Travel visa

A visa (from the Latin charta visa, meaning "paper that has been seen")[1] is a conditional authorization granted by a territory to a foreigner, allowing them to enter, remain within, or to leave that territory. Visas typically may include limits on the duration of the foreigner's stay, areas within the country they may enter, the dates they may enter, the number of permitted visits or an individual's right to work in the country in question. Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter a territory and thus are, in most countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter and remain in the country. In each instance, a visa is subject to entry permission by an immigration official at the time of actual entry, and can be revoked at any time. A visa most commonly takes the form of a sticker endorsed in the applicant's passport or other travel document.

A United States visa issued in 2014

Russian visa issued in 1916

Tourist visa for John F. Kennedy to travel to Brazil, issued by the Brazilian government in 1941

Brazilian multiple entry visa in a United States passport, with immigration stamps from Brazil, France, and the United States

Visa - Kaliningrad 1992.

Historically, immigration officials were empowered to permit or reject entry of visitors on arrival at the frontiers. If permitted entry, the official would issue a visa, when required, which would be a stamp in a passport. Today, travellers wishing to enter another country must often apply in advance for what is also called a visa, sometimes in person at a consular office, by post, or over the internet. The modern visa may be a sticker or a stamp in the passport, or may take the form of a separate document or an electronic record of the authorization, which the applicant can print before leaving home and produce on entry to the visited territory. Some countries do not require visitors to apply for a visa in advance for short visits.

Visa applications in advance of arrival give countries a chance to consider the applicant's circumstances, such as financial security, reason for travel, and details of previous visits to the country. Visitors may also be required to undergo and pass security or health checks upon arrival at the port of entry. Some countries require that their citizens, as well as foreign travellers, obtain an "exit visa" to be allowed to leave the country.[2]

Uniquely, the Norwegian special territory of Svalbard is an entirely visa-free zone under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty. Some countries—such as those in the Schengen Area—have agreements with other countries allowing each other's citizens to travel between them without visas. The World Tourism Organization announced that the number of tourists requiring a visa before travelling was at its lowest level ever in 2015.[3][4]

History

In western Europe in the late 19th century and early 20th century, passports and visas were not generally necessary for moving from one country to another. The relatively high speed and large movements of people travelling by train would have caused bottlenecks if regular passport controls had been used.[5] Passports and visas became usually necessary as travel documents only after World War I.[6]

Long before that, in ancient times, passports and visas were usually the same type of travel documents. In the modern world, visas have become separate secondary travel documents, with passports acting as the primary travel documents.

Conditions of issue

Some visas can be granted on arrival or by prior application at the country's embassy or consulate, or through a private visa service specialist who is specialized in the issuance of international travel documents. These agencies are authorized by the foreign authority, embassy, or consulate to represent international travellers who are unable or unwilling to travel to the embassy and apply in person. Private visa and passport services collect an additional fee for verifying customer applications, supporting documents, and submitting them to the appropriate authority. If there is no embassy or consulate in one's home country, then one would have to travel to a third country (or apply by post) and try to get a visa issued there. Alternatively, in such cases visas may be pre-arranged for collection on arrival at the border. The need or absence of need of a visa generally depends on the citizenship of the applicant, the intended duration of the stay, and the activities that the applicant may wish to undertake in the country he visits; these may delineate different formal categories of visas, with different issue conditions.

The issuing authority, usually a branch of the country's foreign ministry or department (e.g. U.S. State Department), and typically consular affairs officers, may request appropriate documentation from the applicant. This may include proof that the applicant is able to support himself in the host country (lodging, food), proof that the person hosting the applicant in his or her home really exists and has sufficient room for hosting the applicant, proof that the applicant has obtained health and evacuation insurance, etc. Some countries ask for proof of health status, especially for long-term visas; some countries deny such visas to persons with certain illnesses, such as AIDS. The exact conditions depend on the country and category of visa. Notable examples of countries requiring HIV tests of long-term residents are Russia[7] and Uzbekistan.[8] In Uzbekistan, however, the HIV test requirement is sometimes not strictly enforced.[8] Other countries require a medical test that includes an HIV test, even for a short-term tourism visa. For example, Cuban citizens and international exchange students require such a test approved by a medical authority to enter Chilean territory.

The issuing authority may also require applicants to attest that they have no criminal convictions, or that they do not participate in certain activities (like prostitution or drug trafficking). Some countries will deny visas if travellers' passports show evidence of citizenship of, or travel to, a country that is considered hostile by that country. For example, some Arabic-oriented countries will not issue visas to nationals of Israel and those whose passports bear evidence of visiting Israel.

Many countries frequently demand strong evidence of intent to return to the home country, if the visa is for a temporary stay, due to potential unwanted illegal immigration.

Types

Tourist entry visa to the People's Republic of China.

Transit visa, issued by Japanese Consul Chiune Sugihara in Lithuania to Susan Bluman in World War II.

Each country typically has a multitude of categories of visas with various names. The most common types and names of visas include:

By purpose

Transit visas

For passing through the country of issue to a destination outside that country. Validity of transit visas are usually limited by short terms such as several hours to ten days depending on the size of the country or the circumstances of a particular transit itinerary.

• Airside transit visa, required by some countries for passing through their airports even without going through passport control.
• Crew member, steward, or driver visa, issued to persons employed or trained on aircraft, vessels, trains, trucks, buses, and any other means of international transportation, or ships fishing in international waters.

