Saadi dynasty

The Saadi dynasty or Saadian dynasty (Arabic: السعديون‎ as-saʿdiyyūn) was an Arab[3] Moroccan Sharifian dynasty, which ruled Morocco from 1549 to 1659.[4][5]

Saadi dynasty of Morocco
1549–1659
Flag
Extent of the Saadian empire during the reign of Ahmad al-Mansur[2]
Status	Ruling dynasty of Morocco
Capital	Taroudant (1549–1568) Marrakesh (1568–1659)
Common languages	Arabic,
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	1509–1554: Principality 1554–1659: Sultanate
Sultan
• 1509–17	Abu Abdallah, Prince of Tagmadert
• 1544–57	Mohammed Sheikh, first Sultan (1554)
• 1655–59	Ahmad al-Abbas, last Sultan
History
• Established	1549
• Disestablished	1659
Preceded by Succeeded by Wattasid dynasty Songhai Empire Alaouite dynasty Segou Empire Pashalik of Timbuktu

From 1509 to 1549, they had ruled only in the south of Morocco. Although still recognizing the Wattasids as Sultans until 1528, Saadian's growing power led the Wattasids to attack them and, after an indecisive battle, to recognize their rule over southern Morocco[6] through the Treaty of Tadla.

Their reign over Morocco began with the reign of Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh in 1554, when he vanquished the last Wattasids at the Battle of Tadla. The Saadian rule ended in 1659 with the end of the reign of Sultan Ahmad el Abbas.

Origins

The Banu Zaydan claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the line of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima Zahra (Muhammad's daughter). They came from Tagmadert in the valley of the Draa River. The family's village of origin in the Draa was Tidzi (a qsar, some 10 km north of Zagora).[7] They claimed Sharifian origins through an ancestor from Yanbu and rendered Sufism respectable in Morocco. The name Saadi or Saadian derives from "sa'ada" meaning happiness or salvation. Others think it derives from the name Bani Zaydan or that it was given to the Bani Zaydan (shurafa of Tagmadert) by later generations and rivals for power, who tried to deny their Hassanid descent by claiming that they came from the family of Halimah Saadiyya, Muhammad's wet nurse. Their putative ancestor is Zaydan Ibn Ahmed a Sharif from Yanbu.[8] The most famous sultan of the Saadi was Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603), builder of the El Badi Palace in Marrakech and contemporary of Elizabeth I. One of their most important achievements was defeating the Portuguese at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir, and defending the country against the Ottomans. Before they conquered Marrakech, they had Taroudannt as their capital city.

The Saadian Tombs were rediscovered in 1917 and can be seen in Marrakech.

Chronology

• 1509: establishment of the Saadian Principality in Tagmadert;
• 1511: the Saadians receive the support of the Souss;
• 1524: the Saadians receive the support of the Hintata tribes, who control Marrakech;
• 1527: the Wattasids recognize the Saadian rule of southern Morocco through the Treaty of Tadla;
• 1541: the Saadian army expels the Portuguese from Agadir, Azamor, Azafi and Arzila;
• 1554: Mohammed ash-Sheikh overthrows Ahmad el Abbas, the last wattasid Sultan;
• 1561–67: annexation of the principalities of Tetouan, Chefchaouen and Debdou;
• 1578: Battle of Alcácer Quibir: Moroccan victory over the Portuguese army;
• 1581: conquest of the Touat;
• 1591: battle of Tondibi, conquest of the Songhai Empire;
• 1603–27: civil war after the death of Ahmad al-Mansur, opposing three pretenders: Abou Fares Abdallah, Zidan al-Nasir and Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun; beginning of the decline of the Saadi Empire;
• 1628: reunification of Fes and Marrakech, but Saadians failed to regain control over many territories, including: Rabat, Salé and Tetouan (ruled by Andalusis), Tafilalet (alternately ruled by the Alaouites and emir of Tazeroualt), Oujda (ruled by the Ottomans) and many other territories lost to warlords, Zaouias leaders and refractory tribes; they lost gradually the control over the territories that remained under their rule until 1659, when they disappeared from the Moroccan political and military scenes.

