henry of Trastámara
Siege of León
(1368)
Crown of Castile – Henry's side Crown of Castile – Pedro's side Victory for Henry of Trastámara
Battle of Montiel
(1369)
Miniature of the Battle of Montiel from the "Chronicles" of Jean Froissart (15th century)
Castilians
Granada
Castilians
France
Franco-Castilian victory
Siege of Algeciras (1369) Kingdom of Castile Emirate of Granada Defeat
Battle of La Rochelle
(1372)
The naval battle of La Rochelle, Chronicle of Jean Froissart, 15th Century.
Crown of Castile Kingdom of England Castilian victory
Third Fernandine War
(1381–82)
An Anglo-Portuguese army (right) defeats the French vanguard of the Castilian army.
From the Chronique d'Angleterre of Jean de Wavrin.
Crown of Castile Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of England
Castilian victory
  • Castilian supremacy in the Atlantic Ocean
  • Treaty of Elvas
  • 1383–1385 Crisis
1383–85 Crisis
(1383–85)
Crown of Castile

Supported by:
Kingdom of France
Crown of Aragon

Kingdom of Portugal

Supported by:
Kingdom of England

Defeat
  • Consolidation of Portuguese independence
Battle of Collejares
(1406)
Crown of Castile Emirate of Granada Castilian victory
Battle of Sanluri
(1409)
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Sicily
Giudicato of Arborea
Republic of Genoa
Aragonese victory
Conquest of the Canary Islands
(1402–96)
Crown of Castile Guanches Castilian victory
Battle of La Rochelle (1419) Crown of Castile Kingdom of England
Hanseatic League
Castilian victory
Castilian–Aragonese War
(1429–30)
Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Castilian victory
Battle of La Higueruela
(1431)
The Battle of Higueruela as depicted in the Gallery of Battles at the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain.
Kingdom of Castile Nasrid dynasty Castilian victory
Navarrese Civil War
(1451–55)
Forces of Charles IV of Navarre
Crown of Castile
Forces of John II of Aragon
Crown of Aragon
County of Foix
Victory for John II of Aragon
Battle of Los Alporchones
(1452)
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Murcia
Emirate of Granada Castilian victory
Enrique IV war of Granada
(1455–58)
Crown of Castile Emirate of Granada Inconclusive
Catalan Civil War
(1462–72)
Principality of Catalonia
Crown of Castile
Kingdom of Portugal
Forces of John II of Aragon
Kingdom of France
Victory for John II of Aragon
War of the Castilian Succession
(1475–79)
Isabella Supporters
Crown of Aragon
Juana Supporters
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of France
Peace Treaty
Battle of Guinea
(1478)
Crown of Castile Kingdom of Portugal Defeat
Granada War
(1482–92)
Castile-Aragon Union
Military Orders
European crusaders
Emirate of Granada Victory
  • Granada annexed by Castile

Catholic Monarchy

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Italian War of 1494–98
(1494–98)
League of Venice:

 Papal States
 Republic of Venice
 Kingdom of Naples
Kingdoms of Spain
Duchy of Milan
 Holy Roman Empire
 Republic of Florence
Duchy of Mantua
 Kingdom of England (from 1496)

 Kingdom of France Victory
  • Forced French retreat
Spanish conquest of Haiti[6]
(1494–1509)
Massacre of Queen Anacaona and her subjects, by Joos van Winghe, published in 1598 in the Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias written by Bartolomé de las Casas.
 Crown of Castile Taínos Victory
Conquest of Melilla
(1497)
Castile and Aragon Morocco Victory
Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) Castile-Aragon Union Muslims of Granada Victory
  • Rebellion defeated
  • Mass forced conversions of all Muslims in Granada
Second Ottoman–Venetian War
(1499–1503)
 Republic of Venice
Castile and Aragon
 Ottoman Empire Defeat
Italian War of 1499–1504
(1499–1504)
Victory
Spanish crusade[7]
(1505–10)
 Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Tlemcen
Hafsid dynasty
Victory
War of the League of Cambrai
(1508–16)
1508–10:
 Venice
1510–11:
 Papal States
 Venice
1511–13:
Holy League:
 Papal States
 Venice
Spain
 Holy Roman Empire
 England
Swiss mercenaries
1513–16:
 Papal States
Spain
 Holy Roman Empire
 England
Duchy of Milan
Swiss mercenaries
1508–10:
League of Cambrai:
 Papal States
 France
 Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Duchy of Ferrara
1510–11:
 France
Duchy of Ferrara
1511–13:
 France
Duchy of Ferrara
1513–16:
 Venice
 France
 Scotland
Duchy of Ferrara
Defeat
Spanish conquest of Puerto Rico[6]
(1508–1511)
 Crown of Castile Taínos Victory
Spanish conquest of Cuba[6]
(1511–13)
A 16th-century illustration by Flemish Protestant Theodor de Bry for Las Casas's Brevisima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, depicting Spanish atrocities during the conquest of Cuba
 Crown of Castile Taínos Victory
Taíno rebellion of 1511
(1511–13)
 Crown of Castile Taínos of Boriken and allies from The Antilles Victory