Short-stay or visitor visas

For short visits to the visited country. Many countries differentiate between different reasons for these visits, such as:

• Private visa, for private visits by invitation from residents of the visited country.
• Tourist visa, for a limited period of leisure travel, no business activities allowed.
• Visa for medical reasons, for undertaking diagnostics or a course of treatment in the visited country's hospitals or other medical facilities.
• Business visa, for engaging in commerce in the country. These visas generally preclude permanent employment, for which a work visa would be required.
• Working holiday visa, for individuals travelling between nations offering a working holiday program, allowing young people to undertake temporary work while travelling.
• Athletic or artistic visa, issued to athletes and performing artists (and their supporting staff) performing at competitions, concerts, shows, and other events.
  • Cultural exchange visa, usually issued to athletes and performing artists participating in a cultural exchange program.
• Refugee visa, issued to persons fleeing the dangers of persecution, a war or a natural disaster.
• Pilgrimage visa: this type of visa is mainly issued to those intending to visit religious destinations, as for example in Saudi Arabia or Iran, and to take part in particular religious ceremonies. Such visas can usually be obtained relatively quickly and at low cost; those using them are usually permitted to travel only as a group, however. The best example is Hajj visas for Saudi Arabia.[9]
• Digital nomad visa, for digital nomads who want to temporarily reside in a country while performing remote work. Thailand launched its SMART Visa, targeted at high expertise foreigners and entrepreneurs to stay a longer time in Thailand, with online applications for the visa being planned for late 2018.[10] Estonia has also announced plans for a digital nomad visa, after the launch of its e-Residency program.[11]

Long-stay visas

Visas valid for long term stays of a specific duration include:

• Student visa (F-1 in the United States), which allows its holder to study at an institution of higher learning in the issuing country. The F-2 visa allows the student's dependents to accompany them in the United States.
  • Research visa, for students doing fieldwork in the host country.
• Temporary worker visa, for approved employment in the host country. These are generally more difficult to obtain but valid for longer periods of time than a business visa. Examples of these are the United States' H-1B and L-1 visas. Depending on a particular country, the status of temporary worker may or may not evolve into the status of permanent resident or to naturalization.
  • Journalist visa, which some countries require of people in that occupation when travelling for their respective news organizations. Countries that insist on this include Cuba, China, Iran, Japan, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, the United States (I-visa), and Zimbabwe.
• Residence visa, granted to people obtaining long-term residence in the host country. In some countries, such as New Zealand, long-term residence is a necessary step to obtain the status of a permanent resident.
• Asylum visa, issued to people who have suffered or reasonably fear persecution in their own country due to their political activities or opinion, or features, or association with a social group; or were exiled from their own country.
• Dependent visa, issued to certain family members of holder of a long-stay visa of certain other types (e. g., to spouse and children of a qualified employee holding a temporary worker visa).

Immigrant visas

Granted for those intending to settle permanently in the issuing country (obtain the status of a permanent resident with a prospect of possible naturalization in the future):

• Spouse visa or partner visa, granted to the spouse, civil partner or de facto partner of a resident or citizen of a given country to enable the couple to settle in that country.
• Family member visa, for other members of the family of a resident or citizen of a given country. Usually, only the closest ones are covered:
  • Parents, often restricted to helpless ones, i. e. those who, due to their elderly age or state of health, need supervision and care;
  • Children (including adopted ones), often restricted to those who haven't reached the age of maturity or helpless ones;
  • Often also extended to grandchildren or grandparents, where their immediate parents or children, respectively, are for whichever reason unable to take care of them;
  • Often also extended to helpless siblings.
• Marriage visa, granted for a limited period before intended marriage or conclusion of a civil partnership based on a proven relationship with a citizen of the destination country. For example, a German woman wishing to marry an American man would obtain a Fiancée Visa (also known as a K-1 visa) to allow her to enter the United States. A K1 Fiancée Visa is valid for four months from the date of its approval.[12]
• Pensioner visa (also known as retiree visa or retirement visa), issued by a limited number of countries (Australia, Argentina, Thailand, Panama, etc.), to those who can demonstrate a foreign source of income and who do not intend to work in the issuing country. Age limits apply in some cases.

Official visas

These are granted to officials doing jobs for their governments, or otherwise representing their countries in the host country, such as the personnel of diplomatic missions.

• A diplomatic visa in combination with a regular or diplomatic passport.[13]
• Courtesy visas are issued to representatives of foreign governments or international organizations who do not qualify for diplomatic status but do merit expedited, courteous treatment – an example of this is Australia's special purpose visa.

By method of issue

Normally visa applications are made at and collected from a consulate, embassy, or other diplomatic mission.

On-arrival visas

  Countries that issue visas or permits on arrival as a general rule for all arriving visitors

  Countries that issue visas or permits on arrival to a selected group of nationalities (more than 10)

Also known as visas on arrival (VOA), they are granted at a port of entry. This is distinct from visa-free entry, where no visa is required, as the visitor must still obtain the visa on arrival before proceeding to immigration control.

• Almost all countries will consider issuing a visa (or another document to the same effect) on arrival to a visitor arriving in unforeseen exceptional circumstances, for example:
  • Under provisions of article 35 of the Schengen Visa Code,[14] a visa may be issued at a border in situations such as the diversion of a flight causing air passengers in transit to pass through two or more airports instead of one. In 2010, Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted, causing significant disruption of air travel throughout Europe, and the EU responded by announcing that it would issue visas at land borders to stranded travellers.
  • Under section 212(d)(4) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act,[15] visa waivers can be issued to travellers arriving at American ports of entry in emergency situations or under other conditions.
  • Certain international airports in Russia have consuls on-duty, who have the power to issue visas on the spot.
• Some countries issue visas on arrival to special categories of travellers, such as seafarers or air crew.
• Some countries issue them to regular visitors; there often are restrictions, for example:
  •  Belarus issues visas on arrival in Minsk international airport only to nationals of countries where there is no consular representation of Belarus.
  •  Thailand only issues visas on arrival at certain border checkpoints. The most notable crossing where visas on arrival are not issued is the Padang Besar checkpoint for passenger trains between Malaysia and Thailand.

