Visa requirements for Turkish citizens

Visa requirements for Turkish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Turkey. As of 2 July 2019, Turkish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 110 countries and territories, ranking the Turkish passport 53rd in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

A Turkish passport

The tables indicate visa requirements for normal passport holders for tourism and other visiting purposes but do not imply entry for work, journalism, etc. Most of the countries below which are labelled as "not requiring visa", request a valid return ticket, documents for confirmed accommodation arrangements and evidence of adequate funds for self-support.

Visa requirements map
Visa requirements for holders of Turkish normal passports
  Republic of Turkey
  Visa free. With ID card to Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia and TRNC
  Visa issued upon arrival
  Electronic authorization or eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required

Visa requirements
Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[2]
 Albania Visa not required[3] 90 days
 Algeria Visa required[4]
 Andorra Visa required[5]
 Angola Visa required[6]
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[7] 180 days
 Argentina Visa not required[8] 90 days
 Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival[9] 120 days
 Australia Visa required[10]
  • May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[11]
 Austria Visa required[12]
 Azerbaijan Visa not required[13][14] 90 days
  • If staying more than 15 days, visitors staying outside hotels must register with local police.
 Bahamas Visa not required[15] 8 months
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[16] 14 days
  • May apply for eVisa.
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[17] 30 days
 Barbados Visa not required[18] 6 months
 Belarus Visa not required[19] 30 days
 Belgium Visa required[20]
 Belize Visa not required[21] 90 days
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[22][23] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 Bhutan Visa required[24]
 Bolivia Visa not required[25] 90 days
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[26] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
 Botswana Visa not required[27] 90 days
 Brazil Visa not required[28] 90 days
 Brunei Visa not required[29] 30 days
 Bulgaria Visa required[30]
  • Visa not required if holding a valid visa for Croatia, Cyprus, Romania or a Schengen Member State.[31]
 Burkina Faso Visa required[32]
 Burundi Visa required[33]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[34] 30 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.[35]
 Cameroon Visa required[36]
 Canada Visa required[37]
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[38]
 Central African Republic Visa required[39]
 Chad Visa required[40]
 Chile Visa not required[41] 90 days
 China Visa required[42]
 Colombia Visa not required[43] 180 days
  • 90 days - extendable up to 180-day stay within a one-year period
 Comoros Visa on arrival[44] 45 days
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[45]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[46]
 Costa Rica Visa not required[47] 90 days
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[48] 3 months
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
 Croatia Visa required[49]
  • Visa not required if holding a valid visa for Bulgaria, Cyprus, Romania or a Schengen Member State.[50]
 Cuba Tourist Card required[51]
 Cyprus Visa required[52]
 Czech Republic Visa required[53]
 Denmark Visa required[54]
 Djibouti eVisa[55] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[56] 21 days
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[57] 90 days
 Ecuador Visa not required[58] 90 days
 Egypt Visa required[59]
  • Visa not required when travelling as part of the tourist group that consists of at least 10 persons.
  • Visa on arrival for Turkish citizens younger than 20 or older than 45 years or an EU residence permit.
 El Salvador Visa not required[60] 3 months
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[61]
 Eritrea Visa required[62]
 Estonia Visa required[63]
 Eswatini Visa not required[64] 30 days
 Ethiopia eVisa[65] up to 90 days
 Fiji Visa not required[66] 4 months
 Finland Visa required[67]
 France Visa required[68]
 Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival[69] 90 days
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[70]
 Gambia Visa not required[71] 90 days
 Georgia Visa not required[72] 360 days[73]
 Germany Visa required[75]
 Ghana Visa required[76]
 Greece Visa required[77]
 Grenada Visa required[78]
 Guatemala Visa not required[79] 90 days
 Guinea eVisa[80] 90 days
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[81] 30 days
 Guyana Visa required[82]
 Haiti Visa not required[83] 90 days
 Honduras Visa not required[84] 3 months
 Hungary Visa required[85]
 Iceland Visa required[86]
 India Visa required[87]
 Indonesia Visa not required[88] 30 days
  • Select ports of entry.
 Iran Visa not required[89] 3 months
 Iraq Visa not required[90] Citizens of Turkey are allowed visa free access only if arriving at Baghdad International Airport. Alternatively, they can obtain a visa on arrival at Al Najaf International Airport.
 Ireland Visa required[91]
  • May transit without a visa.[92]
  • National visa may be substituted with a UK C visa holders until October 2021. Entry permitted only if first point of entry to the Common Travel Area is in the UK.[93]
 Israel Visa required[94]
 Italy Visa required[95]
 Jamaica Visa not required[96] 90 days
