Pakistan–Turkey relations

Pakistan has an embassy in Ankara, a Consulate-General in Istanbul and an honorary consulate in Izmir whereas, Turkey has an embassy in Islamabad, a Consulate-General in Karachi and honorary consulates in Lahore, Peshawar, Sialkot and Faisalabad. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".[1][2]

Pakistan-Turkey relations

Pakistan
Turkey

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the Turkish War of Independence when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining Ottoman Empire, which was followed by the formation of the Turkish Republic and the Independence of Pakistan. Additionally, the countries share historical Islamic ties, as the Muslims living under the British Raj deemed the Ottoman Sultan as their Caliph, and the Caliph of Islam and all Muslims. Abdulhamid II, who reigned as the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1876 to 1909,used his Caliphal titles to incite the Muslims living in colonies to rebel against the European powers. As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.[3][4] Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group.[5] Talat Masood said that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.[6]. Both the countries enjoy friendly relations with both usually being termed as Kardeşler ("brothers" in Turkish).

Country comparison
Official Name Islamic Republic of Pakistan Republic of Turkey
Flag
State Emblem / National Emblem
Population 233,500,636 (2020 est.)[7] — 5th 84,185,467[8] (2020 est.) — 18th
Area 881,913 km2 (340,509 mi2)[9] — 33rd 783,356 km2 (302,455 mi2)[10] — 36th
Population Density 287/km2 (742/mi2)[11] 103.6/km2 (268.4/mi2)[10]
Capital Islamabad Ankara
Largest City Karachi (16,093,786)[12] Istanbul (15,519,267)[13]
Government Federal Parliamentary Republic Unitary Presidential Republic
First Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Current Leader(s) President Arif Alvi
Prime Minister Imran Khan		 President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Vice President Fuat Oktay
Ruling Political Party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Justice and Development Party
Official Language(s) English, Urdu Turkish
Main Religions Islam (96%)

Hinduism (2%)

Christianity (2%)[14]

 Islam (98%)

Unaffiliated - Spiritual (1%)[15]

Other: See Religion in Turkey

Ethnic Groups Punjabi (45%)

Pashtun (15%)

Sindhi (14%)

Sariaki (8%)

Muhajir (8%)

Baloch (4%)

Other (6%)[16]

 Turkish (73%)

Kurdish (17%)

Circassian (3%)

Bosniak (3%)

Georgian (1%)

Albanian (1%)

Other (2%)[17]

Human Development Index (HDI) 0.562 (medium)[18] — 150th 0.806 (very high)[19] — 59th
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

— Nominal

 US$314.6 billion (2018)[20] — 40th US$852.7 billion (2017)[21] — 17th
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

— Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

 US$1.2 trillion (2020 est.)[22] — 23rd US$2.5 trillion (2020 est.)[23] — 13th
Military Expenditures (US$) $11.4 billion[24] — 35th $20.6 billion[25] — 17th
Military Strength Ranking

— Worldwide Power Index

 0.2364[26] — 15th

• Declared nuclear weapons state

 0.2098[27] — 11th

• NATO member nuclear weapons sharing state

Diplomatic Relations

Diplomatic relations between Turkey and Pakistan were established in 1947, soon after Pakistan came into being as the then largest Muslim country on world map. Turkey was among a few countries that quickly recognized Pakistan after its creation and supported its successful bid to become a member of the United Nations.

Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.[28] Turkey was among a few countries that quickly recognized Pakistan after its creation and supported its successful bid to become a member of the United Nations.[29] Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.[30] Similar ideas were expressed by the former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf, who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.[30][31][32] Jinnah is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital Ankara, the Cinnah Caddesi is named after him, while roads in Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, and Larkana are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament.

Economic Relations

Pak-Turkey Strategic Economic Framework

The framework aims to enhance bilateral economic cooperation with particular focus on trade and investment.[29]

Investment & Trade
Further information: Pakistan–Turkey Free Trade Agreement
The Abdullah Gul Interchange near Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore, this interchange was inaugurated by the Turkish President Abdullah Gul during his visit to Lahore in 2010.