Country	Universal eligibility	Electronic visa alternative	Limited ports of entry	Ref.
Armenia	X	✓	X
Azerbaijan	X	✓	✓
Bahrain	X	✓	X
Bangladesh	✓	X	✓
Bolivia	X	X	X
Brunei	X	X	X
Burkina Faso	X	X	X
Cambodia	X	✓	X
Cape Verde	✓	X	X
Chad	X	X	X
Comoros	✓	X	X
Congo	X	X	X
DR Congo	X	X	X
Djibouti	✓	✓	X
Egypt	X	✓	✓
Eritrea	X	X	X
Ethiopia	X	✓	✓
Gabon	X	✓	✓
Gambia	X	X	X
Ghana	X	X	X
Grenada	X	X	X
Guinea-Bissau	✓	✓	X
India	X	✓	✓
Indonesia	X	X	✓	[16]
Iran	X	✓	✓
Iraq	X	X	✓
Jamaica	X	X	X
Jordan	X	X	X
Kenya	X	✓	X
Kuwait	X	✓	X
Kyrgyzstan	X	X	✓
Laos	X	✓	✓
Lebanon	X	X	X
Macau	X	X	X
Madagascar	✓	✓	X
Malawi	X	X	X
Maldives	✓	X	X
Marshall Islands	X	X	X
Mauritania	✓	X	✓
Mauritius	X	X	X
Mongolia	X	X	✓
Mozambique	✓	X	X
Namibia	X	X	✓
Nauru	X	X	X
Nepal	✓	X	X
Nicaragua	✓	X	X
Nigeria	X	X	X
Oman	X	✓	X
Palau	✓	X	X
Papua New Guinea	X	✓	✓
Paraguay	X	X	✓
Rwanda	✓	✓	X
Saint Lucia	X	X	X
São Tomé and Príncipe	✓	✓	X
Saudi Arabia	X	✓	X
Seychelles	✓	X	X
Sierra Leone	X	X	X
Somalia	X	X	X
Sri Lanka	X	✓	X
Sudan	X	X	X
Taiwan	X	✓	✓
Tanzania	X	✓	X
Thailand	X	X	✓
East Timor	✓	X	✓
Togo	✓	X	X
Tonga	X	X	X
Trinidad and Tobago	X	X	X
Tuvalu	✓	X	X
Uganda	✓	✓	X
Ukraine	X	✓	✓
United Arab Emirates	X	X	X
Yemen	X	X	X
Zambia	X	✓	X
Zimbabwe	X	✓	X

Electronic visas

Electronic visas

  Countries granting electronic visas universally

  Countries granting electronic visas to select nationalities

  Countries requiring electronic registration from most visa exempt visitors (excluding Australian eVisitor)

An electronic visa (e-Visa or eVisa) is stored in a computer and is linked to the passport number so no label, sticker, or stamp is placed in the passport before travel. The application is done over the internet, and the receipt acts as a visa, which can be printed or stored on a mobile device.

Country	Mode	Universal eligibility	VoA alternative	Ref.
Angola	Pre-approval	X	X	[17]
Antigua and Barbuda	eVisa	✓	X	[18]
Armenia	eVisa	X	✓	[19]
Ascension Island	eVisa	✓	X	[20]
Australia	ETA	X	X	[21]
Azerbaijan	eVisa	X	partial	[22]
Bahrain	eVisa	X	partial	[23]
Benin	eVisa	✓	X	[24]
Cambodia	eVisa	X	✓	[25]
Djibouti	eVisa	✓	✓	[26]
Egypt	eVisa	X	partial	[27]
Ethiopia	eVisa	✓	partial	[28]
Gabon	eVisa	✓	partial	[29]
Georgia	eVisa	X	X	[30]
Guinea	eVisa	✓	X	[31]
Guinea-Bissau	Pre-approval	✓	✓	[32]
Hong Kong	ETA	X	X	[33]
India	eVisa	X	partial	[34]
Ivory Coast	eVisa	✓	X	[35]
Kenya	eVisa	X	✓	[36]
Kuwait	eVisa	X	✓	[37]
Kyrgyzstan	eVisa	✓	partial	[38]
Laos	eVisa	X	✓	[39]
Lesotho	eVisa	✓	X	[40]
Madagascar	eVisa	✓	✓	[41]
Malawi	eVisa	✓	✓	[42]
Malaysia	eVisa	X	X	[43]
Mexico	ETA	X	X	[44]
Montserrat	eVisa	✓	X	[45]
Morocco	ETA	X	X	[46]
Myanmar	eVisa	X	partial	[47]
Oman	eVisa	X	✓	[48]
Pakistan	ETA	X	X	[49]
Papua New Guinea	eVisa	X	✓	[50]
Qatar	eVisa	✓	✓	[51]
Rwanda	eVisa	✓	✓	[52]
Saint Helena	eVisa	✓	X	[53]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	eVisa	✓	X	[54]
São Tomé and Príncipe	eVisa	✓	X	[55]
Saudi Arabia	eVisa	X	✓	[56]
Singapore	eVisa	X	X	[57]
Sri Lanka	ETA	X	✓	[58]
Suriname	eVisa	✓	X	[59]
Taiwan	eVisa	X	partial	[60]
Tajikistan	eVisa	X	X	[61]
Tanzania	eVisa	✓	✓	[62]
Thailand	Pre-approval	X	✓	[63]
Uganda	eVisa	X	✓	[64]
United Kingdom	EVW	X	X	[65]
Uzbekistan	eVisa	X	X	[66]
Vietnam	eVisa	X	X	[67]
Zambia	eVisa	✓	partial	[68]
Zimbabwe	eVisa	✓	partial	[69]

Russia maintains an eVisa program for visitors from certain countries arriving to Russian Far East, Saint Petersburg, Leningrad Region and Kaliningrad Region.[70]

Authorities of Belarus,[71] Chad,[72] Republic of the Congo,[73] Democratic Republic of the Congo,[74] Equatorial Guinea,[75] Ghana,[76] Japan,[77] Kazakhstan,[78] Liberia,[79] South Africa,[80] and Tunisia[81] have announced plans to introduce electronic visas in the future.

These lists are not exhaustive. Some countries may have more detailed classifications of some of these categories reflecting the nuances of their respective geographies, social conditions, economies, international treaties, etc.

In some countries that exempt visitors of certain nationalities from visa requirements, it is still necessary to receive prior authorization before arriving by air. These travel authorizations typically last for several years, and can be used multiple times. Airlines are required to verify that all passengers without a visa have obtained authorization before departure, or risk fines and the cost of a returning a passenger to their country of origin.