Habsburg Spain

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Siege of Tlemcen
(1518)
 Spain
Kingdom of Tlemcen
Regency of Algiers Victory
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
(1519–21)
Spanish conquistadores
Tlaxcala
 Aztec Empire Victory
  • Aztec empire is annexed to Spanish Empire
Revolt of the Brotherhoods
(1519–23)
Empire of Charles V Germanies Royalist victory
Revolt of the Comuneros
(1520–21)
Empire of Charles V Castilian rebels Royalist victory
Italian War of 1521–26
(1521–26)
Spain

 Holy Roman Empire
 England
 Papal States

 France

 Republic of Venice

Victory
Spanish conquest of Chiapas
(1523–1695)
 Spain Zoque people

Chiapaneca people Independent Maya, including:

Victory
Spanish conquest of Yucatán
(1523–1547)
 Spain Mayan tribes Victory
Spanish conquest of El Salvador
(1524–1539)
 Spain

including Indian auxiliaries

Indigenous peoples of El Salvador, including: Victory
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
(1524–1667)
 Spain Independent indigenous kingdoms and city-states Victory
War of the League of Cognac
(1526–30)
Spain

 Holy Roman Empire
 Republic of Genoa

 France

 Papal States
 Republic of Venice
Republic of Florence
 Kingdom of England
Duchy of Milan

Victory
Ottoman–Habsburg wars
(1526–1791)
Spanish galleons fighting off Ottoman galleys. Oil on canvas by Juan de la Corte (1597–1660), Naval Museum of Madrid.
Habsburg Dynasty:

 Holy Roman Empire

 Spanish Empire
Non-Habsburg allies:
Moldavia
Transylvania
 Wallachia
Tsardom of Russia
Cossack Hetmanate (Muscovite and Polish vassals)
Holy League Allies:
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Duchy of Mantua
 Republic of Venice
Order of Saint John

 Ottoman Empire

Vassals:

End of Ottoman expansion
  • Decline of both the Ottoman and Habsburg empires
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
(1531–72)
The Famous Thirteen by Juan Lepiani
Spanish conquistadores
Indian auxiliaries
 Inca Empire
 Neo-Inca State
Victory
Italian War of 1536–38
(1536–38)
 Holy Roman Empire
 Spain
 Kingdom of France
 Ottoman Empire
Indecisive
Arauco War
(16th century–17th or 18th century)
Battle between Spaniards and Mapuches during the Arauco War, by Alonso de Ovalle, 1646.
Spanish Empire Mapuche, Huilliche and Pehuenche tribes Defeat
  • Spanish Empire renounces the domination of the territories south of the Biobío River and recognizes the independence of the Mapuche tribes of the place.
  • «La Frontera» appears, as a border area between the Captaincy General of Chile and the territory of the Mapuche tribes.
  • Successive peace parliaments between the Spanish Empire and the Mapuche tribes during the conflict.
Third Ottoman–Venetian War
(1537–40)
Holy League:
 Republic of Venice
 Spain
 Republic of Genoa
 Papal States
 Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Sicily
Knights of Malta
 Ottoman Empire
 France (until 1538)
Defeat
Spanish conquest of the Muisca
(1537–1540)
 Spain Guecha warriors Victory
Mixtón War
(1540–42)
 Spain Caxcanes Victory
Tiguex War
(1540–41)
 Spain Tiwa Indians Victory
Italian War of 1542–46
(1542–46)
Spain

 Holy Roman Empire

 Kingdom of England

 France

 Ottoman Empire
Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Inconclusive
Schmalkaldic War
(1546–47)
Empire of Charles V:

 Duchy of Saxony
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Bohemia and other Lands of the Bohemian Crown

Schmalkaldic League:

 Electorate of Saxony
Hesse
Electorate of the Palatinate
Bremen
Lübeck
Brunswick-Lüneburg
Other German territories

