Retinoic acid receptor alpha

Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-α), also known as NR1B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group B, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RARA gene.[5][6]

RARA
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1DKF, 1DSZ, 3A9E, 3KMR, 3KMZ, 4DQM, 5K13
Identifiers
Aliases	RARA, NR1B1, RAR, retinoic acid receptor alpha
External IDs	OMIM: 180240 MGI: 97856 HomoloGene: 20262 GeneCards: RARA
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human)[1] Band 17q21.2 Start 40,309,180 bp[1] End 40,357,643 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2] Band 11 D|11 62.76 cM Start 98,927,818 bp[2] End 98,974,942 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • retinoic acid binding • GO:0001106 transcription corepressor activity • protein domain specific binding • GO:0001131, GO:0001151, GO:0001130, GO:0001204 DNA-binding transcription factor activity • GO:0038050, GO:0004886, GO:0038051 nuclear receptor activity • mRNA 5'-UTR binding • receptor binding • RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding • retinoic acid-responsive element binding • transcription factor binding • metal ion binding • steroid hormone receptor activity • enzyme binding • zinc ion binding • GO:0001948 protein binding • drug binding • DNA binding • sequence-specific DNA binding • GO:0001105 transcription coactivator activity • protein kinase A binding • protein kinase B binding • translation repressor activity, nucleic acid binding • alpha-actinin binding • protein heterodimerization activity • chromatin DNA binding • GO:0001200, GO:0001133, GO:0001201 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific • histone deacetylase binding • transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding • ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity • signaling receptor activity Cellular component • cytoplasm • actin cytoskeleton • perinuclear region of cytoplasm • neuron projection • cell nucleus • cell surface • nuclear chromatin • nucleoplasm • neuronal cell body • dendrite • cytosol • RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex Biological process • growth plate cartilage development • germ cell development • cellular response to retinoic acid • ureteric bud development • positive regulation of interleukin-5 production • prostate gland development • limb development • apoptotic cell clearance • chondroblast differentiation • regulation of granulocyte differentiation • protein phosphorylation • response to vitamin A • face development • spermatogenesis • response to ethanol • negative regulation of cell proliferation • steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway • regulation of apoptotic process • response to cytokine • negative regulation of translation • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • negative regulation of cell differentiation • negative regulation of gene expression • transcription, DNA-templated • cellular response to estrogen stimulus • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of cell cycle • regulation of myelination • positive regulation of neuron differentiation • negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production • transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter • trachea cartilage development • glandular epithelial cell development • male gonad development • negative regulation of cartilage development • response to retinoic acid • negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation • multicellular organism growth • female pregnancy • negative regulation of apoptotic process • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of interleukin-4 production • regulation of synaptic plasticity • outflow tract septum morphogenesis • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • negative regulation of interferon-gamma production • response to estradiol • negative regulation of translational initiation • embryonic camera-type eye development • positive regulation of interleukin-13 production • neural tube closure • positive regulation of binding • retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of gene expression • Sertoli cell fate commitment • positive regulation of cell proliferation • positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation • ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation • liver development • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide • bone development • hippocampus development • signal transduction • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • multicellular organism development • hormone-mediated signaling pathway • cell differentiation • response to lipid • gland development • bone morphogenesis • epithelium development Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	5914	19401
Ensembl	ENSG00000131759	ENSMUSG00000037992
UniProt	P10276 Q6I9R7	P11416
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000964 NM_001024809 NM_001033603 NM_001145301 NM_001145302	NM_001176528 NM_001177302 NM_001177303 NM_009024 NM_001361954
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000955 NP_001019980 NP_001138773 NP_001138774 NP_000955.1 NP_001138773.1	NP_001169999 NP_001170773 NP_001170774 NP_033050 NP_001348883
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 40.31 – 40.36 Mb	Chr 11: 98.93 – 98.97 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

Retinoid signaling is transduced by 2 families of nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR), which form RXR/RAR heterodimers. In the absence of ligand, DNA-bound RXR/RARA represses transcription by recruiting the corepressors NCOR1, SMRT (NCOR2), and histone deacetylase. When ligand binds to the complex, it induces a conformational change allowing the recruitment of coactivators, histone acetyltransferases, and the basic transcription machinery.[7]

