Action of 5 October 1804
The Battle of Cape Santa Maria was a naval engagement that took place off the southern Portuguese coast, in which a British squadron under the command of Commodore Graham Moore attacked and defeated a Spanish squadron commanded by Brigadier Don José de Bustamante y Guerra.
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Background
Under the terms of a secret convention Spain had to pay 72 million francs annually to France until it declared war on Britain. The British had learned of the treaty, and knew it was likely that Spain would declare war soon after the arrival of the treasure ships. Since the British also knew that by law the fleet could only land at Cádiz, as well as its place and approximate time of departure from South America, it was not difficult to position a squadron to intercept it.
Bustamante had set sail from Montevideo on 9 August 1804 with four frigates loaded with gold and silver, as well as much other valuable cargo. On 22 September Admiral Cornwallis ordered Captain Graham Moore, commanding the 44-gun razee frigate HMS Indefatigable, to intercept and detain the Spanish ships, peacefully, if possible.[1]
Moore's ship arrived off Cadiz on 29 September and was joined on 2 October by HMS Lively, and by HMS Medusa and HMS Amphion the day after. In line abreast they patrolled the approaches to Cádiz.
Battle
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At dawn on 5 October, the Spanish frigates sighted the coast of Portugal. At 7 a.m. they sighted the four British frigates. Bustamante ordered his ships into line of battle, and within an hour the British came up in line, to windward of the Spaniards and "within pistol-shot".
Moore, the British Commodore, sent Lieutenant Ascott to the Spanish flagship Medea, to explain his orders. Bustamante naturally refused to surrender and, impatient of delays, at 10 a.m. Moore ordered a shot be fired ahead over the bows of Medea. Almost immediately a general exchange of fire broke out. Within ten minutes the magazine of the Mercedes exploded destroying the ship, and killing all but 40 of her 240 crew. Within half an hour the Santa Clara and the Medea had surrendered. Fama broke away and tried to flee; Medusa quickly followed. Moore ordered the faster Lively to pursue, capturing Fama a few hours later.[2] The three frigates were taken to Gibraltar, and then to Gosport, England.
Aftermath
In practical terms, the British interception of the four Real Armada frigates represented the end of an era for Bourbon Spain and regular specie shipments from the Spanish Empire's New World mines and mints. The squadron to which Mercedes belonged was the last of its kind that the world would see: a Spanish treasure fleet moving bullion from the New World Viceroyalties to the Iberian kingdoms.
Under the terms of the Cruizers and Convoys Act of 1708 ships captured at sea were "Droits of the Crown" and became the property of their captors, who received the full value of the ships and cargo in prize money. However, since technically Britain and Spain were not at war at the time of the action, the Admiralty Court ruled that the three ships were "Droits of the Admiralty", and all revenues would revert to them. The four Spanish ships carried a total of 4,286,508 Spanish dollars in silver and gold coin, as well as 150,000 gold ingots, 75 sacks of wool, 1,666 bars of tin, 571 pigs of copper, seal skins and oil, although 1.2 million in silver, half the copper and a quarter of the tin went down with the Mercedes. Still, the remaining ships and cargo were assessed at a value of £900,000 (equivalent to £69,103,000 in 2019).[3] After much legal argument an ex gratia payment was made amounting to £160,000,[4] of which the four Captains would have received £15,000 each (equivalent to £1,152,000 in 2019).[3]
Medea was taken into the Royal Navy as HMS Iphigenia (later renamed HMS Imperieuse), Santa Clara as HMS Leocadia and Fama as HMS Fama.
Spain declared war on Great Britain on 14 December 1804, but suffered a catastrophic defeat less than a year later at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805. Napoleon, having crowned himself Emperor on 2 December, gained Spain as an ally in his war against Britain.
Legacy
In March 2007 the Florida-based company Odyssey Marine Exploration recovered 17 tons of gold and silver from the Mercedes, insisting that it had been found in international waters and therefore beyond the legal jurisdiction of any one country. The Spanish government branded the Odyssey team "21st century pirates" and in May 2007 launched legal proceedings arguing that the wreck was protected by "sovereign immunity" which prohibits the unauthorized disturbance or commercial exploitation of state-owned naval vessels. In June 2009 the Federal Court in Tampa found against Odyssey and ordered the treasure to be returned to Spain as has been done on 25 February 2012.[5]
Order of battle
Spain
- Medea 40 gun frigate, Flagship carrying Admiral Bustamante, commanded by Capitán Francisco de Piedrola y Verdugo
- Fama 34 gun frigate, Capitán Miguel Zapiain y Valladares
- Mercedes 36 gun frigate, Capitán Jose Manuel De Goicoa y Labart
- Santa Clara 34 gun frigate, Capitán Aleson y Bueno
Britain
- HMS Indefatigable 44 gun frigate, Flagship, Commodore Graham Moore
- HMS Lively 38 gun frigate, Captain Graham Eden Hamond
- HMS Amphion 32 gun frigate, Captain Samuel Sutton
- HMS Medusa 32 gun frigate, Captain John Gore
In popular fiction
- The action is portrayed in C. S. Forester's Hornblower and the Hotspur in which his hero Horatio Hornblower is attached to the squadron, but misses out on the captures while fending off a French ship.
- In Patrick O'Brian's novel Post Captain, Stephen Maturin provides the intelligence permitting the interception, and Captain Aubrey, in temporary command of the Lively, captures the Santa Clara and the Fama.
- In Showell Styles's Midshipman Quinn and Denise the Spy the hero, Septimus Quinn, participates in the battle (which is brought about when Denise de St-Aulaye brings documents to William Pitt and Admiral John Jervis, who organize the battle fleet) concerning the aid given France by Spain.
- A fictionalised comic book version of the recovery of the treasure, The Treasure of the Black Swan, written by a Spanish diplomat involved in the legal battle, Guillermo Corral, and Spanish graphic novelist Paco Roca was produced in 2018.[6]
References
- Publications of the Navy Records Society, Volume 21, p. 75–76, at Google Books
- "No. 15747". The London Gazette. 20 October 1804. pp. 1309–1310.
- UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- "No. 15861". The London Gazette. 9 November 1805. p. 1402.
- Govan, Fiona (4 June 2009). "Treasure hunters ordered to pay Spain £350m for gold coins". The Daily Telegraph. London: TMG. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
- James Badcock (22 December 2018). "True-life treasure hunt that turned into a comic book". BBC News. Retrieved 22 December 2018.