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the Economic Cooperation Organization and part of the Developing 8 Countries (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.[33] Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.[32][34] Pakistani exports include rice, sesame seeds, leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, chickpeas, lentils, diesel, chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.[35] Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.[28] The two countries are negotiatating the Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement.

Historical and Cultural Relations
Shashlik, a common Eurasian dish.
Regions of both modern-day Turkey and Pakistan in the domain of the Persian Empire.

The regions comprising both Pakistan and Turkey have been mutually influenced by contiguous Persian, Hellenistic, Arab and Turco-Mongol cultures at various points in history. By the fifth century BCE, ancient Persia spread from Anatolia to the Indus River, introducing Persianate cultural and political traditions to these regions.[36][37]

Common Hellenistic influence following the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including that of the Ionian Greeks. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks, including many Greek and Hellenistic archeological sites found in the region.[38][39] Pakistan was also influenced by Greek culture and civilization in the aftermath of Alexander the Great's conquest of the Indus Valley, which later led to the development of the Indo-Greek Kingdoms and Greco-Buddhism. Gandhara, a region in western Pakistan, was a major thoroughfare of Hellenistic, Iranic and Indo-Aryan contact.[40]

Turkey became a Turkic-speaking country as a result of Seljuq conquest and Turkification of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its major languages, particularly Urdu (also known as Lashkari [41]), are strongly influenced by the Turkic language of the Mughals before it became the empire's official language. As a result, it has borrowed many loanwords from Chagatai. The etymology of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to Mughal rule,[42] believed to be coined by the poet Mashafi.

Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many Turkic and Iranic peoples ruled vast areas of Central Asia, South Asia and the Middle East.

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia. Food is also similar to some extent such as Kebab, Pilaf and Halva although the spice content in Pakistan is different due to South Asian influence.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire respectively. Robust traditions of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.[43]

Many turks still remember the sacrifices and donations by fellow pakistanis to help turkey in its beginning days to pay off debts when they were themselves poor and the khilafat movement[44] which was formed to protect the khilafa in turkey and to demand fair treatment of turkey after losing world war. It was just the Turks against the world, and the Turks felt disheartened & disillusioned with this lack of support, and Turkish national memory has been traumatized by the betrayal of fellow Muslims in a brutal war of survival, against the full might of non-muslim western powers. It was in these dark times that Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali Johar published an article in the Urdu weekly ‘Hamdard' and English weekly ‘Comrade' saying the Turks were justified in their fight against the British. [45]During the Turkish war of independence, Ali brothers engaged in extensive tours across the length and breath of the Indian subcontinent focusing on muslim towns located mostly in present day Pakistan. They travelled with green robed volunteers, making passionate appeals to help the desperate Turks in need. On one of his fundraising tours Shaukat Ali announced to shake hands with only those who made contributions for the Turkish funds, and those who made large contributions he allowed them to kiss his hand. Allama Iqbal on the other hand kept busy in providing poetic inspiration to the Turkish struggle against western powers, holding large poetry meetings, addressing massive crowds and making sentimental appeals urging Muslims of Indian to fund the Turkish war effort.[46] But the real reason for the success of this fundraising campaign was the popular support from ordinary Muslims of the subcontinent, that still echoes in the hearts of the people of Pakistan. Incredible stories of sacrifice and support by men, women and even children are still remembered in households across Pakistan. One such instance is when,  Khilafat volunteers at the Dargah of Ajmer Sharif got so many generous donations, in cash and gold ornaments that, Khilafat volunteers went out of all the receipts they had[47]

In Aerial war of Turkey and Israel, Pakistan sent it's soliders to help Turkey.[48]