Clinical significance

Translocations that always involve rearrangement of the RARA gene are a cardinal feature of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL; MIM 612376). The most frequent translocation is t(15,17)(q21;q22), which fuses the RARA gene with the PML gene.[8]

Interactions

Retinoic acid receptor alpha has been shown to interact with:

• BAG1,[9]
• CLOCK,[10]
• CCND3,[11]
• NCOA6,[12][13][14]
• NCOR1,[15][16]
• NCOR2,[17][18]
• NPAS2,[10]
• NRIP1,[19][20][21]
• NR0B2,[22][23]
• NR4A2,[24]
• PML[25]
• RXRA.[26][27]
• Src,[28][29]
• TADA3L,[30] and
• ZBTB16.[31]

See also

• Retinoic acid receptor
• Acute promyelocytic leukemia

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000131759 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037992 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Giguere V, Ong ES, Segui P, Evans RM (1987). "Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid". Nature. 330 (6149): 624–9. doi:10.1038/330624a0. PMID 2825036.
6. Anderson LA, Friedman L, Osborne-Lawrence S, Lynch E, Weissenbach J, Bowcock A, King MC (September 1993). "High-density genetic map of the BRCA1 region of chromosome 17q12-q21". Genomics. 17 (3): 618–23. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1381. PMID 8244378.
7. "Entrez Gene: retinoic acid receptor".
8. Vitoux D, Nasr R, de The H (2007). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: new issues on pathogenesis and treatment response". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 39 (6): 1063–70. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2007.01.028. PMID 17468032.
9. Liu R, Takayama S, Zheng Y, Froesch B, Chen GQ, Zhang X, Reed JC, Zhang XK (July 1998). "Interaction of BAG-1 with retinoic acid receptor and its inhibition of retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in cancer cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (27): 16985–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.27.16985. PMID 9642262.
10. McNamara P, Seo SB, Rudic RD, Sehgal A, Chakravarti D, FitzGerald GA (June 2001). "Regulation of CLOCK and MOP4 by nuclear hormone receptors in the vasculature: a humoral mechanism to reset a peripheral clock". Cell. 105 (7): 877–89. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00401-9. PMID 11439184.
11. Despouy G, Bastie JN, Deshaies S, Balitrand N, Mazharian A, Rochette-Egly C, Chomienne C, Delva L (February 2003). "Cyclin D3 is a cofactor of retinoic acid receptors, modulating their activity in the presence of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (8): 6355–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210697200. PMID 12482873.
12. Lee SK, Jung SY, Kim YS, Na SY, Lee YC, Lee JW (February 2001). "Two distinct nuclear receptor-interaction domains and CREB-binding protein-dependent transactivation function of activating signal cointegrator-2". Mol. Endocrinol. 15 (2): 241–54. doi:10.1210/me.15.2.241. PMID 11158331.
13. Lee SK, Anzick SL, Choi JE, Bubendorf L, Guan XY, Jung YK, Kallioniemi OP, Kononen J, Trent JM, Azorsa D, Jhun BH, Cheong JH, Lee YC, Meltzer PS, Lee JW (November 1999). "A nuclear factor, ASC-2, as a cancer-amplified transcriptional coactivator essential for ligand-dependent transactivation by nuclear receptors in vivo". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (48): 34283–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.48.34283. PMID 10567404.
14. Ko L, Cardona GR, Chin WW (May 2000). "Thyroid hormone receptor-binding protein, an LXXLL motif-containing protein, functions as a general coactivator". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (11): 6212–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.11.6212. PMC 18584. PMID 10823961.
15. Dowell P, Ishmael JE, Avram D, Peterson VJ, Nevrivy DJ, Leid M (May 1999). "Identification of nuclear receptor corepressor as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha interacting protein". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (22): 15901–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.22.15901. PMID 10336495.
16. Guidez F, Ivins S, Zhu J, Söderström M, Waxman S, Zelent A (April 1998). "Reduced retinoic acid-sensitivities of nuclear receptor corepressor binding to PML- and PLZF-RARalpha underlie molecular pathogenesis and treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia". Blood. 91 (8): 2634–42. doi:10.1182/blood.V91.8.2634.2634_2634_2642. PMID 9531570.