Victory
Chichimeca War
(1550–90)
 Spain
  • Indian allies
Chichimeca (Zacateco, Guachichil, Guamare, Pame) Defeat
Italian War of 1551–59
(1551–59)
 Kingdom of France

Republic of Siena
 Ottoman Empire

Victory
  • Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
  • Spain is confirmed as the dominant power in Italy
  • France renounces its claim in Italy but wins the Three Bishoprics (Metz, Toul and Verdun) in Lorraine and the Pale of Calais from England.
French Wars of Religion
(1562–98)
Catholics:
Catholic League
Spain
 Duchy of Savoy
Protestants:
Huguenots
 England
Inconclusive
  • Uneasy truce
  • The Edict of Nantes granted the Huguenots substantial rights in certain areas
  • Paris and other defined territories were declared to be permanently Catholic
  • Failure of France's enemies to weaken France and to gain territories
Philippine revolts against Spain
(1567–1872)
 Spain Dagohoy rebel group
other Filipino rebel groups
 British supporters
Victory
  • Most revolts failed
Eighty Years' War
(1568–1648)
Alba kills innocent inhabitants of the land from the collection Alba's government in the Netherlands and the following tyranny
Engraving that depicts the Spanish entry in the rebel city of Naarden, in the Netherlands in 30 November 1572. The author, a Protestant, emphasizes alleged atrocities and deaths of civilians. Copper engraving by Frans Hogenberg, published in Cologne around 1600.
Engraving that depicts repression after the surrender of the rebel city of Haarlem (Netherlands) to Spanish troops on 13 July 1573.
Oudewater was conquered by the Spanish on 7 August 1575, and most of its inhabitants were killed.
The Sack of Antwerp, 1576
The Battle of Gembloux by Johann Wilhelm Baur
Spanish attack on the Staten army, 1 August 1578
The Spanish Fury at Maastricht in 1579
The Siege of Grave in 1586 by Don Alejandro Farnesio. Engraving by Michelangelo Cerquozzi.
Engraving of the Siege of Venlo of 1586 by Simon Frisius. Collection Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.
Siege of Axel 1586
Siege of Sluis by Parma, 1587
Relief of Knodsenburg, 1591
The battle of Turnhout in 1597
Surrender of Breda
by Johannes Hinderikus Egenberger.
1645: The Siege of Hulst, the last major siege of the war

Western Europe

European Waters

Americas

East Indies

Spanish Empire
 Holy Roman Empire
 United Provinces
 England
Nassau
 France
Defeat
Morisco Revolt
(1568–71)
 Spain Morisco rebels Victory
Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
(1570–73)
Holy League:
 Republic of Venice
Spain
 Papal States
 Kingdom of Naples
 Republic of Genoa
Kingdom of Sicily
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Urbino
 Duchy of Savoy
Knights of Malta
 Ottoman Empire Defeat
  • Cyprus under Ottoman rule
Second Desmond Rebellion
(1579–83)
FitzGeralds of Desmond
 Spain
 Papal States
allied Irish clans
 Kingdom of England
 Kingdom of Ireland
allied Irish clans
Defeat
War of the Portuguese Succession
(1580–1583)
Spain
Portugal loyal to Philip of Spain
Portugal loyal to Prior of Crato
 France
 England
 United Provinces
Victory
Castilian War (1578) Spanish Empire
Bruneians who defected to Spain
Bruneian Empire Status quo ante bellum
Cologne War
(1583–88)
Ernst of Bavaria Prince-Elector, Cologne, 1583–1612
House of Wittelsbach
Free Imperial City of Cologne
Philip of Spain, and for him:
House of Farnese
House of Isenburg-Grenzau
House of Mansfeld (main line)
House of Berlaymont-Flyon
and others
Gebhard, Truchsess von Waldburg, Prince-Elector, Cologne 1578–1588
House of Neuenahr-Alpen
House of Waldburg
House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken

House of Nassau
House of Solms-Braunfels and others

Victory
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Spanish Empire

Order of Saint John

 Kingdom of England
 United Provinces
Indecisive
Cambodian–Spanish War
(1593–97)
Spanish Empire Cambodia, Muslim Malay merchants and Muslim Cham merchants Defeat
Spanish–Moro conflict
(1500s–1900)
Spanish Empire Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Confederation of sultanates in Lanao
Failure to conquer the Moros
Irish Nine Years' War
(1594–1603)
Alliance of Irish clans
Spain
Scottish Gaelic mercenaries
 Kingdom of England
 Kingdom of Ireland
Defeat
Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598) Spanish Empire Kingdom of France
Huguenots
 Kingdom of England
Defeat
Acoma War
(1598–99)
 Crown of Castile Acoma Victory
Navajo Wars
(1600–1866)
 Crown of Castile
(1600–1716)
 Spain
(1716–1821)
 Mexico
(1821–1848)
 United States
(1849–1866)
Navajo United States victory
Acaxee Rebellion
(1601–1603)
Spanish Empire Acaxee Indians Victory
Dutch–Portuguese War
(1602–63)
Kingdom of Portugal
Supported by:
 Crown of Castile
(until 1640)
 Kingdom of Cochin
Potiguara Tupis
 Dutch Republic
Supported by:
 Kingdom of England
(until 1640)
Johor Sultanate
Kingdom of Kandy
Kingdom of Kongo
Kingdom of Ndongo
Rio Grande Tupis
Nhandui Tarairiu Tribe
Victory
War of the Jülich Succession
(1609–1614)
1610:
Supporting Emperor Rudolf:
 Holy Roman Empire
Principality of Strasbourg
Prince-Bishopric of Liège

1613–1614:
Supporting Wolfgang William:
Spain
Palatinate-Neuburg
Catholic League

1610:
Opposed to Emperor Rudolph:
Margraviate of Brandenburg
Palatinate-Neuburg
 United Provinces
 Kingdom of France
 England
Protestant Union

1613–1614:
Supporting John Sigismund:
Margraviate of Brandenburg
 United Provinces
 England
Protestant Union

Victory
Conquest of La Mamora
(1614)
 Spain Saadi dynasty Victory
Tepehuán Revolt
(1616–1620)
Spanish Empire Tepehuánes Victory
Thirty Years' War
(1618–48)
In 1633, a Spanish army under Gómez Suárez de Figueroa taking the Swiss city of Rheinfelden, in a plan to link the Spanish territories of Milan and the Spanish Netherlands. Painted by Vicente Carducho.
1618–1625
 Holy Roman Empire
Catholic League
Spanish Empire
 Saxony
1625–1629
 Holy Roman Empire
Catholic League
1630–1635
 Holy Roman Empire
Catholic League
Spanish Empire
1635–1648
 Holy Roman Empire
Spanish Empire
1618–1625
Bohemia
Electorate of the Palatinate
Transylvania
 United Provinces
 England
Ottoman Empire
1625–1629
Denmark–Norway
 United Provinces
 England
1630–1635
Sweden
 Saxony
Brandenburg-Prussia
1635–1648
 France
Sweden
Defeat
Spanish conquest of Petén
(1618–1697)
 Spain Independent Maya, including: Victory
First Genoese–Savoyard War
(1625)
 Spain
 Republic of Genoa
 Kingdom of France
 Duchy of Savoy
Victory
Anglo-Spanish War (1625–30) Spain  England
 United Provinces
Victory[13]
  • Treaty of Madrid
  • Spain seeks and signs peace treaty with England in light of imminent war with France
  • Treaty of Madrid, similar to previous Anglo-Spanish treaty although somewhat less strict regarding trade
Spanish expedition to Formosa
(1626)
Spanish East Indies Kingdom of Middag Victory
  • Spanish establishment in Formosa
War of the Mantuan Succession
(1628–31)
Supporting the Duke of Guastalla:
 Holy Roman Empire
Spain
 Duchy of Savoy
Supporting the Duke of Nevers:
 France
Victory
  • Peace of Regensburg (1630)
  • Treaty of Cherasco (1631)
Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) Spanish Empire  France
 Duchy of Savoy
Duchy of Modena (1647–1649 and 1655–1659)
 Duchy of Parma (1635–1637)
 Commonwealth of England (from 1657)
Principality of Catalonia (from 1640)
Defeat
Piedmontese Civil War
(1639–42)
 Spain
Prince Thomas faction
 France
Regency faction
Stalemate
Catalan Revolt
(1640–59)
 Spain  Principality of Catalonia
 France
Victory
Portuguese Restoration War
(1640–68)
Castile and Aragon Kingdom of Portugal
Supported by:
 France
(1641–59)[14]
 Kingdom of England
(after 1662)
Defeat
Neapolitan Revolt
(1647–48)
 Spain Neapolitan Republic
 France
Victory
  • Revolt crushed
Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)  Spain  Commonwealth of England Defeat
War of Devolution
(1667–68)
Spanish Empire

