Bombing of Barcelona

The Bombing of Barcelona was a series of Fascist Italian and Nazi German airstrikes supporting the Franco-led Nationalist rebel army, which took place from 16th through 18th March 1938, during the Spanish Civil War. Up to 1,300 people were killed and at least 2,000 wounded. It is considered the first carpet bombing from air in history.[1]

For other bombings, see 1987 Hipercor bombing, Bar Iruna attack, 1990 Sabadell attack, and 1991 Vic bombing.
Bombing of Barcelona
Part of the Spanish Civil War

Bombing in Barcelona, 1938.
DateMarch 16-18, 1938
Location
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Result Barcelona severely damaged
Belligerents
 Spanish Republic  Nationalist Spain
Aviazione Legionaria
Commanders and leaders
Andrés García Calle Unknown
Strength
Anti-aircraft artillery He-51 fighters
Sa-79 and Sa-81 Italian bombers
Casualties and losses
1,000–1,300 civilians dead None

Background

On March 1938, the Nationalists started an offensive in Aragon, after the Battle of Teruel. On 15 March, the French government, led by Léon Blum, decided to reopen the Spanish frontier[1] and Russian supplies began to pass to Barcelona.[2] Then, Mussolini decided to carry out massive air bombings against Barcelona in order to "weaken the morale of the Reds".[3] Mussolini thought, like the Italian general Giulio Douhet, that aircraft could win a war with terror.[1]

The bombing

Between the 16th and 18th of March in 1938, Barcelona was bombed by bombers of the Italian Aviazione Legionaria, the branch of the Italian Air Force fighting in the Spanish Civil War[4] These bombers flew from Mallorca with Spanish markings.[5] The first raid came at 22:00 on March 16th by German Heinkel He 51s. After that, there were 17 air raids by the Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 and Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers at three hour intervals until 15:00 on March 18th. Barcelona had little anti-aircraft artillery and no fighter cover. The Spanish Republican Air Force (FARE) didn't send fighters to Barcelona until the morning of March 17th.[3]

The repeated wave of attacks carried out by the Italians would render irrelevant the air-raid alarm system since it would no longer be clear if the sirens were announcing the beginning or the end of an attack.[5] Furthermore, they used delayed-fuse bombs designed to pass through the roof and then explode inside the building and a new type of bomb which exploded with a strong lateral force, so as to destroy things and persons within a few inches of the ground.[2] The bombings affected all the city and the bombers didn't attempt to destroy military targets.[1] On the night of the 18th the working class districts were badly hit. The Italian bombers dropped 44 tons of bombs,[6] and there were more than 1,000 civilians dead (Beevor: 1,000 dead and 2,000 wounded;[3] Preston: around 1,000 dead;[5] and Thomas: 1,300 dead and 2,000 wounded).[1]

Aftermath

The attack was condemned by Western democracies all around the world.[1] The American Secretary of State, Cordell Hull said: "No theory of war can justify such conduct. . . . I feel that I am speaking for the whole American people!".[7] Franco was not initially informed of the attacks and was displeased; on 19 March, he asked for the suspension of the bombings, for fear of "complications abroad".[8][9] Mussolini, on the other hand, was very pleased with the bombings. Italian Foreign Minister and Mussolini's son-in-law Galeazzo Ciano said that: "He was pleased by the fact that the Italians have managed to provoke horror, by their aggression instead of complacency with their mandolins. This will send up our stock in Germany, where they love total and ruthless war."[3]

Later in the year, the British journalist John Langdon-Davies - who had been present in Barcelona at the time - published an account of the attacks. He reported that the bombers had glided in at high altitude to avoid being detected by the (pre-radar) acoustic aircraft detection means available, and only restarted their engines after releasing their bomb loads, which he termed the "silent approach" method. The effect of this was that the aircraft were not detected and the alert sounded until after their bombs had exploded on target. Along with the variance of the times between each individual attack, this had a demoralizing effect on the civilian population, which suffered prolonged anxiety quite out of proportion to the number of bombs dropped over a long period of time. Coupled with the fact that there was little discernible military value in the choice of targets within the city, and the cessation of the attacks for no apparent reason, Langdon-Davies determined that the raids constituted a deliberate experiment in the use of such tactics in preparation for their application in any subsequent conflict by the Germans and Italians against the United Kingdom.[10]

    Footnotes
    1. 1931-2017., Thomas, Hugh (2003). The Spanish Civil War (4th ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141011615. OCLC 53806663.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    2. Gabriel, Jackson (2012). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007571. OCLC 794663577.
    3. 1946-, Beevor, Antony (2006). The battle for Spain : the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Beevor, Antony, 1946-. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143037651. OCLC 70158540.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    4. 1959-, Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War : a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192803778. OCLC 57243230.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    5. 1946-, Preston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War : reaction, revolution and revenge. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 9780007232079. OCLC 316574785.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    6. "Massacre in Barcelona". theARXXIDUC. 2008-03-16. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
    7. Foreign News: Barcelona Horrors Time Magazine, 28 March 1938
    8. Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.785
    9. Payne, Stanley G., and Jesús Palacios. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres, 2014, p.194
    10. 1897-1971., Langdon-Davies, John (1975). Air raid; the technique of silent approach, high explosive, panic. New York: Haskell House Publishers. ISBN 0838318398. OCLC 1031193.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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