 Japan Visa not required[97] 90 days
 Jordan Visa not required[98] 3 months
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[99] 30 days
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[100] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa required[101]
 North Korea Visa required[102]
 South Korea Visa not required[103] 90 days
 Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[104] 3 months
 Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[105] 30 days
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[106][107] 30 days
 Latvia Visa required[108]
 Lebanon Multiple-entry visa on arrival[109] 3 months
  • Extendable for 1 additional month
  • Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.
 Lesotho eVisa[110][111]
 Liberia Visa required[112]
 Libya Visa required[113]
  • An authorization by the airport passport control is required when arriving without a visa.[113]
 Liechtenstein Visa required[114]
 Lithuania Visa required[115]
 Luxembourg Visa required[116]
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[117] 90 days
 Malawi eVisa[118][119] 90 days
 Malaysia Visa not required[120] 3 months
 Maldives Visa on arrival[121] 30 days
 Mali Visa required[122]
 Malta Visa required[123]
 Marshall Islands Visa on arrival[124] 90 days
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[125]
 Mauritius Visa not required[126] 90 days
 Mexico Electronic Authorization System[127] 30 days
  • 180 days visa free if holding a valid visa for Canada, Japan, USA, United Kingdom or a Schengen Member State.[128]
 Micronesia Visa not required[129] 30 days
 Moldova Visa not required[130] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
  • ID card valid[131]
 Monaco Visa required[132]
 Mongolia Visa not required[133] 30 days
 Montenegro Visa not required[134] 90 days
 Morocco Visa not required[135] 3 months
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[136] 30 days
 Myanmar eVisa[137] 28 days
 Namibia Visa on arrival[138]
 Nauru Visa required[139]
   Nepal Visa on arrival[140] 90 days
 Netherlands Visa required[141]
 New Zealand Visa required[142]
 Nicaragua Visa not required[143] 90 days
 Niger Visa required[144]
 Nigeria Visa required[145]
 North Macedonia Visa not required[146] 60 days
 Norway Visa required[147]
 Oman eVisa[148] 30 days
 Pakistan Electronic Travel Authorization[149]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for tourism purposes.[150]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[151]
  • Online Visa eligible.[152]
 Palau Visa on arrival[153] 30 days
 Panama Visa not required[154] 180 days
 Papua New Guinea Visa required[155]
 Paraguay Visa not required[156] 90 days
 Peru Visa not required[157][158] 183 days
 Philippines Visa not required[159][160] 30 days
 Poland Visa required[161]
 Portugal Visa required[162]
 Qatar Visa not required[163] 90 days
 Romania Visa required[164]
  • Visa not required if holding a valid visa for Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus or a Schengen Member State.[165]
 Russia Visa required[166]
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[167] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[168] 3 months
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[169] 6 weeks
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[170] 1 month
 Samoa Entry Permit on arrival[171] 60 days
 San Marino Visa required[172]
 São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required[173] 15 days[174][175]
 Saudi Arabia Visa required[176]
 Senegal Visa on arrival[177] 90 days
 Serbia Visa not required[178] 90 days
 Seychelles Visitor's Permit on arrival[179] 3 months
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[180]
 Singapore Visa not required[181] 30 days
 Slovakia Visa required[182]
 Slovenia Visa required[180]
 Solomon Islands Visa required[183]
 Somalia Visa on arrival[184] 30 days
 South Africa Visa not required[185] 30 days
 South Sudan Visa required[186]
 Spain Visa required[187]
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[188] 30 days
 Sudan Visa on arrival[189] 1 month
  • Only if arriving directly from Turkey.
 Suriname E-tourist card[190] 90 days
  • Multiple entry eVisa is also available.[191]
 Sweden Visa required[192]
  Switzerland Visa required[193]
 Syria Visa required[194][195][196][197]
 Tajikistan Visa on arrival[198] 45 days
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[200][201] 3 months
 Thailand Visa not required[202] 30 days
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[203] 30 days
 Togo Visa on arrival[204] 7 days
 Tonga Visa on arrival[205] 31 days
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[206] 90 days
 Tunisia Visa not required[207] 3 months
 Turkmenistan Visa required[208]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[209] 1 month
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[210] 3 months
 Ukraine Visa not required[212] 90 days
 United Arab Emirates Visa required[214]
 United Kingdom Visa required[216]
  • Transit Visa Required, unless other exemptions apply for Visa-free Direct Airside Transit.[217]
 United States Visa required[218]
 Uruguay Visa not required[219] 90 days
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[220] 30 days
 Vanuatu Visa not required[221] 30 days
  Vatican City Visa required[222]
 Venezuela Visa not required[223] 90 days
 Vietnam Visa required[224]
 Yemen Visa required[227]
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[228] 90 days
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[229] 3 months

Dependent, disputed, or restricted territories

Visa requirements for Turkish citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:

