List of wars involving Russia
This is a list of wars involving the Russian Federation, by Russians, and predecessor states of Russia, from antiquity to the present day. It also includes wars fought outside Russia by Russian military.
Novgorodian and Kievan Rus'
Date | Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
907 | Rus'–Byzantine War (907) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Victory[1] |
920–1036 | Rus'-Pechenegs' campaigns | Kievan Rus' | Pechenegs | Different results. Eventually victory. |
941 | Rus'–Byzantine War (941) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat |
944/945 | Rus'–Byzantine War (944/945) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Victory[2] |
964–965 | Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars | Kievan Rus' | Khazar Khaganate | Victory. Destruction of the Khazar Khaganate. |
967/968–971 | Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat |
981 | Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Victory |
985 | Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria | Kievan Rus' | Volga Bulgaria | Military victory, then agreement. |
987 | Rus'–Byzantine War (987) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Military victory. Agreement. Baptism of Vladimir and further Christianization of Kievan Rus'. |
1022 | Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat |
1024 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1024) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat |
1030 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud | Kievan Rus' | Chud | Victory. Estonian tribes start pay tribute to Rus. |
1030–1031 | Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Victory |
1043 | Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) | Kievan Rus' | ![]() |
Defeat |
1055–1223 | Rus'-Cumans' campaigns | Kievan Rus' | Cumans | Different results. Mostly victories. |
1061 | Sosols raid against Pskov | Kievan Rus' | Sosols | Defeat. Yaroslav the Wise's conquests in Estonia are lost. |
1147 | Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians | ![]() |
Old Prussians | Bolesław IV the Curly's victory |
1223–1240 | Mongol invasion of Rus' (see also List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus') |
Vladimir-Suzdal![]() ![]() ![]() Smolensk Turov and Pinsk Rostov Chernigov Ryazan Pereyaslavl |
Mongol Empire | Defeat. Principalities of the Russian State became vassals of the Mongol Empire. |
Grand Principality of Moscow (1283–1547)
Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
Conflict | Russia (and its allies) | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Siege of Kazan (1552) Location: Tatarstan ![]() Qolsharif and his students defend their madrassa and the Qolsharif mosque |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Tatar Rebellion (1552–1556) Location: Tatarstan |
![]() |
Tatar rebels | Victory
|
Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War (1554–1557) Location: Karelia |
![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive |
Russian conquest of Astrakhan (1556) Location: Astrakhan |
![]() |
Astrakhan Khanate | Victory
|
Livonian War (1558–1583) Location: Northern Europe ![]() Russia troops besiege Narva in 1558 |
![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() (before 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian union) |
Defeat
|
Astrakhan Expedition (1568–1570) Location: Astrakhan and Azov |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War (1570–1572) Location: European Russia |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Russian conquest of Siberia (1580–1762) Location: Siberia ![]() Yermak's Conquest of Siberia |
![]()
|
Khanate of Sibir (until 1598) Native Siberians |
Victory
|
Boris Godunov's Swedish War (1590–1595) Location: Northern Europe |
![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive
|
Polish invasions of Russia (1605–1618) Location: Russia ![]() The Poles surrender the Moscow Kremlin to Prince Pozharsky in 1612 |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive
|
Bolotnikov Rebellion (1606–1607) Location: Russia ![]() Bolotnikov's battle with the Tsar's army at Nizhniye Kotly near Moscow |
![]() |
Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov | Victory
|
Ingrian War (1610–1617) Location: Russia ![]() Depiction of Russian troops in 1611 |
![]() |
![]() |
Defeat |
Smolensk War (1632–1634) Location: Smolensk Russian troops storm Smolensk |
![]() |
![]() |
Defeat |
Alexis I's Persian War (1651–1653) Location: North Caucasus |
![]() |
![]() |
Defeat |
Sino–Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) Location: Heilongjiang and Amur ![]() Russian fort under attack by Chinese troops |
![]() Cossacks |
![]() ![]() |
Defeat |
First Northern War (1654–1667) Location: Eastern Europe |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
Second Northern War (1656–1658) Location: Northern Europe ![]() Russian troops besiege Riga in 1656 |
![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive |
First Bashkir Rebellion (1662–1664) Location: Bashkortostan |
![]() |
Bashkir rebels | Inconclusive Political defeat
|
Razin's Rebellion (1670–1671) Location: Russia ![]() Razin's rebels in Astrakhan |
![]() |
Cossacks under Stepan Razin | Victory
|
Feodor III's Turkish War (1676–1681) Location: Ukraine |
![]() |
![]() |
Indecisive[3] |