Triple Alliance:
 Dutch Republic
 Kingdom of England
Swedish Empire
 France Defeat
Franco-Dutch War
(1672–78)
 Dutch Republic
 Holy Roman Empire
 Spain
Denmark–Norway
Electorate of Brandenburg
 France
 England
 Sweden
Bishopric of Münster
Archbishopric of Cologne
Indecisive
Second Genoese–Savoyard War
(1672–73)
 Republic of Genoa
Supported by:
 Spain
 Duchy of Savoy Victory
Pueblo Revolt
(1680)
Spanish Empire Puebloans Defeat
  • Expulsion of Spanish settlers
War of the Reunions
(1683–1684)
Spanish Empire
 Holy Roman Empire
 Republic of Genoa
 France Defeat
Nine Years' War
(1688–97)
Grand Alliance:
 Dutch Republic
 England
 Holy Roman Empire
 Spain
 Piedmont-Savoy
 Sweden (until 1691)
 Scotland
 France
Irish and Scottish Jacobites
Indecisive
Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)  Spain
Bourbons (1704–1713)
 Morocco
Supported by:
 England (from 1707)
Victory

Bourbon Spain

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results Casualties
War of the Spanish Succession
(1701–14)
 Holy Roman Empire: Political victory for Spain loyal to Philip
Military victory for Spain loyal to Charles
Queen Anne's War
(1702–1713)
 France

Spain

 Wabanaki Confederacy
 Caughnawaga Mohawk
 Choctaw
 Timucua
 Apalachee
 Natchez

 England (before 1707)[17]

 Great Britain (after 1707)[17]

 Muscogee (Creek)
 Chickasaw
 Yamasee Iroquois Confederacy

Defeat
Huilliche rebellion
(1712)
Spanish Empire Huilliches of Chiloé Victory
  • Key encomenderos killed
  • Suppression of the rebellion
  • Encomienda mildened
Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War
(1714–18)
 Republic of Venice
Austria (from 1716)
 Portugal
 Order of Malta
 Papal States
 Spain[18]
Himariotes
 Ottoman Empire Defeat
War of the Quadruple Alliance
(1718–20)
 Spain  Great Britain
 France
 Holy Roman Empire
 Dutch Republic
 Savoy
Defeat 4,350 killed or wounded[19]
Anglo-Spanish War (1727–29)  Spain  Great Britain Indecisive 20,000 killed (both sides)[20]
Spanish-Algerian War
(1732)
Spain Regency of Algiers
(Ottoman Vilayet)
Victory Minimum
War of the Polish Succession
(1733–38)
Poland loyal to Stanisław I

 France
 Spain
 Kingdom of Sardinia
 Duchy of Parma

Poland loyal to Augustus III

 Russian Empire
 Habsburg Empire of Austria
 Saxony
 Kingdom of Prussia

Victory 3,000 killed or wounded[21]
Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–37) Spanish Empire Portuguese Empire
Brazilian colonial forces
Defeat
War of Jenkins' Ear
(1739–48)
Spanish Empire  Great Britain Inconclusive/Other Outcome
War of the Austrian Succession
(1740–48)
 France
 Prussia
Spain
Bavaria (1741–45)
 Saxony (1741–42)
Sicily and Naples
 Republic of Genoa (1745–48)
Sweden (1741–43)
 Kingdom of Sardinia (1741–42)
 Habsburg Monarchy
 Great Britain
Hanover
 Dutch Republic
 Saxony (1743–45)
 Kingdom of Sardinia (1742–48)
 Russia (1741–43, 1748)
Victory 3,000 killed or wounded[23]
Pima Revolt
(1751)
Spanish Empire Pima Indians Victory
Action of 28 November 1751
(1751)
 Spain Regency of Algiers Victory
Seven Years' War
(1756–63)
Defeat 3,000 killed or wounded[24]
Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63) Spain
 France
 Great Britain
Portugal
Filipino rebels
Defeat
  • Spain cedes Florida to Britain in exchange for return of Havana.
  • Spain received Louisiana from France.
Siege of Melilla (1774)  Spain Morocco
Supported by:
 Great Britain
Victory 600
Invasion of Algiers (1775)  Spain
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
 Ottoman Empire Defeat 500+ killed[25]
Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77) Spanish Empire Portuguese Empire Victory
Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83)

