Khabarovsk Krai

Khabarovsk Krai (Russian: Хаба́ровский край, tr. Khabarovsky kray, IPA: [xɐˈbarəfskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject (a krai) of Russia. It is geographically located in the Far East region of the country and is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The administrative centre of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk, which is home to roughly half of the krai's population and the largest city in the Russian Far East (just ahead of Vladivostok). Khabarovsk Krai is the fourth-largest federal subject by area, with a population of 1,343,869 as of the (2010 Census).[7]

For other uses, see Khabarovsk (disambiguation).
Khabarovsk Krai
Krai
Хабаровский край
Coat of arms
Anthem: [1]
Coordinates: 54°48′N 136°50′E
CountryRussia
Federal districtFar Eastern[2]
Economic regionFar Eastern[3]
Established20 October 1938[4]
Administrative centerKhabarovsk
Government
 • BodyLegislative Duma[5]
 • Governor[5]Mikhail Degtyarev (acting) (LDPR)
Area
 • Total788,600 km2 (304,500 sq mi)
Area rank4th
Population
 (2010 Census)[7]
 • Total1,343,869
 • Estimate 
(2018)[8]
1,328,302 (-1.2%)
 • Rank34th
 • Density1.7/km2 (4.4/sq mi)
 • Urban
81.8%
 • Rural
18.2%
Time zoneUTC+10 (MSK+7 [9])
ISO 3166 codeRU-KHA
License plates27
OKTMO ID08000000
Official languagesRussian[10]
Websitehttp://www.khabkrai.ru

The southern region lies mostly in the basin of the lower Amur River, with the mouth of the river located at Nikolaevsk-on-Amur draining into the Strait of Tartary, which separates Khabarovsk Krai from the island of Sakhalin. The north occupies a vast mountainous area along the coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk, a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. Khabarovsk Krai is bordered by Magadan Oblast to the north, Amur Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the Sakha Republic to the west, Primorsky Krai to the south, and Sakhalin Oblast to the east.

The population is mostly ethnic Russians, but indigenous people of the area are various Tungusic peoples (Evenks, Negidals, Ulchs, Nanai, Oroch, Udege) and Amur Nivkhs and Ainu.[11]

Geography

Khabarovsk Krai shares its borders with Magadan Oblast in the north, with the Sakha Republic and Amur Oblast in the west, with the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, China (Heilongjiang), and Primorsky Krai in the south, and is limited by the Sea of Okhotsk in the east. In terms of area, it is the fourth-largest federal subject within Russia. Major islands include Shantar Islands.

Taiga and tundra in the north, swampy forest in the central depression, and deciduous forest in the south are the natural vegetation in the area.

Khabarovsk Krai has a severely continental climate with its northern areas being subarctic with stronger maritime summer moderation in the north. In its southerly areas, especially inland, annual swings are extremely strong, with Khabarovsk itself having hot, wet and humid summers which rapidly transforms into severely cold and long winters, where temperatures hardly ever go above freezing. This is because of the influence of the East Asian monsoon in summer and the bitterly cold Siberian High in winter. The second largest city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur has even more violent temperature swings than Khabarovsk with winter average lows below −30 °C (−22 °F) but in spite of this avoiding being subarctic because of the significant heat in summer.

There are a number of peninsulas along the krai's extensive coast, the main ones being (north to south) the Lisyansky Peninsula, Nurki Peninsula, Tugurskiy Peninsula and the Tokhareu Peninsula.

The main islands of Khabarovsk Krai (north to south) are Malminskiye Island, the Shantar Islands, Menshikov Island, Reyneke Island (Sea of Okhotsk), Chkalov Island, Baydukov Island and the Chastye Islands. The island of Sakhalin (Russia's largest) is administered separately as Sakhalin Oblast, along with the Kuril Islands.

History

According to various Chinese and Korean records, the southern part of Khabarovsk Krai was originally occupied by one of the five semi-nomadic Shiwei, the Bo Shiwei tribes and the Black Water Mohe tribes living respectively on the west and the east of the Bureya and the Lesser Khingan ranges.

In 1643, Vassili Poyarkov's boats descended the Amur, returning to Yakutsk by the Sea of Okhotsk and the Aldan River, and in 1649–1650 Yerofey Khabarov occupied the banks of the Amur. The resistance of the Chinese, however, obliged the Cossacks to quit their forts, and by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) Russia abandoned her advance into the basin of the river.

