MYF6

Myogenic factor 6 (also known as Mrf4 or herculin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYF6 gene. [5] This gene is also known in the biomedical literature as MRF4 and herculin. MYF6 is a myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) involved in the process known as myogenesis.[6][7]

MYF6
Identifiers
Aliases	MYF6, CNM3, MRF4, bHLHc4, myf-6, Myf6, myogenic factor 6
External IDs	OMIM: 159991 MGI: 97253 HomoloGene: 1850 GeneCards: MYF6
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 12 (human)[1] Band 12q21.31 Start 80,707,634 bp[1] End 80,709,474 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 10 (mouse)[2] Band 10 D1|10 55.96 cM Start 107,492,853 bp[2] End 107,494,737 bp[2]
Gene ontology Molecular function • DNA binding • protein dimerization activity • GO:0001131, GO:0001151, GO:0001130, GO:0001204 DNA-binding transcription factor activity • GO:0001077, GO:0001212, GO:0001213, GO:0001211, GO:0001205 DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific • GO:0000980 RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding • E-box binding • protein heterodimerization activity • transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding • GO:0001200, GO:0001133, GO:0001201 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific Cellular component • nucleoplasm • RNA polymerase II transcription factor complex • cell nucleus Biological process • somitogenesis • cell differentiation • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • muscle cell fate commitment • muscle organ development • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development • multicellular organism development • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of myoblast fusion • skeletal muscle tissue regeneration • positive regulation of myoblast differentiation • muscle tissue morphogenesis • skeletal muscle cell differentiation • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • skeletal muscle tissue development • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	4618	17878
Ensembl	ENSG00000111046	ENSMUSG00000035923
UniProt	P23409	P15375
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002469	NM_008657
RefSeq (protein)	NP_002460	NP_032683
Location (UCSC)	Chr 12: 80.71 – 80.71 Mb	Chr 10: 107.49 – 107.49 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

MYF6/Mrf4 is a member of the myogenic factor (MRF) family of transcription factors that regulate skeletal muscle myogenesis and muscle regeneration. Myogenic factors are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. MYF6 is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the regulation of myogenesis. The precise role(s) of Myf6/Mrf4 in myogenesis are unclear, although in mice it is able to initiate myogenesis in the absence of Myf5 and MyoD, two other MRFs.[8] The portion of the protein integral to myogenesis regulation requires the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain that is conserved among all of the genes in the MRF family.

MYF6 is expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle, and it is expressed at a higher levels in adult skeletal muscle than all of the other MRF family genes. In mouse, Myf6/Mrf4 differs somewhat from the other MRF genes due to its two-phase expression. Initially, Myf6 is transiently expressed along with Myf-5 in the somites during the early stages of myogenesis. However, it is more noticeably expressed postnatally. This suggests that it serves an important role in the maintenance and repair of adult skeletal muscle.[9]

The MYF6 gene is physically linked to the MYF5 gene on chromosome 12, and similar linkage is observed in all vertebrates. Mutations in the mouse Myf6 gene typically exhibit reduced levels of Myf5.[10] Despite reductions in muscle mass of the back and defective rib formation, Myf6 mutants still exhibit fairly normal skeletal muscle. This demonstrates that Myf6 is not essential for the formation of most myofibers, at least in the strains of mice tested.