Europe & Atlantic

Louisiana and the Gulf Coast

Central America

West Indies

Spain  Great Britain Victory 5,000 killed or died of disease
Bombardment of Algiers
(1783)
Spain Regency of Algiers Spanish failure 26 dead
2nd Bombardment of Algiers
(1784)
Spain
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Order of Saint John
Portugal
Regency of Algiers Victory 53 dead
Haitian Revolution
(1791–1804)
1791–1793
Ex-slaves
French royalists
Spanish Empire (from 1793)

1793–1798
French royalists
 Great Britain
Spanish Empire (until 1795)

1798–1801
Louverture Loyalists
1802–1804
Ex-slaves
United Kingdom

1791–1793
Slave owners
Kingdom of France (until 1792)
French Republic
1793–1798
French Republic

1798–1801
Rigaud Loyalists
Spanish Empire
1802–1804
French Republic

French defeat
War of the First Coalition
(1792–97)
First Coalition:

 Holy Roman Empire

 Great Britain
Army of Condé
Spain (until 1795)
 Dutch Republic (until 1795)
 Portugal
 Sardinia (until 1796)
 Naples
Other Italian states

Victory
War of the Pyrenees
(1793–95)
 Spain
 Portugal
French Émigrés
 France Defeat
Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)

Atlantic

Mediterranean

Americas

 Spain  Great Britain Inconclusive 7,000 killed or wounded (1796–1802)[21]
War of the Second Coalition
(1798–1802)
 France
 Spain
Polish Legions
Denmark–Norway
French client republics:
Second Coalition:

 Holy Roman Empire

 Great Britain (until 1801)
 United Kingdom (from 1801)
 Russia (until 1799)
 Portugal
 Naples
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Order of Saint John (1798)
Malta (1798–1800)
 Ottoman Empire
French Royalists


 United States
(Quasi-War) (until 1800)

Victory
War of the Oranges
(1801)
 France
 Spain
 Portugal Victory
  • Treaty of Badajoz
  • Question of Olivença
  • Portuguese territory returned, except Olivenza, and border territories, which remained in Spanish possession
  • France territorial guarantees in Trinidad, Port Mahon (Menorca) and Malta, as well as lands north of Brazil
War of the Third Coalition
(1803–06)
French Empire

 Spain
 Electorate of Bavaria
Württemberg

Third Coalition:

 Holy Roman Empire
 Russian Empire
 United Kingdom
 Kingdom of Naples
Kingdom of Sicily
 Sweden
French counter-revolutionaries
French royalists

Victory
War of the Fourth Coalition
(1806–07)
French Empire Fourth Coalition: Victory
Invasion of Portugal (1807) French Empire
 Spain
 Portugal Victory
Peninsular War
(1808–14)
Bourbon Spain
 United Kingdom
 Portugal
French Empire
Bonapartist Spain
Duchy of Warsaw
Victory 300,000 military deaths
200,000 civilian deaths[26]
War of the Fifth Coalition
(1809)
Fifth Coalition: France Defeat
Bolivian War of Independence
(1809–25)
 Spain
  • Royalists
United Provinces of the River Plate
Republiquetas
Defeat
  • Independence of Bolivia
Mexican War of Independence
(1810–21)
 Spain
  • Mexican royalists
Insurgents
Army of the Three Guarantees (1821)
Defeat
Argentine War of Independence
(1810–18)
Royalists
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Viceroyalty of Peru
Patriots
United Provinces of the River Plate
Chilean exiles
Defeat
  • Argentine victory and emancipation from Spanish colonial rule
  • Slavery partially abolished
Chilean War of Independence
(1810–26)
Spanish Empire

Mapuche allies

 Chile
United Provinces
Mapuche allies
Defeat
  • Chilean emancipation from Spanish colonial rule
Venezuelan War of Independence
(1811–23)
Kingdom of Spain Venezuela
 Gran Colombia
New Granada
British Legions
Defeat
  • Venezuelan independence
Peruvian War of Independence
(1811–24)
Kingdom of Spain United Liberating Army
  • United Army (Argentine-Chilean)
  • Gran Colombia
  • Republic of Peru
    • Peruvian patriots

British Legions (from 1824)

Defeat
  • Peru becomes independent of the Spanish monarchy
War of the Sixth Coalition
(1813–1814)
 Russia
 Prussia
 Austria
 United Kingdom
 Sweden
Spain
Portugal
Sicily
 Sardinia
 French Empire

Denmark–Norway Confederation of the Rhine


 United States
(War of 1812)