• Australia requires visitors from certain countries to obtain an eVisitor or Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) before travel, and offers electronic visas to all others.
• Canada requires all international visitors arriving by air who do not require a visa, except for United States nationals, to apply for an Electronic Travel Authorization (or eTA) before arrival.
• New Zealand requires all international visitors from Visa waiver countries to apply for an Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) and International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy (IVL) before arrival.
• The United States has an internet system called Electronic System for Travel Authorization (or ESTA), but this is a security pre-screening only and does not technically qualify as a visa under US immigration law.
• The European Union is planning to adopt a system known as the European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS) for all non-EU citizens who are currently visa-exempt prior to their travel, to be implemented in 2020.[82]

Entry and duration period

Visas can also be single-entry, which means the visa is cancelled as soon as the holder leaves the country; double-entry, or multiple-entry, which permits double or multiple entries into the country with the same visa. Countries may also issue re-entry permits that allow temporarily leaving the country without invalidating the visa. Even a business visa will normally not allow the holder to work in the host country without an additional work permit.

Once issued, a visa will typically have to be used within a certain period of time.

With some countries, the validity of a visa is not the same as the authorized period of stay. The visa validity then indicates the time period when entry is permitted into the country. For example, if a visa has been issued to begin on January 1 and to expire on March 30, and the typical authorized period of stay in a country is 90 days, then the 90-day authorized stay starts on the day the passenger enters the country (entrance has to be between 1 January and 30 March). Thus, the latest day the traveller could conceivably stay in the issuing country is 1 July (if the traveller entered on 30 March). This interpretation of visas is common in the Americas.

With other countries, a person may not stay beyond the period of validity of their visa, which is usually set within the period of validity of their passport. The visa may also limit the total number of days the visitor may spend in the applicable territory within the period of validity. This interpretation of visa periods is common in Europe.

Once in the country, the validity period of a visa or authorized stay can often be extended for a fee at the discretion of immigration authorities. Overstaying a period of authorized stay given by the immigration officers is considered illegal immigration even if the visa validity period isn't over (i.e., for multiple entry visas) and a form of being "out of status" and the offender may be fined, prosecuted, deported, or even blacklisted from entering the country again.

Entering a country without a valid visa or visa exemption may result in detention and removal (deportation or exclusion) from the country. Undertaking activities that are not authorized by the status of entry (for example, working while possessing a non-worker tourist status) can result in the individual being deemed liable for deportation—commonly referred to as an illegal alien. Such violation is not a violation of a visa, despite the common misuse of the phrase, but a violation of status; hence the term "out of status".

Even having a visa does not guarantee entry to the host country. The border crossing authorities make the final determination to allow entry, and may even cancel a visa at the border if the alien cannot demonstrate to their satisfaction that they will abide by the status their visa grants them.

Some countries that do not require visas for short stays may require a long-stay visa for those who intend to apply for a residence permit. For example, the EU does not require a visa of citizens of many countries for stays under 90 days, but its member states require a long-stay visa of such citizens for longer stays.

Visa extensions

Many countries have a mechanism to allow the holder of a visa to apply to extend a visa. In Denmark, a visa holder can apply to the Danish Immigration Service for a Residence Permit after they have arrived in the country. In the United Kingdom, applications can be made to UK Visas and Immigration.

In certain circumstances, it is not possible for the holder of the visa to do this, either because the country does not have a mechanism to prolong visas or, most likely, because the holder of the visa is using a short stay visa to live in a country.

Visa run

Visa run example

Some foreign visitors sometimes engage in what is known as a visa run: leaving a country—usually to a neighbouring country—for a short period just before the permitted length of stay expires, then returning to the first country to get a new entry stamp in order to extend their stay ("reset the clock"). Despite the name, a visa run is usually done with a passport that can be used for entry without a visa.

Visa runs are frowned upon by immigration authorities as such acts may signify that the foreigner wishes to reside permanently and might also work in that country; purposes that visitors are prohibited from engaging in and usually require an immigrant visa or a work visa. Immigration officers may deny re-entry to visitors suspected of engaging in prohibited activities, especially when they have done repeated visa runs and have no evidence of spending reasonable time in their home countries or countries where they have the right to reside and work.

To combat visa runs, some countries have limits on how long visitors can spend in the country without a visa, as well as how much time they have to stay out before "resetting the clock". For example, Schengen countries impose a maximum limit for visitors of 90 days in any 180-day period. Some countries do not "reset the clock" when a visitor comes back after visiting a neighbouring country. For example, the United States does not give visitors a new period of stay when they come back from visiting Canada, Mexico, or the Caribbean; instead they are readmitted to the United States for the remaining days granted on their initial entry.[83] Some other countries, e.g. Thailand, allow visitors who arrive by land from neighbouring countries a shorter length of stay than those who arrive by air.

In some cases, a visa run is necessary to activate new visas or change the immigration status of a person. An example would be leaving a country and then returning immediately to activate a newly issued work visa before a person can legally work.

Visa refusal

In general, an applicant may be refused a visa if they do not meet the requirements for admission or entry under that country's immigration laws. More specifically, a visa may be denied or refused when the applicant:

• has committed fraud, deception, or misrepresentation in his or her current application as well as in a previous application
• has obtained a criminal record, has been arrested, or has criminal charges pending
• is considered to be a threat to national security
• does not have a good moral character
• has previous visa/immigration violations (even if the violations didn't happen in the country the applicant is seeking a visa for)
• had their previous visa application(s) or application for immigration benefits refused and cannot prove that the reasons for the previous refusals no longer exist or are not applicable any more (even if the refusals didn't previously happen in the country the applicant is seeking a visa for)
• cannot prove to have strong ties to their current country of nationality or residence (for those who are applying for temporary or non-immigrant visas)
• intends to reside or work permanently in the country she/he will visit if not applying for an immigrant or work visa respectively
• fails to demonstrate intent to return (for non-immigrants)
• fails to provide sufficient evidence/documents to prove eligibility for the visa sought after
• does not have a legitimate reason for the journey
• does not have adequate means of financial support for themselves or family
• does not have adequate medical insurance, especially if engaging in high risk activities (e.g. rock climbing, skiing, etc.)
• does not have travel arrangements (i.e. transport and lodging) in the destination country
• does not have health/travel insurance valid for the destination and the duration of stay
• is a citizen of a country to which the destination country is hostile or at war with
• has previously visited, or intends to visit, a country to which the destination country is hostile
• has a communicable disease, such as tuberculosis or ebola, or a sexually transmitted disease
• has a passport that expires too soon

Even if a traveller does not need a visa, the aforementioned criteria can also be used by border control officials to refuse the traveller entry into the country in question.