Pakistan Turkey relations in present times

Relations of the two countries have been strong with Prime minister Imran Khan visited turkey [49] followed by a visit of pakistan by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in February 2020[50]. Pakistanis enjoy the gracious attitude of ordinary Turks towards Pakistanis and are often termed as Kardeş(brother). Turkish television shows have huge popularity in Pakistan with recently the turkish show Ertugrul Ghazi being dubbed by Pakistan Television Corporation in the Urdu language, and has taken the country by storm.[51] Turks also enjoy VIP treatment in Pakistan with much of the Pakistani public terming Turkey as their best friend and vice versa from turkey. Erdogan became one of the few world leaders to be given an opportunity to make give a speech in the Pakistani parliament and he is quoted saying "I pray that Allah makes the solidarity between us strong and permanent" and "As in the past, we will continue to stand by Pakistan in the future."[52]. Both the countries announced dual citizenship under the citizenship initiative, in which the citizens of Pakistan and Turkey would be able to attain joint citizenship and dual passports[53]. Pakistani and Turkish Armed Forces also hold many joint training sessions[54] and Turkey imports arms from Pakistan.

On 17 May 2020, The lead actress of Ertuğrul, Esra Bilgiç, tweeted "I suggest one flag for one nation".

Kashmir conflict

The Turkish ambassador spent a week in Pakistan administered Kashmir's capital city of Muzaffarabad to express solidarity with the Kashmir cause. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan recently expressed that Turkey stands with Pakistan on Kashmir issue[55] bringing opposition from India[56]

Trilateral Ankara cooperation process

Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and Afghanistan in February 2007, following a visit by then Turkish Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül to Islamabad, as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”[57]

A 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”[58]

At the 17 April 2009 Friends of Pakistan Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister Mehmet Aydın pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”[58]

Pakistani and Afghan parliamentary deputies came together in Ankara on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now Turkish President Gül and new Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament's Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated;

“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”[59]

Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament's Foreign Relations Commission Asfandyar Wali Khan conveyed his thanks and stated,

“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”

Mercan concluded,

“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,” with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and Kabul at four-month intervals.”
Kadir Topbaş Chowk in Lahore, Pakistan inaugurated by Kadir Topbaş, The Mayor of Istanbul (Turkey) on March 12, 2012

Security Relations

Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its F-16 fleet.[32] On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and Soviet influence in the region.[60] Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir conflict. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in Muzaffarabad, the capital of Pakistan administered kashmir, in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its wars with India.[60][61] Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on Northern Cyprus.[34][62] Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.[32][34] Both countries are also members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.[63] Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan[64] and continuous to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.[65][66] The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushak trainer turbo-props from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the Turkish Armed Forces in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.[67][68][69]

In July 2018 Pakistan’s navy signed a contract for the acquisition of four MILGEM-class (MILGEM project) ships from Turkey which is the largest single military export deal of Turkey worth $1.5 billion. Pakistan Navy Commander Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi and Erdogan cut the first metal plate of the first of the four MILGEM Ada class corvette during a ceremony held on Sep 29, 2019. Over the last decade, nearly 1,500 Pakistani military officers have received training in Turkey. The two are already collaborating on drone production, while Turkish and Pakistani troops held joint counter-terror exercises with Uzbek forces in Uzbekistan in April 2019. Both could soon join forces to develop and co-produce their own fighter jet after which they could go in together on a stealth fighter. Turkish military attaches from each branch of its armed forces have been posted in the Pakistani embassy in Ankara, and Turkey helped upgrade a batch of F-16 fighter jets for the Pakistan Air Force, manufacturing engines as well as spare parts. Both countries have come even closer militarily owing to security situation around their neighbors as well as due to instability in ties with the US recently. In November 2019, Navies of both countries participated in drills in the Mediterranean and Arabian Sea.[70][71][72][73]

Aid exchange

In the aftermath of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.[74] Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.[75] The Turkish aid organization Kizilay also constructed a mosque in Pakistan's azad Kashmir region bordering Indian Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the Ottoman Style in Pakistan's Bagh District.[76]

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake[77] and during the 2011 Van earthquake.[78][79]


Twin cities and towns

Pakistan and Turkey have many sister cities and twin towns.

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gollark: ++magic reload_config
gollark: Fascinating.
gollark: --choose apiobee apioform apioentity
gollark: It's 500GB, but only 320GB of it is under warranty.

See also

References
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