Victory
War of the Seventh Coalition
(1815)
Seventh Coalition:

 United Kingdom
 Prussia
 Austrian Empire
 Russian Empire
Hanover
Nassau
Brunswick
 Sweden
 Netherlands
 Spain
 Portugal
 Sardinia
Sicily
Tuscany
Switzerland
French Kingdom

French Empire
 Kingdom of Naples
Victory
Spanish reconquest of New Granada
(1815–16)
Kingdom of Spain United Provinces of New Granada Victory
  • Reconquest of New Granada by the Spanish monarchy
Ecuadorian War of Independence
(1820–22)
 Spain Independentist Armies Defeat
  • Independence of Ecuador from Spain
Spanish reconquest attempts in Mexico
(1821–29)
Spanish Empire  Mexico Defeat
French invasion of Spain
(1823)
Kingdom of France

Armée de la Foi

Partisans of the Cortes Royalist victory
Portuguese Civil War
(1828–34)
Liberal Forces of Queen Maria II
Spain (Since 1834)
United Kingdom

France (Since 1830)

Absolutist Forces of King Miguel

Spain (Until 1833)

Liberal victory
First Carlist War
(1833–1839)
Forces of Queen Isabella II
United Kingdom
French Kingdom

Forces of Queen Maria II

Carlists: Liberal victory
Second Carlist War
(1846–49)
Spain Carlist insurgents Liberal victory
Spanish expedition to Balanguingui
(1848)
 Spain Moro Pirates Victory
Cochinchina Campaign
(1858–62)
Spain

Second French Empire

Dai Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) Victory
Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)  Spain Morocco Victory 1,152 killed[27]
2,888 died of disease[27]
Franco-Mexican War
(1861–67)
French Empire
Mexican Empire
 Austrian Empire
Spain (until 1862)
 Belgium
 Mexican republicans
 United States
Withdrawal
Dominican Restoration War
(1863–65)
 Spain  Dominican Republic Withdrawal
  • Restoration of Dominican sovereignty
10,888 killed or wounded
20,000–30,000 died of disease
Chincha Islands War
(1864–66)
 Spain  Chile
 Peru

Nominal participation:
 Ecuador
 Bolivia

Indecisive, both sides claimed victory
  • The state of war is maintained between the belligerent parties until the signing of an indefinite armistice in 1871.
  • Peace treaties between Spain and Perú (1879), Bolivia (1879), Chile (1883) and Ecuador (1885).
300[27]

Restoration

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Ten Years' War
(1868–78)
 Spain  Cuban rebels Victory
Third Carlist War
(1872–76)
Kingdom of Spain (1872–73)
I Republic (1873–74)
Kingdom of Spain (1875–76)
Carlist insurgents Royal Victory
Little War
(1879–1880)
 Spain  Cuban rebels Victory
First Melillan campaign
(1893–1894)
Detail of La Guerre au Maroc, Mort du Général Espagnol Margallo, from scan of Le Petit Journal, 18 November 1893.
 Spain   Rif tribes

Morocco

Victory
Cuban War of Independence
(1895–1898)
Rear turret of the Spanish cruiser Vizcaya destroyed in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.
 Spain Cuban rebels
 United States
Defeat
Philippine Revolution
(1896–1898)
 Spain Katipunan (until 1897)

Filipino rebels (1898)
 United States (1898)

Peace Treaty (1897)

Defeat (1898)

Puerto Rican Campaign
(1898)
Coffins of Spanish–American War dead ready for burial in Arlington National Cemetery in 1898.
Spain United States Inconclusive
  • Militarily inconclusive
  • Spain cedes Puerto Rico in accordance with the accords of the Treaty of Paris of 1898
Siege of the International Legations
(1900)
 British Empire
 United States
France
 Russia
 Germany
 Italy
 Austria-Hungary
 Japan
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Spain
 Qing Dynasty
Yìhéquán
Victory
Second Melillan campaign
(1909–1910)
Melilla campaign
Spain   Rif tribes Victory
  • Melilla territory extended to Cape Three Forks and the Bḥar Ameẓẓyan lagoon
Rif War
(1920–1926)
Spanish Legionnaires holding the heads of Moroccans they had captured and beheaded.
Spain

France

Republic of the Rif Victory

Francoist Spain

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Spanish Civil War
(1936–39)
 Spanish Republic
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 Mexico
 Nationalist Spain
Supported by:
 Kingdom of Italy
 Nazi Germany
Nationalist victory
Eastern Front (World War II)
(1941–1945)
Axis powers