Africa
Asia
Caribbean and North Atlantic
  •  Anguilla — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Canada, USA or United Kingdom visa.[254]
  •  Aruba — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[255]
  • Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[256]
  •  Bermuda — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US, UK or Canada visa.[257]
  •  British Virgin Islands — Visa not required - 30 days.[258]
  •  Cayman Islands — Visa required. Possible to visit with US Green Card if arriving directly from USA.[259]
  •  Colombia — Visitors arriving at San Andrés must buy tourist cards on arrival.[260]
  •  Curacao — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit .[261]
  •  Montserrat — Visa required - eVisa Application Possible. Possible to visit with a multiple entry EU Member State, Canada or USA visa.[262]
  •  Greenland — Visa required.[263]
  • Margarita Island — All visitors are fingerprinted.[264]
  •  Puerto Rico — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US visa [265]
  •  Saint Barthelemy — Visa required. Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[266]
  •  Saint Martin — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[266]
  •  Saint Pierre and Miquelon — Visa required. Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[266]
  •  Sint Maarten — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[267]
  •  Turks and Caicos Islands — Visa not required [268]
  •  U.S. Virgin Islands — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US visa [269]
Europe
Oceania
South America
  • Galápagos — Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[312]
South Atlantic and Antarctica

Non-ordinary passports

In addition to countries that provide visa-free access to all Turkish passport holders, holders of diplomatic or service Turkish passports have visa-free access to the following additional countries:

Type of passportVisa-free access
Diplomatic passports onlyAfghanistan, Bangladesh, Burundi, Chad, Ghana, Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, Mexico, Niger, Nigeria, Uganda, United Kingdom, Zimbabwe
Diplomatic, special and service passportsAlgeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cape Verde, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Mauritania, Monaco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands (including the Caribbean), Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,[332] Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Vatican City, Vietnam, Yemen

Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Cambodia and South Sudan allow holders of diplomatic, official, service and special passports issued to nationals of any country to obtain a visa on arrival. Yemen allows holders of diplomatic and service passports of Turkey to obtain a visa on arrival.

Some of the countries that exempt Turkish citizens from visa requirement offer longer period of stay or more beneficial terms to diplomatic or service passport holders than to the ordinary passport holders.

Consular protection of Turkish citizens abroad
Map of countries with Turkish representations

There are 142 resident embassies, 89 consulates and Total of 235 states that recognise Turkey.

See also List of diplomatic missions of Turkey.

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[333] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination
An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever
Main article: Carte Jaune

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[334]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[335]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[336] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[337] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[338]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[339][340] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[341]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[342] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

Israeli stamps
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[343] Lebanon,[344] Libya,[345] Sudan,[346] Syria,[347] and Yemen[348] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[349]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity
Main article: Armenia–Azerbaijan relations

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[350][351]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[352] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[353] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[354] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics
See also: Countries applying biometrics
A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[355]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[356][357] Argentina,[358] Brunei, Cambodia,[359] China,[360] Ethiopia,[361] Ghana, Guinea,[362] India, Japan,[363][364] Kenya (fingerprints and photo),[365] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[366] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[367] Singapore, South Korea,[368] Taiwan, Thailand,[369] Uganda[370] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[371] [372] [373] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[374]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[375] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[376][377] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[378] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[379][380]

gollark: Maybe I should actually do email, hm.
gollark: Done.
gollark: I put in `v=spf1 mx -all`, now to wait for the DNS to propagate or whatever.
gollark: Oh dear.
gollark: Hold on while I log into mythic beasts.

See also

References and Notes
References
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  374. Campoy, Ana; Campoy, Ana. "The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country". Quartz. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  375. "ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  376. "Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012.
  377. "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn’t the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
  378. Roberts, Jeff John (12 September 2016). "Homeland Security Plans to Expand Fingerprint and Eye Scanning at Borders". Fortune. Fortune Media IP Limited. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Unlike with documents, it’s very hard for a traveler to present a forged copy of a fingerprint or iris. That’s why the U.S. Department of Homeland Security plans to vastly expand the amount of biometric data it collects at the borders. According to Passcode, a new program will ramp up a process to scan fingers and eyes in order to stop people entering and exiting the country on someone else’s passport.
  379. "Singapore tests eye scans at immigration checkpoints". Reuters. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Singapore has started scanning travellers’ eyes at some of its border checkpoints, its immigration authority said on Monday, in a trial of expensive technology that could one day replace fingerprint verification.
  380. Lee, Vivien (6 August 2018). "5 Reasons We Prefer Iris Scans To Fingerprint Checks At Our Borders In Singapore". Retrieved 24 April 2019. The iris technology could potentially scan irises covertly, as opposed to the scanning of thumbprints which necessitates active participation from travellers.
Notes
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