Visa requirements for Iraqi citizens

Visa requirements for Iraqi citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Iraq. As of 1 October 2019, Iraqi citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 27 countries and territories, ranking the Iraqi passport 106th in the world in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Front cover of an Iraqi passport (1991-2003) design

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for Iraqi citizens

  Iraq

  Visa not required

  Visa on arrival

  eVisa

  Visa available both on arrival or online

  Visa required

Visa requirements

Country	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
Afghanistan	Visa required[2]
Albania	Visa required[3]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Algeria	Visa required[4]
Andorra	Visa required[5]
Angola	Visa required[6]
Antigua and Barbuda	Electronic Entry Visa[7]	30 days	Visa free for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.
Argentina	Visa required[8]
Armenia	Visa required[9]
Australia	Visa required[10]
Austria	Visa required[11]
Azerbaijan	Visa required[12]		Visa on arrival if having official invitation letter issued by the State Migration Service of Azerbaijan.
Bahamas	eVisa[13]
Bahrain	eVisa[14]
Bangladesh	eVisa[15]
Barbados	Visa required[16]
Belarus	eVisa[17]
Belgium	Visa required[18]
Belize	Visa required[19]		Permanent residents and holders of multiple entry visa of the United States may obtain a visa on arrival.holder valid visa issued by a Schengen Member State are visa exempt for a maximum stay of 90 days.
Benin	eVisa[20]	90 days	Must have an international vaccination certificate.
Bhutan	Visa required[21]		Holders of an application for a tourist visa can obtain a visa on arrival.
Bolivia	Visa required[22]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Visa required[23]		* Visa not required for 30 days if holding multiple-entry visa issued by Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland (Rep.), Monaco, Romania, USA, United Kingdom or a Schengen Member State.
Botswana	Visa required[24]
Brazil	Visa required[25]
Brunei	Visa required[26]
Bulgaria	Visa required[27]		* Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states.
Burkina Faso	Visa required[28]
Burundi	Visa required[29][30]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Cambodia	eVisa[31]	30 days
Cameroon	Visa required[32]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.[33]
Canada	Visa required[34]
Cape Verde	Visa on arrival[35]	3 months
Central African Republic	Visa required[36]
Chad	Visa required[37]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Chile	Visa required[38]
China	Visa required[39]
Colombia	eVisa[40]		Online visa application available.
Comoros	eVisa[41]	45 days
Republic of the Congo	Visa required[42]		Visa not required if passengers have a V.I.P invitation letter.
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Visa required[43]		Passenger with a letter (Visa Volant) issued by the Ministry of Interior and Security can obtain a visa on arrival.
Costa Rica	Visa required[44]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of the United States and Canada.
Côte d'Ivoire	eVisa[45]
Croatia	Visa required[46]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states.
Cuba	Visa required[47]		Eligible to travel to Cuba with a tourist card only without visa if hold a valid visa or permanent residence permit issued by Canada, the United States or an EU member state.
Cyprus	Visa required[48]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states.
Czech Republic	Visa required[49]
Denmark	Visa required[50]
Djibouti	eVisa[51]	31 days
Dominica	Visa not required[52]	21 days	Visa free for a maximum stay of 6 months for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.
Dominican Republic	Visa required[53]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States and Canada.
Ecuador	Visa required[54]
Egypt	Visa required[55]
El Salvador	Visa required[56]
Equatorial Guinea	Visa required[57]
Eritrea	Visa required[58]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Estonia	Visa required[59]
Eswatini	Visa required[60]
Ethiopia	eVisa[61]	up to 90 days	eVisa holders must arrive via Addis Ababa Bole International Airport
Fiji	Visa required[62]
Finland	Visa required[63]
France	Visa required[64]
Gabon	eVisa[65]		Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.
Gambia	Visa required[66]		Visa not required if Passengers traveling as tourists on a charter flight.
Georgia	Visa required[67]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of EU/EFTA, GCC, Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea and the United States.
Germany	Visa required[68]
Ghana	Visa required[69]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Greece	Visa required[70]		Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at Greece Embassy in Baghdad
Grenada	Visa required[71]
Guatemala	Visa required[72]
Guinea	eVisa[73]
Guinea-Bissau	eVisa / Visa on arrival[74]	90 days
Guyana	Visa required[75]		Those travelling as tourists can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 30 days provided holding a letter of invitation from sponsor or host.
Haiti	Visa not required[76]	3 months
Honduras	Visa required[77]
Hungary	Visa required[78]
Iceland	Visa required[79]
India	Visa required[80]		Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at INDIA EMBASSY IN BAGHDAD Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at INDIA CONSULATE IN ERBIL
Indonesia	Visa required[81]		Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at INDONESIA EMBASSY IN BAGHDAD
Iran	Visa required[82]		Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at IRAN EMBASSY IN BAGHDAD Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at IRAN CONSULATE IN ERBIL Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at IRAN CONSULATE IN SULAYIMANIAH Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at IRAN CONSULATE IN KARBALA Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at IRAN CONSULATE IN NAJAF Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at IRAN CONSULATE IN BASRA Visa not required if visiting Kish island.