Visa policies

The main reasons states impose visa restrictions on foreign nationals are to curb illegal immigration, security concerns, and reciprocity for visa restrictions imposed on their own nationals. Typically, nations impose visa restrictions on citizens of poorer countries, along with politically unstable and undemocratic ones, as it is considered more likely that people from these countries will seek to illegally immigrate. Visa restrictions may also be imposed when nationals of another country are perceived as likelier to be terrorists or criminals, or by autocratic regimes that perceive foreign influence to be a threat to their rule.[84][85] According to Professor Eric Neumayer of the London School of Economics:

"The poorer, the less democratic, and the more exposed to armed political conflict the target country is, the more likely that visa restrictions are in place against its passport holders. The same is true for countries whose nationals have been major perpetrators of terrorist acts in the past".[84]

Some countries apply the principle of reciprocity in their visa policy. A country's visa policy is called 'reciprocal' if it imposes visa requirement against citizens of all the countries that impose visa requirements against its own citizens. The opposite is rarely true: a country rarely lifts visa requirements against citizens of all the countries that also lift visa requirements against its own citizens, unless a prior bilateral agreement has been made.

A fee may be charged for issuing a visa; these are often also reciprocal—hence, if country A charges country B's citizens US$50 for a visa, country B will often also charge the same amount for country A's visitors. The fee charged may also be at the discretion of each embassy. A similar reciprocity often applies to the duration of the visa (the period in which one is permitted to request entry of the country) and the number of entries one can attempt with the visa. Other restrictions, such as requiring fingerprints and photographs, may also be reciprocated. Expedited processing of the visa application for some countries will generally incur additional charges.

Government authorities usually impose administrative entry restrictions on foreign citizens in three ways - countries whose nationals may enter without a visa, countries whose nationals may obtain a visa on arrival, and countries whose nationals require a visa in advance. Nationals who require a visa in advance are usually advised to obtain them at a diplomatic mission of their destination country. Several countries allow nationals of countries that require a visa to obtain them online.

The following table lists visa policies of all countries by the number of foreign nationalities that may enter that country for tourism without a visa or by obtaining a visa on arrival with normal passport. It also notes countries that issue electronic visas to certain nationalities. Symbol "+" indicates a country that limits the visa-free regime negatively by only listing nationals who require a visa, thus the number represents the number of UN member states reduced by the number of nationals who require a visa and "+" stands for all possible non-UN member state nationals that might also not require a visa. "N/A" indicates countries that have contradictory information on its official websites or information supplied by the Government to IATA. Some countries that allow visa on arrival do so only at a limited number of entry points. Some countries such as the European Union member states have a qualitatively different visa regime between each other as it also includes freedom of movement.

The following table is current as of 3 October 2019. Source:[86]

Country	Total (excl. electronic visas)	Visa-free	Visa on arrival	Electronic visas	Notes
Afghanistan	0
Albania	85	85
Algeria	7	8
Angola	70	11	59
Antigua and Barbuda	106	106		All
Argentina	87	87
Armenia	129	62	67
Australia	1	1	0	All-1
Azerbaijan	25	10	15	93
Bahamas	120	120
Bahrain	70	4	66	115
Bangladesh	174	25	All-20		Limited VOA locations.
Barbados	114	108
Belarus	90	27+63
Belize	101	101
Benin	193+	56	All others
Bhutan	3	3
Bolivia	174+	51	123+
Bosnia and Herzegovina	97	97
Botswana	103	103
Brazil	99	99
Brunei	63	56	7
Burkina Faso	70	18	52
Burundi	6	6
Cambodia	193+	9	All others	All-10
Cameroon	6	6
Canada	53	53
Cape Verde	193+	57	All others
Central African Republic	17	17
Chad	15	14	1
Chile	92	92
China	17	17
Colombia	99	99
Comoros	193+	0	All
Republic of the Congo	13	13	5
Democratic Republic of the Congo	7	4	3
Costa Rica	97	97
Côte d'Ivoire	23	23		All
Cuba	18	18
Djibouti	193+	1	All	All
Dominica	196	All-2
Dominican Republic	108	108
Ecuador	168+	All-25
Egypt	115	8	103	46
El Salvador	86	86
Equatorial Guinea	8	8
Eritrea	3	1	2
Ethiopia	94	2	92	All-2	Limited VOA locations.
Fiji	107	107
Gabon	56	8	48	All
Gambia	125	104+17	4
Georgia	94	94
Ghana	62	28	34
Grenada	101	103	14
Guatemala	86	86
Guinea	21	21
Guinea-Bissau	193+	14	179+	All
Guyana	55	55
Haiti	184+	All-9
Honduras	84	84
Hong Kong[87]	144	144		1
India[88]	5	3	2	150	Limited e-Tourist Visa locations.
Indonesia	165+	All-28
Iran	183+	16	All-10
Iraq	6	0	6
Ireland	87	56			+31 EU/EEA/CH citizens.
Israel	99	99
Jamaica	116	93	23
Japan	66	66
Jordan	132	12	120		Limited VOA locations.
Kazakhstan	73	73
Kenya	43	43	0	All-16
Kiribati	73	73
North Korea	0
South Korea	117	117
Kuwait	58	5	53	53
Kyrgyzstan	149	69	19	All
Laos	178+	15	All-30
Lebanon	88	7	81
Lesotho	71	71		All
Liberia	14	14
Libya	2	2
Macau	192	81	All-6
North Macedonia	84	85
Madagascar	193+	0	All	All
Malawi	164+	33	131
Malaysia	163	163		10
Maldives	198	0	All
Mali	24	25
Marshall Islands	86	33	55
Mauritania	198	9	185
Mauritius	182	111	66
Mexico	67	65		3
Micronesia	198	194+
Moldova	69	69
Mongolia	21	22
Montenegro	94	95
Morocco	71	70
Mozambique	198	8	186+		Limited VOA locations.
Myanmar	8	8		102
Namibia	53	52
Nauru	14	0	16
Nepal	186	1	182+		Limited VOA locations.
New Zealand	1	0	0	60
Nicaragua	161	92	74
Niger	19	19
Nigeria	18	17	1
Oman	72	5	68
Pakistan	5	5
Palau	196	34	158+
Panama	119	117
Papua New Guinea	71	0	70
Paraguay	64	57	5
Peru	100	98
Philippines	160	157
Qatar	90	5	80+4	All-2	Limited VOA locations.
Russia	44	48
Rwanda	198	20	174+	All
Saint Kitts and Nevis	116	102		All
Saint Lucia	143	95	54
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	190	0	All-8
Samoa	198	All
São Tomé and Príncipe	57	45	0	All
Saudi Arabia	4	4		51
Schengen area[89]	93	62			32 EU/EEA/CH citizens.
Senegal	124	125
Serbia	86	78
Seychelles	198	34	160+
Sierra Leone	16	15
Singapore	163	160+
Solomon Islands	76	30	47
Somalia	198				Limited VOA locations.
South Africa	76	75
South Sudan	5	0	6
Sri Lanka	179	3	172+	172+
Sudan	8	32	2
Suriname	70	28	50
Swaziland	93	96
Syria	0
Tajikistan	81	9		81
Tanzania	176	6	All-24
Thailand	78	57	19
Timor-Leste	198	30	All		Limited VOA locations.
Togo	198	14	164+
Tonga	68	31	37
Trinidad and Tobago	104	101	2
Tunisia	96	96			+11 for organised groups.
Turkey	159	78	0	43	e-Visas can also be obtained on arrival for a higher cost.
Turkmenistan	0
Tuvalu	198	30	160+
Uganda	198	33	161+	All
Ukraine	100	64	34
United Arab Emirates	59	37	18
United Kingdom	91	56		4	+31 EU/EEA/CH citizens.
United States	44	42
Uruguay	79	76
Uzbekistan	16	16
Vanuatu	120	120
Venezuela	70	71
Vietnam	24	24		40
Yemen	12	1	11
Zambia	136	43	95	All
Zimbabwe	143	44	81	All

