MAFG

Transcription factor MafG is a bZip Maf transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the MAFG gene.[5][6]

See also: Small Maf
MAFG
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesMAFG, hMAF, MAF bZIP transcription factor G
External IDsOMIM: 602020 MGI: 96911 HomoloGene: 81816 GeneCards: MAFG
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 17 (human)[1]
Band17q25.3Start81,918,270 bp[1]
End81,927,735 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern


More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

4097

17134

Ensembl

ENSG00000197063

ENSMUSG00000051510

UniProt

O15525

O54790

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_002359
NM_032711

NM_010756

RefSeq (protein)

NP_002350
NP_116100

NP_034886

Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 81.92 – 81.93 MbChr 11: 120.63 – 120.63 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

MafG is one of the small Maf proteins, which are basic region and leucine zipper (bZIP)-type transcription factors. The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee-approved gene name of MAFG is “v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G”.

Discovery

MafG was first cloned and identified in chicken in 1995 as a new member of the small Maf (sMaf) genes.[5] MAFG has been identified in many vertebrates, including humans. There are three functionally redundant sMaf proteins in vertebrates, MafF, MafG, and MafK.[6][7]

Structure

MafG has a bZIP structure that consists of a basic region for DNA binding and a leucine zipper structure for dimer formation.[5] Similar to other sMafs, MafG lacks any canonical transcriptional activation domains.[5]

Expression

MAFG is broadly but differentially expressed in various tissues. MAFG expression was detected in all 16 tissues examined by the human BodyMap Project, but relatively abundant in lung, lymph node, skeletal muscle and thyroid tissues.[8] MafG gene expression is induced by oxidative stresses, such as hydrogen peroxide and electrophilic compounds.[9][10] Mouse Mafg gene is induced by Nrf2-sMaf heterodimers through an antioxidant response element (ARE) at the promoter proximal region.[10] In response to bile acids, mouse Mafg gene is induced by the nuclear receptor, FXR (Farnesoid X receptor).[11]

Function

Because of sequence similarity, no functional differences have been observed among the sMafs in terms of their bZIP structures. sMafs form homodimers by themselves and heterodimers with other specific bZIP transcription factors, such as CNC (cap 'n' collar) proteins [p45 NF-E2 (NFE2), Nrf1 (NFE2L1), Nrf2 (NFE2L2), and Nrf3 (NFE2L3)][12][13][14][15] and Bach proteins (BACH1 and BACH2).[16]

sMaf homodimers bind to a palindromic DNA sequence called the Maf recognition element (MARE: TGCTGACTCAGCA) and its related sequences.[7][17] Structural analyses have demonstrated that the basic region of a Maf factor recognizes the flanking GC sequences.[18] By contrast, CNC-sMaf or Bach-sMaf heterodimers preferentially bind to DNA sequences (RTGA(C/G)NNNGC: R=A or G) that are slightly different from MARE.[19] The latter DNA sequences have been recognized as antioxidant/electrophile response elements[20][21] or NF-E2-binding motifs[22][23] to which Nrf2-sMaf heterodimers and p45 NF-E2-sMaf heterodimer bind, respectively. It has been proposed that the latter sequences should be classified as CNC-sMaf-binding elements (CsMBEs).[19]

It has also been reported that sMafs form heterodimers with other bZIP transcription factors, such as c-Jun and c-Fos.[24]

Target genes

sMafs regulate different target genes depending on their partners. For instance, the p45-NF-E2-sMaf heterodimer regulate genes responsible for platelet production.[12][25][26] Nrf2-sMaf heterodimer regulates a battery of cytoprotective genes, such as antioxidant/xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme genes.[14][27] The Bach1-sMaf heterodimer regulates the heme oxygenase-1 gene.[16] In particular, it has been reported that Bach1-MafG heterodimers participate in the hypermethylation of genes with CpG island promoters in certain types of cancers.[28] The contribution of individual sMafs to the transcriptional regulation of their target genes has not yet been well examined.

Disease linkage

Loss of sMafs results in disease-like phenotypes as summarized in table below. Mice lacking MafG exhibit mild neuronal phenotype and mild thrombocytopenia.[25] However, mice lacking Mafg and one allele of Mafk (Mafg−/−::Mafk+/−) exhibit more severe neuronal phenotypes, severe thrombocytopenia and cataracts.[29][30] Mice lacking MafG and MafK (Mafg−/−::Mafk−/− ) die in the perinatal stage.[31] Finally, mice lacking MafF, MafG and MafK are embryonic lethal.[32] Embryonic fibroblasts that are derived from Maff−/−::Mafg−/−::Mafk−/− mice fail to activate Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective genes in response to stress.[27]

Genotype Mouse Phenotype
Maff Mafg Mafk
−/− Mild motor ataxia, mild thrombocytopenia [25]
−/− +/− Severe motor ataxia, progressive neuronal degeneration, severe thrombocytopenia, and cataract [29][30]
−/− −/− More severe neuronal phenotypes, and perinatal lethal [31]
−/− +/− −/− No severe abnormality [32] (Fertile)
−/− −/− −/− Growth retardation, fetal liver hypoplasia, and lethal around embryonic day, 13.5 [32]
+/− (heterozygote), −/− (homozygote), blank (wild-type)

In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that as partners of CNC and Bach proteins, sMafs are involved in the onset and progression of various human diseases, including neurodegeneration, arteriosclerosis and cancer.

Notes

gollark: Or just random chance! Who knows?
gollark: I mean, they're an artist for it, who knows what crazy data collection Google has.
gollark: What thing isn't?
gollark: Quite high, since google spies on your preferred thingies.
gollark: I mean, if you want to sort them that way, that is.

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000197063 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000051510 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Kataoka K, Igarashi K, Itoh K, Fujiwara KT, Noda M, Yamamoto M, Nishizawa M (Apr 1995). "Small Maf proteins heterodimerize with Fos and may act as competitive repressors of the NF-E2 transcription factor". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (4): 2180–90. doi:10.1128/mcb.15.4.2180. PMC 230446. PMID 7891713.
  6. "Entrez Gene: MAFG v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G (avian)".
  7. Fujiwara KT, Kataoka K, Nishizawa M (Sep 1993). "Two new members of the maf oncogene family, mafK and mafF, encode nuclear b-Zip proteins lacking putative trans-activator domain". Oncogene. 8 (9): 2371–80. PMID 8361754.
  8. Petryszak R, Burdett T, Fiorelli B, Fonseca NA, Gonzalez-Porta M, Hastings E, Huber W, Jupp S, Keays M, Kryvych N, McMurry J, Marioni JC, Malone J, Megy K, Rustici G, Tang AY, Taubert J, Williams E, Mannion O, Parkinson HE, Brazma A (Jan 2014). "Expression Atlas update--a database of gene and transcript expression from microarray- and sequencing-based functional genomics experiments". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (Database issue): D926–32. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1270. PMC 3964963. PMID 24304889.
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  29. Katsuoka F, Motohashi H, Tamagawa Y, Kure S, Igarashi K, Engel JD, Yamamoto M (Feb 2003). "Small Maf compound mutants display central nervous system neuronal degeneration, aberrant transcription, and Bach protein mislocalization coincident with myoclonus and abnormal startle response". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (4): 1163–74. doi:10.1128/mcb.23.4.1163-1174.2003. PMC 141134. PMID 12556477.
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Further reading

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