Ireland	Visa required[83]
Israel	Visa required[84]		Confirmation from Israeli government is required before a visa is issued.[85]
Italy	Visa required[86]
Jamaica	Visa required[87]
Japan	Visa required[88]
Jordan	Visa required[89]		Visa on arrival if having an official "Businessmen card" issued by Jordan or an official letter confirming the attendance to a conference or workshop. Visa is not required only if holding residence permits issued by , A GCC Member States, Switzerland an EEA Member state, Australia, Canada , Japan, or a Permanent Resident Card (Form I-551) issued by the USA. The residence permit should be valid for a minimum of 6 months. Visa on arrival if traveling for medical treatment for Female or Male older than 50 years and younger than 15 years.
Kazakhstan	Visa required[90]		Visitors arriving from a country without Kazakh representation and holding an invitation letter, can obtain a single entry visa on arrival for a max. stay of 1 month.
Kenya	Visa required[91]
Kiribati	Visa required[92]
North Korea	Visa required[93]		North Korea Has not Embassy in Iraq Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at NORTH KOREA EMBASSY IN CAIRO OR NORTH KOREA EMBASSY IN TEHRAN
South Korea	Visa required[94]
Kuwait	Visa required[95]		Passengers with a confirmation that a visa has been approved before departure can collect their original visa at immigration counter.
Kyrgyzstan	eVisa[96]		Electronic visa holders must arrive via Manas International Airport or Osh Airport or through land crossings with China (at Irkeshtam and Torugart), Kazakhstan (at Ak-jol, Ak-Tilek, Chaldybar, Chon-Kapka), Tajikistan (at Bor-Dobo, Kulundu, Kyzyl-Bel) and Uzbekistan (at Dostuk).[97]
Laos	Visa required[98]
Latvia	Visa required[99]
Lebanon	Visa on arrival[100]	30 days	Extendable for 2 months Free at Beirut International Airport or any other entry port (no Israeli visa/seal, hold a phone number, Lebanese address, non-refundable return/circle ticket).
Lesotho	eVisa[101][102]
Liberia	Visa required[103]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Libya	Visa required[104]
Liechtenstein	Visa required[105]
Lithuania	Visa required[106]
Luxembourg	Visa required[107]
Madagascar	eVisa / Visa on arrival[108]	90 days
Malawi	eVisa[109]
Malaysia	Visa not required[110]	30 days
Maldives	Free visa on arrival[111]	30 days
Mali	Visa required[112]
Malta	Visa required[113]
Marshall Islands	Visa required[114]
Mauritania	Visa on arrival[115]		Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport. 30 days and 90 days and 1 year visa are available.
Mauritius	Visa required[116]
Mexico	Visa required[117]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Japan.
Micronesia	Visa not required[118]	30 days
Moldova	Visa required[119][120]		Invitation letter holders may apply for a visa electronically.
Monaco	Visa required[121]
Mongolia	Visa required[122]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Montenegro	Visa required[123]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states, the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States.
Morocco	Visa required[124]
Mozambique	Visa on arrival[125]	30 days
Myanmar	Visa required[126]		Passengers with a letter of approval issued by the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism can obtain a visa on arrival
Namibia	Visa required[127]
Nauru	eVisa[128]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Nepal	Visa required[129]
Netherlands	Visa required[130]
New Zealand	Visa required[131]		May apply online.
Nicaragua	Visa required[132]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states, the United States and Canada.
Niger	Visa required[133]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival
Nigeria	Visa required[134]		Holders of written e-Visa approval issued by Immigration Authority can obtain a visa on arrival, provided holding a visa application form and e-Visa application payment receipt and holding an invitation letter from Nigerian company accepting immigration responsibilities.
North Macedonia	Visa required[135]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 15 days for valid visa holders of the Schengen Area member states.
Norway	Visa required[136]
Oman	eVisa[137]		Passengers with a Visa Deposit Receipt can obtain a visa on arrival.
Pakistan	Online Visa[138]		Online Visa eligible.[139] Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[140]
Palau	Free visa on arrival[141]	30 days
Panama	Visa required[142]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 30 days for valid visa holders or residents of Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.
Papua New Guinea	Visa required[143]
Paraguay	Visa required[144]
Peru	Visa required[145]
Philippines	Visa required[146]
Poland	Visa required[147]		Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at POLAND CONSULATE IN ERBIL
Portugal	Visa required[148]		Portugal Has not Embassy in Iraq Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at VFS GLOBAL IN ERBIL
Qatar	eVisa[149][150]		Holder of valid residence permits or visas from either the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the Schengen countries, or the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council can obtain an Electronic Travel Authorisation
Romania	Visa required[151]		Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at ROMANIA EMBASSY IN ANKARA or ROMANIA CONSULATE IN ERBIL Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states.
Russia	Visa required[152]
Rwanda	eVisa / Visa on arrival[153]	30 days
Saint Kitts and Nevis	eVisa[154]
Saint Lucia	Visa required[155]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Visa required[156]