Visa exemption agreements

Possession of a valid visa is a condition for entry into many countries, and exemption schemes exist. In some cases visa-free entry may be granted to holders of diplomatic passports even as visas are required by normal passport holders (see: Passport).

Some countries have reciprocal agreements such that a visa is not needed under certain conditions, e.g., when the visit is for tourism and for a relatively short period. Such reciprocal agreements may stem from common membership in international organizations or a shared heritage:

• All citizens of European Union (EU) and EFTA member countries can travel to and stay in all other EU and EFTA countries without a visa. See Four Freedoms (European Union) and Citizenship of the European Union.
• The United States Visa Waiver Program allows citizens of 38 countries to travel to the United States without a visa (although a pre-trip entry permission, ESTA, is needed).[90]
• Any Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) citizen can enter and stay as long as required in any other GCC member state.
• All citizens of members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), excluding those defined by law as undesirable aliens, may enter and stay without a visa in any member state for a maximum period of 90 days. The only requirement is a valid travel document and international vaccination certificates.[91]
• Nationals of the East African Community member states do not need visas for entry into any of the member states.[92][93][94]
• Some countries in the Commonwealth do not require tourist visas of citizens of other Commonwealth countries.
• Citizens of member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations do not require tourist visas to visit another member state, with the exception of Myanmar. Until 2009, Burmese citizens were required to have visas to enter all other ASEAN countries. Following the implementation of visa exemption agreements with the other ASEAN countries, in 2016 Burmese citizens are only required to have visas to enter Malaysia and Singapore. Myanmar and Singapore had agreed on a visa exemption scheme set to be implemented on 1 December 2016.[95] ASEAN citizens are entitled to use the Burmese visa on arrival facility.
• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) member states mutually allow their citizens to enter visa-free, at least for short stays. There are exceptions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, and between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
• Nepal and India allow their citizens to enter, live, and work in each other's countries due to the Indo-Nepal friendship treaty of 1951. Indians do not require a visa or passport to travel to Bhutan and are only required to obtain passes at the border checkpoints, whilst Bhutan nationals holding a valid Bhutanese passport are authorized to enter India without a visa.

Other countries may unilaterally grant visa-free entry to nationals of certain countries to facilitate tourism, promote business, or even to cut expenses on maintaining consular posts abroad.

Some of the considerations for a country to grant visa-free entry to another country include (but are not limited to):

• being a low security risk for the country potentially granting visa-free entry
• diplomatic relationship between two countries
• conditions in the visitor's home country as compared to the host country
• having a low risk of overstaying or violating visa terms in the country potentially granting visa-free entry

To have a smaller worldwide diplomatic staff, some countries rely on other country's (or countries') judgments when issuing visas. For example, Mexico allows citizens of all countries to enter without Mexican visas if they possess a valid American visa that has already been used. Costa Rica accepts valid visas of Schengen/EU countries, Canada, Japan, South Korea, and the United States (if valid for at least 3 months on date of arrival). The ultimate example of such reliance is Andorra, which imposes no visa requirements of its own because it has no international airport and is inaccessible by land without passing through the territory of either France or Spain and is thus "protected" by the Schengen visa system.

Visa-free travel between countries also occurs in all cases where passports (or passport-replacing documents such as laissez-passer) are not needed for such travel. (For examples of passport-free travel, see International travel without passports.)

As of 2019, the Henley & Partners passport index ranks the Japanese, Singaporean, and South Korean passports as the ones with the most visa exemptions by other nations, allowing holders of those passports to visit 189 countries without obtaining a visa in advance of arrival.[96] However, as of 6 June 2019, the Passport Index ranks the United Arab Emirates passport as the one with the most visa exemptions by other nations, allowing holders of this passport to visit 173 countries[97] without obtaining a visa in advance of arrival.