Axis puppet states
Co-belligerents
Allies

Former Axis powers or co-belligerents

Aerial and naval only
Soviet victory
Ifni War
(1957–1958)
 Spain
 France
 Morocco Victory
Basque conflict
(1959–2011)
Francoist Spain (1959–1975)
 Spain (1975–2011)
 France
Basque National Liberation Movement Victory
  • ETA declares definitive cessation of its armed activity.
Sahara Secret War
(1973–75)
 Spain
Polisario Inconclusive

Modern

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Gulf War
(1991)
 Kuwait
 United States
 Saudi Arabia
 France
 Egypt
 Syria
 United Kingdom

Other Allies

Iraq Victory
  • Kuwait regains its independence
Somali Civil War
(1992–1995)
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Spain
 Saudi Arabia
 Malaysia
 Pakistan
 Italy
 India
 Greece
 Germany
 France
 Canada
 Botswana
 Belgium
 Australia
Somalia Victory
  • UN humanitarian mandate fulfilled.
  • About 100,000 lives were saved by outside resistance.
  • Civil war is ongoing.
Bosnian intervention
(1992–1996)
 NATO  FR Yugoslavia Victory
Kosovo War
(1998–99)
KLA

 NATO

 FR Yugoslavia Victory
  • Kumanovo Treaty
  • Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo
War in Afghanistan
(2001–)
Spanish Light Infantry in Afghanistan, operating as part of Spain's military commitment to the NATO alliance.
 Afghanistan
ISAF
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Ongoing
Perejil Island crisis
(2002)
 Spain  Morocco Victory
  • Moroccan soldiers removed by Spanish military
Iraq War
(2003–04)
MNF–I
 Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein

 Iraqi Kurdistan

 Iraq under Saddam Hussein

Various insurgents

Coalition victory
  • Fall of Ba'athist rule in Iraq
  • Deployment in Najaf
  • Spanish withdrawal in 2004, escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal in 2011
Boko Haram insurgency
(2009–)
 Nigeria
 Cameroon
 Chad
 Niger
Supported by:
African Union
 Belgium
 Benin
 Canada
 China
 Colombia
 France
 Iran
 Israel
 Italy
 Spain
 United Kingdom
 United States
Boko Haram Ongoing
Libyan intervention
(2011)
Many NATO members acting under UN mandate and
Anti-Gaddafi forces
several Arab League states

 Sweden

Pro-Gaddafi forces Victory
Military intervention against ISIL
(2014–)
United States
 Belgium (2014–17)
 Denmark
 Sweden
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Turkey (2014–17)
 Netherlands
 Jordan
 Morocco (2014–16)
 Spain
 United Kingdom
 ISIL Ongoing
gollark: Power switch?
gollark: μgollark: what is the meaning of life?
gollark: I think your "bot" may be encountering "Tux1" problems.
gollark: You are! The non-abandoned possibly-not-city around you is a mere illusion.
gollark: μgollark: μgollark

See also

References

  1. War.
  2. Armies of Feudal Europe 1066–1300.
  3. "Castile, Aragon, Granada, and Portugal 1250–1400".
  4. Philippe Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, p.257 (citing Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms, i.342)
  5. Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History.
  6. "Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z"
  7. The Crusades
  8. Hayden p.22
  9. The Spanish army under Spinola refused to give up the key fortress of Wesel. Hayden p.22
  10. Parker p.146
  11. Thion p.18
  12. Kirk p.100
  13. "Charles I and the Spanish Plot: Anglo-Habsburg Relations and the Outbreak of the War of Three Kingdoms, 1630–1641" (PDF). The Anglo-Spanish War of 1625–1630 proved a miserable and ill-led affair for England and wholly unprofitable for English merchants
  14. Treaty of alliance between France and Portugal concluded at Paris, 1 June 1641. Davenport, Frances Gardiner: European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2012. ISBN 9781584774228, pp. 324–328
  15. Birmingham, p.51
  16. The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
  17. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified as the Kingdom of Great Britain, sharing a single Parliament at Westminster under the Act of Union 1707. After this, Scottish troops joined their English counterparts in all colonial wars.
  18. Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118
  19. "War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–20)".
  20. Darkest Hours.
  21. "Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century".
  22. Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia.
  23. "War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48)".
  24. "Seven Years War (1755–63)".
  25. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. p. 33.
  26. "Victimario Histórico Militar".
  27. "Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century".

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