July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona

Barcelona's 19 July military rising
Part of the Spanish Civil War

Soldiers and Assault Guards entrenched in a building
Date19 July 1936
Location
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Result Republican strategic victory.
Belligerents
Second Spanish Republic
Generalitat of Catalonia
CNT/FAI		 Nationalist Spain
Commanders and leaders
Buenaventura Durruti
Francisco Ascaso †
General Francisco Llano de la Encomienda
Colonel Antonio Escobar Huertas
President Lluís Companys
Captain Frederic Escofet		 General Manuel Goded 
General Álvaro Fernández Burriel 
Strength
5,000 men (Civil Guard, Police, Assault Guard, Mossos d'Esquadra)
CNT Militia		 5,000 men
Casualties and losses
200[1] 300

The July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona was a military uprising in Barcelona, the capital and largest city of Catalonia, Spain on 19 July 1936 which contributed to the start of the Spanish Civil War. Most of the army officers in the city supported the coup, but the Civil Guard, the Assault Guard (Guardia de Asalto) and the Mossos d'Esquadra remained loyal to the government. Furthermore, Barcelona was one of the strongholds of the anarchist union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). The rebel troops were defeated after bloody combat.

The defeat of the military coup in Barcelona was a great success for the Republic, although after the defeat of the Francoists it became clear that the workers' militias - in particular, the anarcho-syndicalist militias - were the ones that really controlled the city. The defeat of the rebels marked the beginning of the Spanish Revolution and also the beginning of a harsh repression in Catalonia against those elements of being "fascist" or opposed to the revolution.

Background
Main article: Spanish coup of July 1936

On July 17–18, a part of the Spanish army, led by a group of officers (among them the generals José Sanjurjo, Francisco Franco, Emilio Mola, Manuel Goded Llopis and Gonzalo Queipo de Llano), tried to overthrow the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish coup of July 1936. One of the main goals of the coup was to take control of the main cities of the country, among them Barcelona.

Opposing forces

In Barcelona, the plotters led by the General Fernández Burriel planned to use the troops of the garrisons in the periphery of the city, about 5000 men of the IV division of the Spanish Army in order to march towards the city center and join up in the Plaça de Catalunya. Then they would occupy the city and wait the arrival of General Goded. The general Llano de la Encomienda, commander of the IV division, stayed loyal to the government, but most of the officers supported the coup. Nevertheless, the Guardia Civil (Civil Guard) in Barcelona, led by General José Aranguren; the Guardia de Asalto; and the Catalan police, the Mossos d'Esquadra, led by Captain Frederic Escofet, (around 5000 men) remained loyal to the government.[2] Also remaining loyal was El Prat air base, commanded by Colonel Felipe Díaz Sandino, whose planes bombed the rebel troops.[3]

On 18 July news about a rising of the Army of Africa in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco reached Barcelona, but the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Lluís Companys, refused to give weapons to the workers and ordered anarchists carrying weapons to be detained. Nevertheless, the CNT, led by Buenaventura Durruti and Francisco Ascaso, assaulted some army depots and the prison ship Uruguay, and started to manufacture home-made grenades and improvised armoured cars. Furthermore, Assault Guards handed out rifles to the CNT.[4]

The fight in Barcelona

Before dawn of 19 July, four in the morning, the officers in the Pedralbes Barrack told their soldiers that the government had ordered them to crush an anarchist rising in Barcelona. The troops left the Barracks and marched towards the Plaça de Catalunya, through the Avinguda Diagonal. Soon after, Companys received the news of the troops advancing towards the city. At five in the morning, the Montesa cavalry regiment, the Santiago dragoons regiment and a battery of the 7th light Regiment left their barracks and marched towards the Plaça de Catalunya, but the deployment of troops was badly co-ordinated and the junction of the rebels columns was never achieved. The rebel troops were attacked by snipers and with home-made bombs. The anarchists built barricades with paving stones in order to block the city center, and the Guardia Civil and the Assault Guards joined them against the rebel troops.[5]

Some units were forced to retreat into their barracks and others never broke into the streets, but an infantry column, led by Major Lopez Amor, reached the Plaça de Catalunya and occupied the telephone exchange,[6] and other units occupied the Hotel Colón and the Ritz and barricaded themselves. At 11 a.m., General Goded arrived from Mallorca, went to the captain-general's headquarters, and arrested the commander of the IV Division, General Llano de la Encomienda, but the situation of the rebel troops was hopeless.