Common visas

Normally, visas are valid for entry only into the country that issued the visa. Countries that are members of regional organizations or party to regional agreements may, however, issue visas valid for entry into some or all of the member states of the organization or agreement:

• The Schengen Visa is a visa for the Schengen Area, which consists of most of the European Economic Area, plus several other adjacent countries. The visa allows visitors to stay in the Schengen Area for up to 90 days within a 180-day period. The visa is valid for tourism, family visits, and business.
• The Central American Single Visa (Visa Única Centroamericana) is a visa for Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. It was implemented by the CA-4 agreement. It allows citizens of those four countries free access to other member countries. It also allows visitors to any member country to enter another member country without having to obtain another visa.

Possible common visa schemes

Potentially, there are new common visa schemes:

• An ASEAN common visa scheme has been considered with Thailand and the "CLMV" countries of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam opting in earlier. After talk arose of a CLMV common visa,[98] with Thailand being omitted, Thailand initiated and began implementation of a trial common visa with Cambodia, but cited security risks as the major hurdle. The trial run was delayed,[99] but Thailand implemented a single visa scheme with Cambodia beginning on December 27, 2012, on a trial basis.[100]
• A Gulf Cooperation Council single visa has been recommended as a study submitted to the council.[101]
• The Pacific Alliance, which currently consists of Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, offer a common visa for tourism purposes only in order to make it easier for nationals from countries outside of the alliance to travel through these countries by not having to apply for multiple visas.[102]
• An East African Single Tourist Visa is under consideration by the relevant sectoral authorities under the East African Community (EAC) integration program. If approved the visa will be valid for all five partner states in the EAC (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi). Under the proposal for the visa, any new East African single visa can be issued by any partner state's embassy. The visa proposal followed an appeal by the tourist boards of the partner states for a common visa to accelerate promotion of the region as a single tourist destination and the EAC Secretariat wants it approved before November's World Travel Fair (or World Travel Market) in London.[103] When approved by the East African council of ministers, tourists could apply for one country's entry visa, which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative.[104] This is considered also by COMESA.
• The SADC UNIVISA (or Univisa) has been in development since Southern African Development Community (SADC) members signed a Protocol on the Development of Tourism in 1998. The Protocol outlined the Univisa as an objective so as to enable the international and regional entry and travel of visitors to occur as smoothly as possible. It was expected to become operational by the end of 2002.[105] Its introduction was delayed and a new implementation date, the end of 2006, was announced. The univisa was originally intended to only be available, initially, to visitors from selected "source markets" including Australia, the Benelux countries, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[105] It is now expected that when the Univisa is implemented, it will apply to non-SADC international (long-haul) tourists travelling to and within the region and that it will encourage multi - destination travel within the region. It is also anticipated that the Univisa will enlarge tourist market for transfrontier parks by lowering the boundaries between neighbouring countries in the parks. The visa is expected to be valid for all the countries with trans frontier parks (Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe) and some other SADC countries (Angola and Swaziland).[106] As of 2017, universal visa is implemented by Zambia and Zimbabwe. Nationals of 65 countries and territories are eligible for visa on arrival that is valid for both countries. This visa is branded KAZA Uni-visa programme after Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA). It is expected that other SADC countries will join the programme in the future.[107]

Previous common visa schemes

These schemes no longer operate.

• The CARICOM Visa was introduced in late 2006 and allowed visitors to travel between 10 CARICOM member states (Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago). These ten member countries had agreed to form a "Single Domestic Space" in which travellers would only have their passport stamped and have to submit completed, standardized entry and departure forms at the first port and country of entry. The CARICOM Visa was applicable to the nationals of all countries except CARICOM member states (other than Haiti) and associate member states, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the overseas countries, territories, or departments of these countries. The CARICOM Visa could be obtained from the Embassies/Consulates of Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad & Tobago and in countries that have no CARICOM representatives, the applications forms could be obtained from the embassies and consulates of the United Kingdom. The common visa was only intended for the duration of the 2007 Cricket World Cup and was discontinued on May 15, 2007. Discussions are ongoing into instituting a revised CARICOM visa on a permanent basis in the future.
• A predecessor of the Schengen common visa was the Benelux visa. Visas issued by Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg were valid for all the three countries.

Exit visas

See also: Illegal emigration

Asia

Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates all have an exit visa requirement for alien foreign workers. This is part of their kafala work visa sponsorship system. Consequently, at the end of a foreign worker's employment period, the worker must secure clearance from their employer stating that the worker has satisfactorily fulfilled the terms of their employment contract or that the worker's services are no longer needed. The exit visa can also be withheld if there are pending court charges that need to be settled or penalties that have to be meted out. In September 2018, Qatar lifted the exit visa requirement for most workers.[108]

Nepal requires its citizens emigrating to the United States on an H-1B visa to present an exit permit issued by the Nepali Ministry of Labour. This document is called a work permit and needs to be presented to Nepali immigration to leave Nepal.[109]

Uzbekistan was the last remaining countries of the former USSR that required an exit visa, which was valid for a two-year period. The practice was abolished in 2019.[110] There had been explicit United Nations complaint about this practice.[111]

North Korea requires that its citizens obtain an exit visa stating the traveller's destination country and time to be spent abroad before leaving the country. Additionally, North Korean authorities also require North Korean citizens obtain a re-entry visa from a North Korean embassy or North Korean mission abroad before being allowed back into North Korea.

The government of the People's Republic of China requires its citizens to obtain a two-way permit, issued by the People's Republic of China's authorities, prior to visiting to Hong Kong or Macau. The two-way permit is a de facto exit visa for Hong Kong- or Macau-bound trips for citizens of the People's Republic of China.

Singapore operates an Exit Permit scheme in order to enforce the national service obligations of its male citizens and permanent residents.[112] Requirements vary according to age and status:[113]

Status	Time overseas	Requirements
Pre-enlistment: 13 – 16.5 years of age	3+ months	Exit permit
	2+ years	Exit permit + bond
Pre-enlistment: 16.5 years of age and older	3+ months	Registration, exit permit + bond[114]
Full-time National Service	3+ months	Exit permit
Operationally-ready National Service	14+ days	Overseas notification
	6+ months	National service unit approval + exit permit
Regular servicemen	3+ months	Exit permit, where Minimum Term of Engagement is not complete
	6+ months	Exit permit

Taiwan[115] and South Korea, two regions currently enforcing conscription, require draftees to register with local immigration office before short-term international travels and studies.