Although the Russians were thus deprived of the right to navigate the Amur River, the territorial claim over the lower courses of the river was not settled in the Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689. The area between Uda River and Greater Khingan mountain range (i.e. most of Lower Amuria) was left undemarcated and the Sino-Russian border was allowed to fluctuate.[12][13]

Later in the nineteenth century, Nikolay Muravyov would conduct an aggressive policy with China by claiming that the lower reaches of the Amur River belonged to Russia. In 1852, a Russian military expedition under Muravyov explored the Amur, and by 1857 a chain of Russian Cossacks and peasants had been settled along the whole course of the river. In 1858, in the Treaty of Aigun, China recognized the Amur River downstream as far as the Ussuri River as the boundary between Russia and the Qing Empire, and granted Russia free access to the Pacific Ocean.[14] The Sino-Russian border was later further delineated in the Treaty of Peking of 1860 when the Ussuri Territory (the Maritime Territory), which was previously a joint possession, became Russian.[15]

Modern Khabarovsk Krai was established on 20 October 1938, when the Far Eastern Krai was split into the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krais.[4] On 24 April 1996 Khabarovsk signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[16] This agreement would be abolished on 12 August 2002.[17]

Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Khabarovsk Krai

Politics
Khabarovsk Krai Administration building

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Khabarovsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Khabarovsk Krai is the fundamental law of the krai. The Legislative Duma of Khabarovsk Krai is the regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Duma exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Krai Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Krai Administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

On 9 July 2020, the governor of the region, Sergei Furgal, was arrested and flown to Moscow. The 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests began on 11 July 2020 in support of Furgal.[18]

Economy
Bridge over the Amur River in Khabarovsk

Khabarovsk Krai is the most industrialized territory of the Far East of Russia, producing 30% of the total industrial products in the Far Eastern Economic Region.

Heavy industry

The machine construction industry consists primarily of a highly developed military-industrial complex of large-scale aircraft- and shipbuilding enterprises.[19] The Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association is currently among the krai's most successful enterprises, and for years has been the largest taxpayer of the territory.[19] Other major industries include timber-working and fishing, along with metallurgy in the main cities. Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the iron and steel centre of the Far East; a pipeline from northern Sakhalin supplies the petroleum-refining industry in the city of Khabarovsk. In the Amur basin, there is also some cultivation of wheat and soybeans. The administrative centre, Khabarovsk, is at the junction of the Amur River and the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Mining

The region's own mineral resources are underdeveloped. The region hosts large Gold mining operations (Highland Gold, Polus Gold), a major but low-grade Copper deposit being explored by IG Integro Group and a world-class tin district which was a major contributor to the Soviet Industrial complex and is currently being revitalised by Far Eastern Tin (Festivalnoye mine) and by Sable Tin Resources which is developing the Sable Tin Deposit (Sobolinoye) large high grade deposit, 25 km from Solnechny town.

Demographics
Khabarovsk city ponds on Ussuriysky Boulevard

Population: 1,343,869 (2010 Census);[7] 1,436,570 (2002 Census);[20] 1,824,506 (1989 Census).[21]

According to the 2010 Census,[7] 91.8% of the population are Russians, 2.1% Ukrainians, 0.8% Nanais, 0.6% Tatars, 0.6% Koreans, and 0.4% Belarusians. 55,038 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[22]

In addition to the Nanai, other indigenous groups include the Evenks and Evens in the northern part of the province, and Ulchs in the lower Amur river (Ulchsky District). Some Nivkhs (Gilyak), an indigenous fishing people speaking an isolate language, live around the Amur river delta as well. Smaller groups indigenous to the area are Negidals (567), Orochs (686), and Udege (1,657) and Taz people (3) according to the 2002 census.

  • Births (2009): 17,573 (12.5 per 1000)
  • Deaths (2009): 19,115 (13.6 per 1000)[23]
  • Urban Births (2009): 13,612 (12.1 per 1000)
  • Rural Births (2009): 3,961 (14.5 per 1000)
  • Urban Deaths (2009): 15,472 (13.7 per 1000)
  • Rural Deaths (2009): 3,643 (13.3 per 1000)[24]

The birth rate for 2008 is 5.2% higher than that in 2007, and the death rate is 1.4% lower. Birth rate was recorded at 11.6 for 2007 (11.1 for Urban areas and 13.8 for Rural areas) per 1000 people. The death rate was 14.2 in 2007 (14.3 for Urban areas and 14.0 for Rural areas). Rural locations of Khabarovsk Krai had a positive natural growth of population in 2008 (for the first time in the last 16 years).[24]

Settlements
Vital statistics for 2012
  • Births: 18 324 (13.6 per 1000)
  • Deaths: 18 169 (13.5 per 1000) [25]