Great Turkish War (1683–1700) Location: Eastern Europe ![]() Russian troops capture Azov |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Great Northern War (1700–1721) Location: Europe Russian troops assault the island fortress of Nöteborg ![]() Russian troops capture Narva |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory Victory against Sweden Defeat against Turkey |
Third Bashkir Rebellion (1704–1711) Location: Bashkortostan and Tatarstan |
![]() |
Bashkir rebels | Military victory Political defeat
|
Bulavin Rebellion (1707–1708) Location: Southern Russia |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Peter the Great's Khivan War (1717) Location: Khanate of Khiva |
![]() |
![]() |
Defeat
|
Kazakh-Russian conflicts (1717–1847) Location: Kazakhstan |
![]() |
![]() Kyrgyz tribes ![]() |
Victory
|
Russian Empire (1721–1917)
Conflict | Russia (and its allies) | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Persian Expedition of Peter the Great (1722–1723) Location: Caucasus and northern Iran |
![]() ![]() Armenia Georgia |
![]() ![]() |
Victory |
War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Location: Poland and Rhineland Depiction of the Siege of Danzig by Russian and Saxon forces in 1734 |
![]() |
![]() |
Indecisive |
Russo–Austro–Turkish War (1735–1739) Location: Eastern Europe |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Fourth Bashkir Rebellion (1735–1740) Location: Bashkortostan |
![]() |
Bashkir rebels | Victory
|
War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) Location: Europe |
![]() ![]() ![]()
|
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Inconclusive
Victory against Sweden |
Seven Years' War (1756–1763) Location: Europe ![]() Russian troops in Kolberg in 1761 |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
White peace
|
Koliyivshchyna Rebellion (1768–1769) Location: Ukraine Camp of Haidamakas |
![]() ![]() |
Haidamaky | Victory
|
War of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772) Location: Poland The Bar Confederates pray before the Battle of Lanckorona |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Catherine the Great's First Turkish War (1768–1774) Location: Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Mediterranean ![]() Destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Chesma |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1775) Location: Russia ![]() Russian Cossack troops march during the rebellion |
![]() |
Rebels under Yemelyan Pugachev ![]() |
Victory
|
Catherine the Great's Second Turkish War (1787–1792) Location: Eastern Europe ![]() Russian troops storm the fortress of Ochakov |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
Catherine the Great's Swedish War (1788–1790) Location: Finland, western Sweden and Baltic Sea ![]() Russian fleet during the Battle of Vyborg Bay |
![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive |
Catherine the Great's Polish War (1792) Location: Poland |
![]() Targowica Confederation |
![]() |
Victory |
Kościuszko Uprising (1794) Location: Poland |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great (1796) Location: North Caucasus and South Caucasus |
![]() |
![]() |
Withdrawal |
War of the Second Coalition (1799–1802) Location: Europe ![]() Suvorov victorious at the Battle of Trebbia |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() French client states |
Withdrawal (in 1799)
|
War of the Third Coalition (1803–1806) Location: Europe ![]() Capture of a French regiment's standard by the cavalry of the Russian Guards |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() French client states |
Defeat |
Alexander I's Persian War (1804–1813) Location: North Caucasus, South Caucasus and northern Iran ![]() Russian troops storm the fortress of Lankaran |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) Location: Eastern and Central Europe ![]() Russia troops clash with French troops at the Battle of Eylau |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() French client states ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Defeat |
Alexander I's Turkish War (1806–1812) Location: Romania, Moldova, Caucasus and Black Sea ![]() Russian Fleet after the Battle of Athos |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) Location: Baltic Sea and Barents Sea |
![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive
|
Finnish War (1808–1809) Location: Finland and Sweden |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) Location: Central Europe |
![]() Confederation of the Rhine ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory (limited involvement) |
French invasion of Russia (1812) Location: Russia ![]() |
![]() |
![]() French client states |
Victory
|
War of the Sixth Coalition (1813–1814) Location: Europe ![]() Russian troops entering Paris in 1814 |
![]() ![]()
|
![]() French client states |
Victory |
War of the Seventh Coalition (1815) Location: Europe |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]()
|
![]() ![]() |
Victory |
Caucasian War (1817–1864) Location: Caucasus ![]() Imam Shamil surrenders to Russian forces |
![]() Mingrelia ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Dagestan free people ![]() |
Victory
|
Decembrist revolt (1825) Location: Saint Petersburg ![]() Decembrists at the Senate Square |
![]() |
Decembrist rebels | Victory
|
Nicholas I's Persian War (1826–1828) Location: South Caucasus and northern Iran ![]() Russian and Persian troops clash near Elisabethpol |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
Battle of Navarino