Europe

During the Fascist period in Italy, an exit visa was required from 1922 to 1943. Nazi Germany required exit visas from 1933 to 1945.[116]

The Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies required exit visas both for emigration and for those who wanted to leave the Soviet Union for a shorter period.

Some countries, including the Czech Republic,[117] require that an alien who needs a visa on entry be in possession of a valid visa upon exit. To satisfy this formal requirement, exit visas sometimes need to be issued. Russia requires an exit visa if a visitor stays past the expiration date of their visa. They must then extend their visa or apply for an exit visa and are not allowed to leave the country until they show a valid visa or have a permissible excuse for overstaying their visa (e.g., a note from a doctor or a hospital explaining an illness, missed flight, lost or stolen visa). In some cases, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs can issue a return-Home certificate that is valid for ten days from the embassy of the visitor's native country, thus eliminating the need for an exit visa.

A foreign citizen granted a temporary residence permit in Russia needs a temporary resident visa to take a trip abroad (valid for both exit and return). It is also colloquially called an exit visa. Not all foreign citizens are subject to that requirement. Citizens of Germany, for example, do not require this exit visa.

The Americas

The government of Cuba announced in October 2012 its plans to remove exit visa requirements to be effective January 14, 2013, albeit with some exceptions.[118]

Guatemala requires any foreigner who is a permanent resident to apply for a multiple 5-year exit visa.

United States of America

The United States of America does not require exit visas. Since October 1, 2007, however, the U.S. government requires all foreign and U.S. nationals departing the United States by air to hold a valid passport (or certain specific passport-replacing documents). Even though travellers might not require a passport to enter a certain country, they will require a valid passport booklet (booklet only, U.S. Passport Card not accepted) to depart the United States in order to satisfy the U.S. immigration authorities.[119] Exemptions to this requirement to hold a valid passport include:

• U.S. Permanent Resident/Resident Alien Card (Form I-551);
• U.S. Military ID Cards when travelling on official orders;
• U.S. Merchant Mariner Card;
• NEXUS Card;
• U.S. travel document:
  • Refugee Travel Document (Form I-571); or
  • Permit to Re-Enter (Form I-327)
• Emergency Travel Document (e.g. Consular Letter) issued by a foreign embassy or consulate specifically for the purpose of travel to the bearer's home country.
• Nationals of Mexico holding one of the following documents:
  • (expired) "Matricula Consular"; or
  • Birth certificate with consular registration; or
  • Certificate of Nationality issued by a Mexican consulate abroad; or
  • Certificate of Military Duty (Cartilla Militar); or
  • Voter's Certificate (Credencial IFE or Credencial para Votar).

In addition, green card holders and certain other aliens must obtain a certificate of compliance (also known as a "sailing permit" or "departure permit") from the Internal Revenue Service proving that they are up-to-date with their US income tax obligations before they may leave the country.[120] While the requirement has been in effect since 1921, it has not been stringently enforced, but in 2014 the House Ways and Means Committee has considered beginning to enforce the requirement as a way to increase tax revenues.[121]

Visa restrictions

Henley & Partners

Henley & Partners annually compiles their Passport Index, which ranks passports according to the lack of visas required of their bearers. The index is based on the International Air Transport Association database.[122] The HPI consists of a ranking of passports according to how many other territories can be reached 'visa-free' (defined below). All distinct destination countries and territories in the IATA database are considered. However, since not all territories issue passports, there are far fewer passports to be ranked than destinations against which queries are made.[123]

World Tourism Organization

The World Tourism Organization in its Visa Openness Report concluded that the countries whose citizens were least affected by visa restrictions in 2020 were (based on the data compiled by the UNWTO, based on information from national official institutions):[124]

Least restricted citizens

Rank	Country	Mobility index (out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1, visa on arrival weighted by 0.7, eVisa by 0.5 and traditional visa weighted by 0)
1	United Arab Emirates	178
2	Finland,  Germany,  Luxembourg,  Spain	171
3	Austria,  Denmark,  Ireland,  Netherlands,  Portugal,  South Korea,  Switzerland,  United States	170
4	Belgium,  France,  Greece,  Italy,  Japan,  Malta,  Norway,  Singapore,  Sweden	169
5	Canada,  Czech Republic,  Hungary,  Lithuania,  New Zealand,  Poland,  Slovakia,  United Kingdom	168

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[125] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination

An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever

Main article: Carte Jaune

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[126]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[127]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[128] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[129] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[130]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[131][132] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[133]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[134] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[135] Lebanon,[136] Libya,[137] Sudan,[138] Syria,[139] and Yemen[140] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[141]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity

Main article: Armenia–Azerbaijan relations

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[142][143]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[144] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[145] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[146] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics

See also: Countries applying biometrics

A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[147]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[148][149] Argentina,[150] Brunei, Cambodia,[151] China,[152] Ethiopia,[153] Ghana, Guinea,[154] India, Japan,[155][156] Kenya (fingerprints and photo),[157] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[158] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[159] Singapore, South Korea,[160] Taiwan, Thailand,[161] Uganda[162] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[163] [164] [165] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[166]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[167] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[168][169] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[170] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[171][172]

See also

• Visa fraud
• Electronic Travel Authority (Australia)
• Electronic System for Travel Authorization (US)
• Entry certificate
• List of nationalities forbidden at border
• Non-visa travel restrictions
• Travel document
• Van Der Elst visa

References

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2. B. S. Prakash (31 May 2006). "Only an exit visa". Retrieved 10 May 2008.
3. "Visa requirements for tourism eased around the world: UN agency". 15 January 2016.
4. Visa Openness Report 2015 January 2016. 2016. doi:10.18111/9789284417384. ISBN 9789284417384.
5. "History of passports - Passport Canada". 3 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
6. Benedictus, Leo (17 November 2006). "A brief history of the passport". the Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
7. Canada, Gouvernement du Canada, Affaires étrangères et Commerce international. "International.gc.ca".
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Further reading

• United States Department of State, "Report of the Visa Office", Visa Office, Immigrant Visa Control and Reporting Division
• United States Department of State, Nonimmigrant Visa Statistics

External links

• Travel visa at Curlie