In zebrafish, Myf6/Mrf4 is expressed in all terminally differentiated muscle examined, but expression has not been reported in muscle precursor cells.[11]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the MYF6 gene are associated with autosomal dominant centronuclear myopathy (ADCNM) and Becker's muscular dystrophy.[12]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000111046 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035923 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Entrez Gene: Myogenic factor 6 (herculin)". Retrieved 2013-08-19.
6. Braun T, Bober E, Winter B, Rosenthal N, Arnold HH (March 1990). "Myf-6, a new member of the human gene family of myogenic determination factors: evidence for a gene cluster on chromosome 12". EMBO J. 9 (3): 821–31. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08179.x. PMC 551742. PMID 2311584.
7. Cupelli L, Renault B, Leblanc-Straceski J, Banks A, Ward D, Kucherlapati RS, Krauter K (1996). "Assignment of the human myogenic factors 5 and 6 (MYF5, MYF6) gene cluster to 12q21 by in situ hybridization and physical mapping of the locus between D12S350 and D12S106". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 72 (2–3): 250–1. doi:10.1159/000134201. PMID 8978788.
8. Kassar-Duchossoy L, Gayraud-Morel B, Gomes D, Rocancourt D, Buckingham M, Shinin V, Tajbakhsh S (2004). "Mrf4 determines skeletal muscle identity in Myf5:Myod double-mutant mice". Nature. 431 (7007): 466–71. doi:10.1038/nature02876. PMID 15386014.
9. Moretti, I. et al. MRF4 negatively regulates adult skeletal muscle growth by repressing MEF2 activity. Nat. Commun. 7:12397 doi: 10.1038/ncomms12397 (2016).
10. Arnold, H. H.; Braun, T. (1996-02-01). "Targeted inactivation of myogenic factor genes reveals their role during mouse myogenesis: a review". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 40 (1): 345–353. ISSN 0214-6282. PMID 8735947.
11. Hinits Y, Osborn DP, Carvajal JJ, Rigby PW, Hughes SM (2007). "Mrf4 (myf6) is dynamically expressed in differentiated zebrafish skeletal muscle". Gene Expr Patterns. 7 (7): 738–745. doi:10.1016/j.modgep.2007.06.003. PMC 3001336. PMID 17638597.
12. Kerst B, Mennerich D, Schuelke M, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, von Moers A, Gossrau R, van Landeghem FK, Speer A, Braun T, Hübner C (December 2000). "Heterozygous myogenic factor 6 mutation associated with myopathy and severe course of Becker muscular dystrophy". Neuromuscul. Disord. 10 (8): 572–7. doi:10.1016/S0960-8966(00)00150-4. PMID 11053684.

Further reading

• Braun, T.; Arnold, H. H. (1991). "The four human muscle regulatory helix-loop-helix proteins Myf3-Myf6 exhibit similar hetero-dimerization and DNA binding properties". Nucleic Acids Research. 19 (20): 5645–5651. doi:10.1093/nar/19.20.5645. PMC 328970. PMID 1945842.
• Langlands, K.; Yin, X.; Anand, G.; Prochownik, E. V. (1997). "Differential interactions of Id proteins with basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (32): 19785–19793. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.32.19785. PMID 9242638.
• Kong, Y.; Flick, M. J.; Kudla, A. J.; Konieczny, S. F. (1997). "Muscle LIM protein promotes myogenesis by enhancing the activity of MyoD". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (8): 4750–4760. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.8.4750. PMC 232327. PMID 9234731.
• Onions, J.; Hermann, S.; Grundström, T. (2000). "A novel type of calmodulin interaction in the inhibition of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors". Biochemistry. 39 (15): 4366–4374. doi:10.1021/bi992533u. PMID 10757985.
• Cupelli, L.; Renault, B.; Leblanc-Straceski, J.; Banks, A.; Ward, D.; Kucherlapati, R. S.; Krauter, K. (1996). "Assignment of the human myogenic factors 5 and 6 (MYF5, MYF6) gene cluster to 12q21 by in situ hybridization and physical mapping of the locus between D12S350 and D12S106". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 72 (2–3): 250–251. doi:10.1159/000134201. PMID 8978788.
• Kosek, D. J.; Kim, J. S.; Petrella, J. K.; Cross, J. M.; Bamman, M. M. (2006). "Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. Older adults". Journal of Applied Physiology. 101 (2): 531–544. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01474.2005. PMID 16614355.
• Black, B. L.; Molkentin, J. D.; Olson, E. N. (1998). "Multiple roles for the MyoD basic region in transmission of transcriptional activation signals and interaction with MEF2". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.1.69. PMC 121453. PMID 9418854.
• Braun, T.; Bober, E.; Winter, B.; Rosenthal, N.; Arnold, H. H. (1990). "Myf-6, a new member of the human gene family of myogenic determination factors: Evidence for a gene cluster on chromosome 12". The EMBO Journal. 9 (3): 821–831. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08179.x. PMC 551742. PMID 2311584.
• Kerst, B.; Mennerich, D.; Schuelke, M.; Stoltenburg-Didinger, G.; Von Moers, A.; Gossrau, R.; Van Landeghem, F. K.; Speer, A.; Braun, T.; Hübner, C. (2000). "Heterozygous myogenic factor 6 mutation associated with myopathy and severe course of Becker muscular dystrophy". Neuromuscular Disorders. 10 (8): 572–577. doi:10.1016/S0960-8966(00)00150-4. PMID 11053684.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.