![]() Russian squadron bombarding the Ottoman fleet |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
Nicholas I's Turkish War (1828–1829) Location: Balkans and Caucasus ![]() Russian troops besiege Kars in 1828 |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
November uprising (1830–1831) Location: Poland ![]() Russian and Polish forces clash during the Battle of Ostrołęka |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Second Turko–Egyptian War (1839–1841) Location: Syria and Lebanon |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
Russian conquest of Central Asia (1839–1895) Location: Central Asia ![]() Russian troops cross the Oxus at Sheik Arik on 30 May 1873 |
![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Turkmen tribes Kyrgyz tribes ![]() |
Victory
|
Gurian Rebellion (1841) Location: Georgia |
![]() |
Gurian rebels | Victory
|
Shoorcha rebellion (1842) Location: Tatarstan and Ulyanovsk |
![]() |
Tatar, Mari and Chuvash peasants | Victory
|
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (1848–1849) Location: Hungary ![]() Hungarian troops surrender to the Russians at Világos |
![]()
|
![]()
|
Victory
|
Crimean War (1853–1856) Location: Crimea, Balkans, Caucasus, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Far East ![]() Russian troops and French zouaves engaged in hand-to-hand combat at Malakhov Kurgan |
![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Defeat |
Mahtra Rebellion (1858) Location: Estonia |
![]() |
Estonian peasants | Victory
|
Bezdna Revolt (1861) Location: Tatarstan |
![]() |
Peasants | Victory
|
January uprising (1863–1864) Location: Poland Russian troops in Warsaw during the uprising |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Polish Rebellion in Siberia (1866) Location: Siberia |
![]() |
Polish political exiles | Victory
|
Alexander II's Turkish War (1877–1878) Location: Balkans and Caucasus ![]() Russian crossing of the Danube in June 1877 |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) Location: China ![]() Russian officers in Manchuria during the rebellion |
Eight-Nation Alliance:
|
![]() ![]() |
Victory |
Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) Location: Manchuria, Korean Peninsula and Yellow Sea ![]() Russian cavalry in a reconnaissance mission during the Battle of Mukden |
![]() |
![]() |
Defeat |
Russian Revolution of 1905 (1905–1907) Location: Russia ![]() A barricade erected by revolutionaries in Moscow |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) Location: Iran ![]() Russian flag over Arg of Tabriz |
![]() ![]() |
Iranian constitutionalists | Victory
|
World War I (1914–1918) Location: Europe and Asia ![]() Russian troops going to the front ![]() Attack of Russian cavalry ![]() Russian trenches in the forests of Sarikamish |
Allied Powers:
|
Central Powers: | Defeat[4][5][6]
Allied Victory (without Russia)
|
Central Asian Revolt (1916–1934) Location: Central Asia ![]() Soviet troops on Turkestan front in 1922 |
![]() ![]()
|
![]() |
Victory
|
Russian SFSR (1917–1922)
Part of a series on the |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
History of Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Timeline | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Soviet Union (1922–1991)
Part of a series on the |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
History of Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Timeline | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
---|---|---|---|
August Uprising (1924) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Tatarbunary Uprising (1924) |
![]() |
![]() |
Defeat
|
Urtatagai conflict | ![]() |
![]() |
Peace treaty
|
Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) Part of the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929) |
![]() In support of: ![]() |
![]() |
Mixed
|
Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) | ![]() |
![]() |
Victory |
Chechen uprising of 1932 | ![]() |
Chechen rebels | Victory
|
Soviet–Japanese border conflicts (1932–1941) |
![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Victory |
Islamic Rebellion in Xinjiang (1937) |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Spanish Civil War (1937–1939) |
![]() Supported by: ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Defeat
|
Invasion of Poland (1939) (Part of World War II) |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Winter War (1939–1940) (Part of World War II) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Occupation of the Baltic states (1940) (Part of World War II) |
![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (1940) (Part of World War II) |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
World War II (1941–1945) |
Allied Powers:
|
Axis Powers:
|
Victory
|
Guerrilla war in the Baltic states (1944–1956) |
![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
Guerrilla war in Ukraine 1944-1953 (Part of World War II from 1944-1945) |
![]() |
Ukrainian Insurgent Army | Victory
|
Soviet–Japanese War (1945) (Part of World War II) |
![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
First Indochina War (1946–1954) |
![]() ![]() ![]() Supported by: ![]() |
![]() • ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
Korean War (1950–1953) |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Ceasefire (limited involvement)
|
Vietnam War (1955–1975) |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