Samoa	Visa not required[157]	60 days
San Marino	Visa required[158]		Same rules as for Italy. No border control but accessible only via Italy.
São Tomé and Príncipe	eVisa[159][160]		Holders of a visa issued by the United States or a Schengen area member state do not require a visa for stays up to 15 days.
Saudi Arabia	Visa required[161]
Senegal	Visa required[162]		Visa not required for Passengers with an official invitation letter.
Serbia	Visa required[163]		Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days for valid visa holders or residents of the Schengen Area member states, the United Kingdom, Ireland and the United States.
Seychelles	Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[164]	3 months
Sierra Leone	Visa required[165]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival
Singapore	eVisa[166]
Slovakia	Visa required[167]
Slovenia	Visa required[168]
Solomon Islands	Visa required[169]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Somalia	Visa on arrival[170]	30 days	Available at Bosaso, Galcaio and Mogadishu airports.
South Africa	Visa required[171]		SOUTH AFRICA Has not Embassy in Iraq Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at SOUTH AFRICA EMBASSY IN AMMAN
South Sudan	Visa required[172]
Spain	Visa required[173]		Iraqi Citizens can apply for visa at SPAIN EMBASSY IN BAGHDAD Iraqi Kurdistan Citizens can apply for visa at ALVARO TRAVEL COMPANY IN ERBIL OR SPAIN EMBASSY IN ANKARA OR SPAIN CONSULATE IN ISTANBUL via BLS INTERNATIONAL
Sri Lanka	eVisa / Visa on arrival[174]	30 days
Sudan	Visa required[175]		Passengers with an "Entry Permit" issued by the Sudanese Ministry of Interior can obtain a visa on arrival.
Suriname	eVisa[176]
Sweden	Visa required[177]
Switzerland	Visa required[178]
Syria	Visa required[179]		Conditional VoA can be obtained.
Tajikistan	eVisa[180]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Tanzania	eVisa[181][182]
Thailand	Visa required[183]
Timor-Leste	Visa on arrival[184]	30 days
Togo	Visa on arrival[185]	7 days
Tonga	Visa required[186]
Trinidad and Tobago	Visa required[187]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Tunisia	Visa required[188]		Visa not required for passengers traveling on an organized tour.
Turkey	Visa required[189]		Holders of a valid visa or residence permit from Schengen area countries, Ireland, the United Kingdom or the United States can apply for e-visa at Airports only
Turkmenistan	Visa required[190]		Conditional VoA can be obtained.
Tuvalu	Visa on arrival[191]	1 month
Uganda	eVisa / Visa on arrival[192]	3 months
Ukraine	Visa required[193]
United Arab Emirates	eVisa[194]
United Kingdom	Visa required[195]
United States	Visa required[196]
Uruguay	Visa required[197]
Uzbekistan	eVisa[198]		Pre-arranged visa can be picked up on arrival.
Vanuatu	Visa required[199]
Vatican City	Visa required[200]		Schengen Visa Required. Entry can be made from Italy exclusively.
Venezuela	Visa required[201]
Vietnam	eVisa[202]		Prearranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Phu Quoc or Da Nang airports. Phú Quốc - visa exemption for up to 30 days.
Yemen	Visa required[203]
Zambia	eVisa[204]
Zimbabwe	eVisa[205]

Non-visa restrictions

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[206] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination

An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever

Main article: Carte Jaune

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[207]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[208]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[209] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[210] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[211]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[212][213] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[214]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[215] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[216] Lebanon,[217] Libya,[218] Sudan,[219] Syria,[220] and Yemen[221] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[222]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity

Main article: Armenia–Azerbaijan relations

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[223][224]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[225] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[226] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[227] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics

See also: Countries applying biometrics

A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[228]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[229][230] Argentina,[231] Brunei, Cambodia,[232] China,[233] Ethiopia,[234] Ghana, Guinea,[235] India, Japan,[236][237] Kenya (fingerprints and photo),[238] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[239] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[240] Singapore, South Korea,[241] Taiwan, Thailand,[242] Uganda[243] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[244] [245] [246] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[247]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[248] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[249][250]

See also

• Visa policy of Iraq
• Iraqi passport
• Foreign relations of Iraq

References and Notes

References

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65. Gabon e-Visa
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68. Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
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245. Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
246. LIPTON, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
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250. "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn’t the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.

Notes