Total fertility rate:[26]
2009 – 1.59 | 2010 – 1.56 | 2011 – 1.57 | 2012 – 1.70 | 2013 – 1.74 | 2014 – 1.79 | 2015 – 1.85 | 2016 – 1.79(e)

Religion
Religion in Krai Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[27][28]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 26.2%
Other Orthodox
 
 1.3%
Protestantism
 
 0.5%
Other Christians
 
 3.7%
Islam
 
 1.1%
Rodnovery and other native faiths
 
 0.5%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 27.9%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 23.1%
Other and undeclared
 
 15.7%

According to a 2012 survey,[27] 26.2% of the population of Khabarovsk Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% adheres to other Orthodox churches or is a believer in Orthodox Christianity who doesn't belong to any church, 1% is an adherent of Islam. In addition, 28% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 23% is atheist, and 16.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[27]

Education

There are the following institutions of higher education in Khabarovsk Krai.[29][30]

  • Pacific National University
  • Far Eastern State University of Humanities
  • Far Eastern State Medical University
  • Khabarovsk State Academy of Economics and Law
  • Far Eastern State Transport University
  • Far Eastern Academy of Government Services
  • Far Eastern State Physical Education University
  • Khabarovsk State Institute of Arts and Culture
  • Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University
  • Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Pedagogical institute

Sport
Platinum Arena.

The city was a host to the 1981 Bandy World Championship as well as to the 2015 Bandy World Championship. For the 2015 games, twenty-one teams originally were expected, which would have been four more than the record-making seventeen from the 2014 tournament, but eventually only sixteen teams came. The A Division of 2018 Bandy World Championship will again be played in Khabarovsk.[32]

Sister relations
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See also

References

Notes
  1. Article 10 of the Charter of Khabarovsk Krai states that the krai may have an anthem, providing a law is adopted to that effect. As of 2015, no such law is in place.
  2. Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  3. Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. Decree of October 20, 1938
  5. Charter of Khabarovsk Krai, Article 4
  6. Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  7. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  8. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  9. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  10. Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  11. Chaussonnet, p.109
  12. "1689, Nerchinsk – Russia". China's External Relations.
  13. Alexei D. Voskressenski (2002). Russia and China: A Theory of Inter-State Relations. Routledge. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-0700714957.
  14. "1858, Aigun – Russia". China's External Relations.
  15. Alexei D. Voskressenski (2002). Russia and China: A Theory of Inter-State Relations. Routledge. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0700714957.
  16. Solnick, Steven (May 29, 1996). "Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining" (PDF). The National Council for Soviet and East European Research: 12.
  17. Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146.
  18. "Anger at Kremlin Grows in Latest Massive Russian Far East Protest". The Moscow Times. July 25, 2020.
  19. "KNAAPO Komsomolsk na Amure Aviation Industrial Association named after Gagarin - Russian". www.globalsecurity.org.
  20. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  21. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  22. "ВПН-2010". www.gks.ru.
  23. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. "Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации". www.gks.ru.
  26. http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312
  27. "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  28. 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  29. The Institutions of Higher Education in Khabarovsk Krai Archived December 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  30. "Independent Russian and Ukrainian Interpreters". RusMoose.com.
  31. "Google Translate". translate.google.co.uk.
  32. "Annual Congress in Sandviken, Sweden on Jan 30 2017 2017-01-28" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  33. Gyeongsangnam-do official website English Archived September 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  34. "Sister cities of the Hyogo Prefecture". Archived from the original on October 29, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2009.

Sources
  • Хабаровская краевая Дума. Постановление №150 от 30 ноября 1995 г. «Устав Хабаровского края», в ред. Закона №152 от 23 декабря 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в статьи 26 и 34 Устава Хабаровского края». Вступил в силу 16 января 1996 г. Опубликован: "Тихоокеанская звезда", №№7–8, 13 и 16 января 1996 г. (Khabarovsk Krai Duma. Resolution #150 of November 30, 1995 Charter of Khabarovsk Krai, as amended by the Law #152 of December 23, 2015 On Amending Articles 26 and 34 of the Charter of Khabarovsk Krai. Effective as of January 16, 1996.).
  • Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 20 октября 1938 г. «О разделении Дальневосточного края на Приморский и Хабаровский края». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of October 20, 1938 On Splitting Far Eastern Krai into Primorsky and Khabarovsk Krais. ).
  • Chaussonnet, Valerie (1995) Native Cultures of Alaska and Siberia. Arctic Studies Center. Washington, D.C. 112p. ISBN 1-56098-661-1

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