East German Uprising (1953) |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Hungarian Revolution (1956) |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Zhenbao Island Incident (1969) |
![]() |
![]() |
Status quo ante bellum Strategic Victory[8]
|
War of Attrition (1969–1970) |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Inconclusive
|
Eritrean War of Independence (1974–1991) |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Withdrawal (limited involvement) |
Angolan Civil War (1975–1991) |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Stalemate (limited involvement)
|
Ethio-Somali War (1977–1978) |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Defeat[10]
|
Russian Federation (1991–present)
Conflict | Russia (and its allies) | Opponent(s) | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) Location: Georgia |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
War in Abkhazia (1991–1993) Location: Abkhazia |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Transnistria War (1992) Location: Transnistria ![]() PMR trucks on the bridge between Tiraspol and Bendery |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
East Prigorodny Conflict (1992)
Location: North Ossetia-Alania |
![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
Location: Tajikistan |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
First Chechen War (1994–1996)
Location: Chechnya ![]() A Chechen militiaman takes cover behind a burned-out Russian BMP-2 armoured vehicle |
![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Defeat[12]
|
War of Dagestan (1999)
Location: Dagestan ![]() Russian federal Spetsnaz forces in Dagestan |
![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Second Chechen War (1999–2009)
Location: Chechnya ![]() A farewell ceremony for the 331st Airborne Regiment of the 98th Airborne Division withdrawn from Chechnya |
![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
Russo-Georgian War (2008)
Location: Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia ![]() Russian BMP-2 from the 58th Army in South Ossetia |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() |
Victory
|
Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–2017)
Location: North Caucasus ![]() FSB Spetsnaz members during an anti-terrorist operation in Makhachkala, Dagestan |
![]()
|
![]() ![]() |
Victory
|
Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
Location: Ukraine (incl. Crimea) ![]() Russian unidentified special forces peacefully take control of a Ukrainian military garrison in Crimea ![]() Donetsk People's Republic militiamen checking with civilians in a cellar during the Battle of Ilovaisk (2014) ![]() DPR elite Republican Guard troops during the 2018 Victory Day parade in Donetsk |
![]() |
![]() |
Ongoing
|
Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War (2015–present)
Location: Syria ![]() Two Tupolev Tu-22M3s bombing ISIL command posts and weapon warehouses in the Deir ez-Zor area, 2017 ![]() Sukhoi Su-30 pilot talking to a Russian Air Force technician in the Khmeimim Air Base |
![]() ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Ongoing[13]
|
See also
- History of Russia
- Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
- Military history of Russia
- List of wars involving Finland
- List of wars involving Poland
- List of wars involving Turkey
- List of wars involving Ukraine
- List of wars involving Kazakhstan
- List of wars involving Kyrgyzstan
- List of wars involving Tajikistan
- List of wars involving Uzbekistan
- List of wars involving Estonia
- List of wars involving Latvia
- List of wars involving Lithuania
- List of wars involving Moldova
- List of wars involving Azerbaijan
- List of wars involving Armenia
- List of wars involving Georgia (country)
Notes
References
- Janet Martin. Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 115
- Vilhelm Ludvig Peter Thomsen. The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Cambridge University Press. 2010. P. 25
- David R. Stone, A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, (Greenwood Publishing, 2006), 41.
- Legvold, Robert (2007). Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past. Columbia University Press. p. 209. ISBN 9780231512176.
- Mayayo i Artal, Andreu; Pellegrini, Alberto; Segura i Mas, Antoni (2019). Centenary of the Russian Revolution (1917-2017). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 9781527524651.
- Cecil, Hugh; Liddle, Peter (1998). At the Eleventh Hour: Reflections, Hopes and Anxieties at the Closing of the Great War, 1918. Pen and Sword Books. p. 321. ISBN 9781783839926.
- Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
- "Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Conflict and War :: Soviet Aggression". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- Kuisong p.29
- "Soviet Defeat in Afghanistan". GlobalSecurity.org.
- "9. Вооруженные формирования в зоне конфликта". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- "Why the Russian Military Failed in Chechnya". Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- Syrian Civil War
- Quinn, Rob (12 December 2017). "Putin Announces Russian Withdrawal From Syria". Newser.com. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
- "Assad and Putin Meet, as Russia Pushes to End Syrian War". New York Times. 21 November 2017.
- "How Russian special forces are shaping the fight in Syria". Washington Post. 29 March 2016.
- "Syrian Expands Territorial Control Fourfold in Two Years With Russian Help". Sputnik News.