After bloody combats in the Plaça de Catalunya and other parts of the city, the anarchists and the loyal troops surrounded all the rebel-held buildings in the city. The Civil Guards, led by the Colonel Antonio Escobar, assaulted the Hotel Colón and the Ritz and the anarchists occupied the telephone exchange. After that, Goded surrendered and broadcast a statement over the radio to prevent further bloodshed.[7] By nightfall, the rebel troops only held the Drassanes barracks, near the port and the Andreu barracks.[8] The next morning the anarchists, led by Buenaventura Durruti, assaulted the barracks and the rebel troops surrendered. Ascaso died during the assault, but the CNT seized 30,000 rifles in the barracks. There were over 500 deaths and 3,000 wounded.[9]

Aftermath

After the defeat of the coup in Barcelona, the CNT was the real power in the city until the May Days in 1937. After the coup, the CNT had 30,000 armed men and women in Barcelona, while the government had only 5000.[10]

Political implications

After the failed uprising in Barcelona, the city was practically in the hands of the workers' militias, which had obtained the armament of the military arsenals and had a force of armed men far superior to the security forces with which both the Central Government as the Generalitat could count.[11] Hugh Thomas believes that at the end of the military rebellion in Barcelona the security forces had 5,000 armed men, while the CNT-FAI had about 30,000 armed men.[12] Thus, although the loyal forces had managed to defeat the insurgents, the reality was that the workers' movement had taken control of the city and had supplanted the authority and powers of Catalan government and Spanish State.

Due to this situation, the same night of July 20 the anarchist leaders Juan García Oliver, Diego Abad de Santillán and Buenaventura Durruti visited Lluís Companys on the occasion of the new situation that had been created.[11] Companys could have used the security forces to force the workers to return the rifles and ammunition they had confiscated, but he was in dangerous territory and preferred to offer the anarchists the possibility of taking power or collaborating with the state. The anarchist leaders, despite the historical experience of the liberal movement, opted for the second option, although the state would have a fairly limited role as would be demonstrated in the following months. From this meeting between Companys and the main anarchist leaders would come the creation of the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia (CCMA), which would be the real government in Barcelona for many months. This marked the beginning of what has become known as the Spanish Revolution.[13]

The situation would not be, far from it, consolidated and a large number of conflicts and confrontations would take place in the city during the following months, in an escalation that would end up leading to the May Days. The solid implementation of the control of the republican government over Barcelona allowed its counterintelligence agencies to significantly reduce the activities of the fifth column affects the rebel faction, as well as discover and arrest almost all the leaders of Falange that had survived the failed uprising.

Repression and violence in the rear

The officers and main leaders of the rebellion who had been arrested were initially taken to Castle of Montjuïc, where they remained until July 26 they were transferred to the prison ship Uruguay , [14] in the city's port. During the time they were imprisoned on the prison ship, the prisoners were treated correctly: they were allowed to sit on the deck and read novels from the ship's library. However, the provocative attitude [lower-alpha 1] Many of the detainees were grounds for the authorities to end these privileges. [14] The officers involved in the conspiracy were tried in court martial by the republican authorities, aboard the Uruguay . The general Manuel Cardenal presided over the military tribunal that judged the rebellious officers. [15] On August 11, Generals Goded and Fernández Burriel were tried for having directed the military rebellion, condemned to death and shot the next day in the moat of Montjuic Castle. [14] The general Legorburu would also end up being executed [16] A few days later, on August 26, after being tried in court martial, other ringleaders of the rebellion were also shot: the Infantry commander López-Amor, and the captains López Belda, López Varela and Lizcano de la Rosa. [17]

Notes
  1. Paul Preston points out that the military inmates in the Uruguay got up and made the fascist salute when an Italian Navy ship passed by and so draw their attention. [14]
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References
  1. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.237
  2. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. pp.221-223
  3. Alpert, Michael (2019). Franco and the Condor Legion : the Spanish Civil War in the Air. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-78673-563-8. OCLC 1109829190.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. p.67
  5. Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. p.68
  6. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.224
  7. Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013). Historical dictionary of the Spanish Civil War. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-8108-8009-1. OCLC 841033885.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. pp.68-69
  9. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.237
  10. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. pp.237-238
  11. Thomas 1976, p. 274.
  12. Thomas 2001, pp. 237-238.
  13. Thomas 1976, p. 275.
  14. Preston 2013, p. 314.
  15. Alpert 2013, p. 327.
  16. Cabanellas 1975, p. 1222.
  17. Cabanellas 1975, p. 1223.

Bibliography
  • Beevor, Antony. The battle for Spain. The Spanish civil war, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. ISBN 978-0-14-303765-1.
  • Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. 2001. London. ISBN 978-0-14-101161-5
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