Rulers

1509–54: Saadian princes of Tagmadert

• Abu Abdallah al-Qaim (1509–17)
• Ahmad al-Araj (1517–44)
• Mohammed ash-Sheikh (1544–54)

1554–1659: Saadian sultans of Morocco

• Mohammed ash-Sheikh (1554–57)
• Abdallah al-Ghalib (1557–74)
• Abu Abdallah Mohammed II (1574–76)
• Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I (1576–78)
• Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)

1603–27: Succession war

Main Saadian rulers, based in Marrakesh: Abou Fares Abdallah (r.1603–08) Zidan al-Nasir (pretender since 1603, r.1608–27)

Splinter faction based in Fes, with only local power: Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun (r.1603–13) Abdallah II (r.1613–23) Abd al-Malik ibn Abdallah (r.1623–27)

1627–59: Reunified rule

• Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II (r.1627–31)
• Al Walid ibn Zidan (r.1631–36)
• Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir (r.1636–55)
• Ahmad el Abbas (r.1655–59)

Descendants

After the fall of the banu zaydan dynasty, their last sultan Abdullah ibn Muhammad retired with his family in the Draa desert, the very place from where, many years ago his Great-grandfather Mohamed Al Qaim had raised as the chief leader of the sultanate. Nowadays, his descendants live in the region of Draa, far from the glory of their prestigious ancestors who ruled Morocco.

Timeline

See also

• Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and the Cherifian Dynasties
• El Badi Palace
• Saadian Tombs
• Draa River
• History of Morocco
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

References

1. "Trade and empire in Africa, 1500–1800", Times Books 2007, on qed.princeton.edu Archived 2013-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
2. "Trade and empire in Africa, 1500–1800", Times Books 2007, on qed.princeton.edu Archived 2013-10-02 at the Wayback Machine
3. Greengrass 2014, p. 503.
4. Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani (2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 150. ISBN 938257347X. Retrieved 22 September 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
5. Abgadiyat, Editors (2014-05-09). "دراسة في مضمون النقوش الكتابية على عمائر الأشراف السعديين بالمغرب الأقصى (915 - 1069هـ/ 1510 - 1658م)". Abgadiyat. 9 (1): 150–194. doi:10.1163/22138609-90000027. ISSN 2213-8609.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
6. H. J. Kissling, Bertold Spuler, N. Barbour, J. S. Trimingham, F. R. C. Bagley, H. Braun, H. Hartel, The Last Great Muslim Empires, BRILL 1997, p.102
7. The Saadian sultan Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir wrote in a letter to a member of the Alaouite family (Moulay Mohammed ould Moulay Cherif): "We are from Tidsi, one of the qsour of the Draa." (Nozhet el Hadi, p. 15). The geographical position of Tidzi is: Latitude: 30° 59' 52 N, Longitude: 7° 24' 49 W.
8. The use of Analogy and the Role of the Sufi Shaykh in Post-Marinid Morocco, Vincent Cornell, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 15, no. 1 (Feb. 1983), pp. 67–93

Sources

• Greengrass, Mark (2014). Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517-1648. Penguin Books.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

• Rosander, E. Evers and Westerlund, David (1997). African Islam and Islam in Africa: Encounters Between Sufis and Islamists. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-282-1
• S. Cory, Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco, Ashgate Publishing (2014). ISBN 9781472413987
• Morocco in the Sixteenth Century. Problems and Patterns in African Foreign Policy by Dahiru Yahya, Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1984), pp. 252–253

— Royal house — House of Banu Zaydan
Preceded by Wattasid dynasty	Ruling house of Morocco 1554–1659	Succeeded by Alaouite dynasty