17. Dong S, Tweardy DJ (April 2002). "Interactions of STAT5b-RARalpha, a novel acute promyelocytic leukemia fusion protein, with retinoic acid receptor and STAT3 signaling pathways". Blood. 99 (8): 2637–46. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.8.2637. PMID 11929748.
18. Hong SH, David G, Wong CW, Dejean A, Privalsky ML (August 1997). "SMRT corepressor interacts with PLZF and with the PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) and PLZF-RARalpha oncoproteins associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (17): 9028–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.17.9028. PMC 23013. PMID 9256429.
19. Hu X, Chen Y, Farooqui M, Thomas MC, Chiang CM, Wei LN (January 2004). "Suppressive effect of receptor-interacting protein 140 on coregulator binding to retinoic acid receptor complexes, histone-modifying enzyme activity, and gene activation". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (1): 319–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307621200. PMID 14581481.
20. Farooqui M, Franco PJ, Thompson J, Kagechika H, Chandraratna RA, Banaszak L, Wei LN (February 2003). "Effects of retinoid ligands on RIP140: molecular interaction with retinoid receptors and biological activity". Biochemistry. 42 (4): 971–9. doi:10.1021/bi020497k. PMID 12549917.
21. L'Horset F, Dauvois S, Heery DM, Cavaillès V, Parker MG (November 1996). "RIP-140 interacts with multiple nuclear receptors by means of two distinct sites". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (11): 6029–36. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.11.6029. PMC 231605. PMID 8887632.
22. Seol W, Choi HS, Moore DD (May 1996). "An orphan nuclear hormone receptor that lacks a DNA binding domain and heterodimerizes with other receptors". Science. 272 (5266): 1336–9. doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1336. PMID 8650544.
23. Seol W, Hanstein B, Brown M, Moore DD (October 1998). "Inhibition of estrogen receptor action by the orphan receptor SHP (short heterodimer partner)". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (10): 1551–7. doi:10.1210/me.12.10.1551. PMID 9773978.
24. Perlmann T, Jansson L (April 1995). "A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1". Genes Dev. 9 (7): 769–82. doi:10.1101/gad.9.7.769. PMID 7705655.
25. Zhong S, Delva L, Rachez C, Cenciarelli C, Gandini D, Zhang H, Kalantry S, Freedman LP, Pandolfi PP (November 1999). "A RA-dependent, tumour-growth suppressive transcription complex is the target of the PML-RARalpha and T18 oncoproteins". Nat. Genet. 23 (3): 287–95. doi:10.1038/15463. PMID 10610177.
26. Benkoussa M, Brand C, Delmotte MH, Formstecher P, Lefebvre P (July 2002). "Retinoic acid receptors inhibit AP1 activation by regulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase and CBP recruitment to an AP1-responsive promoter". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (13): 4522–34. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.13.4522-4534.2002. PMC 133906. PMID 12052862.
27. Bugge TH, Pohl J, Lonnoy O, Stunnenberg HG (April 1992). "RXR alpha, a promiscuous partner of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors". EMBO J. 11 (4): 1409–18. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05186.x. PMC 556590. PMID 1314167.
28. Kim HJ, Yi JY, Sung HS, Moore DD, Jhun BH, Lee YC, Lee JW (September 1999). "Activating signal cointegrator 1, a novel transcription coactivator of nuclear receptors, and its cytosolic localization under conditions of serum deprivation". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (9): 6323–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.9.6323. PMC 84603. PMID 10454579.
29. He B, Wilson EM (March 2003). "Electrostatic modulation in steroid receptor recruitment of LXXLL and FXXLF motifs". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (6): 2135–50. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.6.2135-2150.2003. PMC 149467. PMID 12612084.
30. Zeng M, Kumar A, Meng G, Gao Q, Dimri G, Wazer D, Band H, Band V (November 2002). "Human papilloma virus 16 E6 oncoprotein inhibits retinoic X receptor-mediated transactivation by targeting human ADA3 coactivator". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (47): 45611–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M208447200. PMID 12235159.
31. Martin PJ, Delmotte MH, Formstecher P, Lefebvre P (September 2003). "PLZF is a negative regulator of retinoic acid receptor transcriptional activity". Nucl. Recept. 1 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1478-1336-1-6. PMC 212040. PMID 14521715.

