Republic of the Rif

The Republic of the Rif (Berber: Tagduda en Arrif, Arabic: جمهورية الريف‎ Jumhūriyya ar-Rīf), officially The Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif, also recorded as the Riff, was a short-lived republic in northern Morocco that existed between 1921 and 1926. It was created in September 1921, when the people of the Rif revolted and declared their independence from Spanish occupation as well as from the Moroccan sultan Yusef.[1][2][3]

The Republic of Rif

Tagduda en Arif
1921–1926
Flag
Coat of arms
Territory of Spanish Morocco under control of the Rif Republic (outlined in red)
CapitalAjdir
Common languagesRiffian Berber
Jebli Arabic
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentRepublic
Head of State 
• 1921–1926
Abd el-Krim
Prime Minister 
• 1923–1926
Hajj Hatmi
Historical eraInterwar period
• Established
18 September 1921
• Disestablished
27 May 1926
CurrencyRif Republic riffan
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Spanish Morocco
Spanish Morocco
Today part of Morocco

Part of a series on the
History of Morocco
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History

In 1921 Riffians under the control of Abd el-Krim crushed a Spanish offensive under General Manuel Fernández Silvestreat the Battle of Annual and soon after declared an independent republic on 18 September 1921.[4] The republic was formally constituted in1923 with Abd el-Krim as Head of state ands Ben Hajj Hatmi as Prime Minister.[5]

Abd el-Krim defeated the Spanish many times and drove them back to a few coastal outposts. He wanted to create a stable state for the Berbers to shield them from the long years of fighting. Abd el-Krim sent diplomatic representatives to London and Paris to try to establish diplomatic relations with Europe.

In late 1925, the French and Spanish created a joint task force of half a million men supported by tanks and aircraft.[6] From 1923 onwards, the Spanish used German-designed chemical weapons.[7] It was dissolved by Spanish and French occupation forces on 27 May 1926, after the long and bloody battles of the Rif War in which German-designed chemical weapons were used against the Berber populations by Spanish and French occupation forces but many Rif guerrillas continued to fight until 1927.[8]

gollark: Definitely nuclear power. It runs constantly unlike solar and whatnot, doesn't produce CO2, and uses fuel which we have enough of for a while and could use much more efficiently if there was much of an incentive to.
gollark: I'm also hoping some sort of comparatively cheap geoengineering-type solution is developed for climate problems, because otherwise we have basically no chance of hitting the not-heating-the-world-up-a-lot targets, unless the world ends up with a totalitarian ecodictatorship or something.
gollark: Though wiping out lots of species is *probably* not a great idea, since we rely on ecosystems functioning.
gollark: The Earth is very hard to destroy.
gollark: I'm not exactly left, and it seems to have put me in "democratic socialism".

See also

References
  1. Day, Richard B.; Gaido, Daniel (2011-11-25). Discovering Imperialism: Social Democracy to World War I. BRILL. p. 549. ISBN 978-9004201569. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  2. Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2016-02-19). Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity. Cornell University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9781501704246. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  3. Hall, John G.; Publishing, Chelsea House (2002). North Africa. Infobase Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 9780791057469. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  4. David S. Woolman, page 96 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
  5. "Morocco - The Spanish Zone". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  6. Slavin, David H. (Jan 1991), "The French Left and the Rif War, 1924–25: Racism and the Limits of Internationalism", Journal of Contemporary History, 26 (1): 5–32, doi:10.1177/002200949102600101, JSTOR 260628
  7. Rudibert Kunz: "Con ayuda del más dañino de todos los gases" – Der Gaskrieg gegen die Rif-Kabylen in Spanisch-Marokko in: Irmtrud Wojak/Susanne Meinl (eds.): Völkermord und Kriegsverbrechen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt/Main 2004, pp. 153–191 (here: 169–185).
  8. "Abd el-Krim - Adb el-Krim during the Rif War". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-11.

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