Further reading

• Petkovich M, Brand NJ, Krust A, Chambon P (1988). "A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors". Nature. 330 (6147): 444–50. doi:10.1038/330444a0. PMID 2825025.
• Sirulnik A, Melnick A, Zelent A, Licht JD (2003). "Molecular pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukaemia and APL variants". Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 16 (3): 387–408. doi:10.1016/S1521-6926(03)00062-8. PMID 12935958.
• Kliewer SA, Umesono K, Mangelsdorf DJ, Evans RM (1992). "Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling". Nature. 355 (6359): 446–9. doi:10.1038/355446a0. PMC 6159885. PMID 1310351.
• Kastner P, Perez A, Lutz Y, Rochette-Egly C, Gaub MP, Durand B, Lanotte M, Berger R, Chambon P (1992). "Structure, localization and transcriptional properties of two classes of retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion proteins in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): structural similarities with a new family of oncoproteins". EMBO J. 11 (2): 629–42. PMC 556495. PMID 1311253.
• Baniahmad A, Köhne AC, Renkawitz R (1992). "A transferable silencing domain is present in the thyroid hormone receptor, in the v-erbA oncogene product and in the retinoic acid receptor". EMBO J. 11 (3): 1015–23. PMC 556542. PMID 1347744.
• de Thé H, Lavau C, Marchio A, Chomienne C, Degos L, Dejean A (1991). "The PML-RAR alpha fusion mRNA generated by the t(15;17) translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia encodes a functionally altered RAR". Cell. 66 (4): 675–84. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90113-D. PMID 1652369.
• de Thé H, Chomienne C, Lanotte M, Degos L, Dejean A (1990). "The t(15;17) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia fuses the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene to a novel transcribed locus". Nature. 347 (6293): 558–61. doi:10.1038/347558a0. PMID 2170850.
• Brand NJ, Petkovich M, Chambon P (1990). "Characterization of a functional promoter for the human retinoic acid receptor-alpha (hRAR-alpha)". Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (23): 6799–806. doi:10.1093/nar/18.23.6799. PMC 332734. PMID 2175878.
• Borrow J, Goddard AD, Sheer D, Solomon E (1990). "Molecular analysis of acute promyelocytic leukemia breakpoint cluster region on chromosome 17". Science. 249 (4976): 1577–80. doi:10.1126/science.2218500. PMID 2218500.
• Arveiler B, Petkovich M, Mandel JL, Chambon P (1988). "A PstI RFLP for the human retinoic acid receptor in 17q21". Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (13): 6252. doi:10.1093/nar/16.13.6252. PMC 336887. PMID 2899875.
• Chen JD, Evans RM (1995). "A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors". Nature. 377 (6548): 454–7. doi:10.1038/377454a0. PMID 7566127.
• Fisher GJ, Talwar HS, Xiao JH, Datta SC, Reddy AP, Gaub MP, Rochette-Egly C, Chambon P, Voorhees JJ (1994). "Immunological identification and functional quantitation of retinoic acid and retinoid X receptor proteins in human skin". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (32): 20629–35. PMID 8051161.
• Chen Z, Guidez F, Rousselot P, Agadir A, Chen SJ, Wang ZY, Degos L, Zelent A, Waxman S, Chomienne C (1994). "PLZF-RAR alpha fusion proteins generated from the variant t(11;17)(q23;q21) translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia inhibit ligand-dependent transactivation of wild-type retinoic acid receptors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (3): 1178–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.3.1178. PMC 521477. PMID 8302850.
• Redner RL, Rush EA, Faas S, Rudert WA, Corey SJ (1996). "The t(5;17) variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia expresses a nucleophosmin-retinoic acid receptor fusion". Blood. 87 (3): 882–6. PMID 8562957.
• Kamei Y, Xu L, Heinzel T, Torchia J, Kurokawa R, Gloss B, Lin SC, Heyman RA, Rose DW, Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG (1996). "A CBP integrator complex mediates transcriptional activation and AP-1 inhibition by nuclear receptors". Cell. 85 (3): 403–14. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81118-6. PMID 8616895.
• Liu W, Hellman P, Li Q, Yu WR, Juhlin C, Nordlinder H, Rollman O, Akerström G, Törmä H, Melhus H (1996). "Biosynthesis and function of all-trans- and 9-cis-retinoic acid in parathyroid cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229 (3): 922–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1903. PMID 9005841.
• Thénot S, Henriquet C, Rochefort H, Cavaillès V (1997). "Differential interaction of nuclear receptors with the putative human transcriptional coactivator hTIF1". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (18): 12062–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.18.12062. PMID 9115274.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.