Baikonur

Baikonur (Kazakh: Байқоңыр, Baıqońyr, بايقوڭىر‎; Russian: Байконур, romanized: Baykonur), formerly known as Leninsk (also, see Tyuratam), is a city of republic significance in Kazakhstan on the northern bank of the Syr Darya river, rented and administered by the Russian Federation. It was constructed to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome and was officially renamed Baikonur by Russian president Boris Yeltsin on December 20, 1995. During the Soviet period, it was sometimes referred to as Звездоград (Zvezdograd), Russian for 'Star City'.[2]

For other meanings, see Baikonur (disambiguation).
Baikonur

Baıqońyr/Байқоныр  (Kazakh)
Байконур  (Russian)
An aerial view of Baikonur
Flag
Seal
Baikonur
Location in Kazakhstan
Baikonur
Baikonur (Asia)
Coordinates: 45°37′0″N 63°19′0″E
Country Kazakhstan
 Russia (administered)
Founded1955
Incorporated (city)1966
Area
 • Total57 km2 (22 sq mi)
Elevation
100 m (300 ft)
Population
 (2009)[1]
 • Total36,175
 • Density630/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+6 (UTC+6)
Postal code
710501
Area code(s)+7 73622
Vehicle registrationN, 11 (), 94 ()
ClimateBWk
Websitewww.baikonuradm.ru

In 2009, the population of Baikonur was 36,175 (2009 Census results),[1] while in 1999, it was 28,776 (1999 Census results).[1]

The rented area is an ellipse measuring 90 kilometres (56 mi) east to west by 85 km (53 mi) north to south, with the cosmodrome situated at the area's centre.

History

The original Baikonur (Kazakh for "wealthy brown", i.e. "fertile land with many herbs") is a mining town 320 kilometres northeast of the present location, near Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan's Karagandy Region. Starting with Vostok 1 in April 1961, the launch site was given this name to cause confusion and keep the location secret. (The original Baikonur's residents took advantage of the confusion by ordering and receiving many scarce materials before government officials discovered the deception.)[3] Baikonur's railway station predates the base and retains the old name of Tyuratam. This was the original Soviet railway station (railhead) on the Moscow to Tashkent Railway that the Cosmodrome was initially named after.

The fortunes of the city have varied according to those of the Soviet or Russian space program and its Baikonur Cosmodrome. Foreign visitors need pre-approval from the Russian authorities to visit both the town of Baikonur itself and the Cosmodrome. Foreign visitors need to obtain a written approval which is completely separate from having a regular Russian Visa.

The Soviet government established the Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Ispytatel'nyi Poligon N.5 (NIIIP-5), or Scientific-Research Test Range N.5 by its decree of 12 February 1955. The U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range (cosmodrome Baikonur) for the first time on 5 August 1957. See right for a composite satellite image of the early Tyuratam launch complex, the cosmodrome (30 May 1962).

Climate

Baikonur features a cold desert climate (BWk). Summers are hot with July highs averaging slightly over 34 °C (93 °F), while winters are cold, with longer periods of sustained below-freezing temperatures.[4]

Climate data for Baikonur
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9)		 −4.2
(24.4)		 4.2
(39.6)		 17.5
(63.5)		 26.3
(79.3)		 31.9
(89.4)		 34.1
(93.4)		 31.5
(88.7)		 24.9
(76.8)		 14
(57)		 4.5
(40.1)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 14.7
(58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −9.6
(14.7)		 −8.7
(16.3)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 11.4
(52.5)		 19.4
(66.9)		 24.8
(76.6)		 27.2
(81.0)		 24.4
(75.9)		 17.9
(64.2)		 8.2
(46.8)		 0.3
(32.5)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 9.1
(48.3)
Average low °C (°F) −13.6
(7.5)		 −13.2
(8.2)		 −5.3
(22.5)		 5.3
(41.5)		 12.6
(54.7)		 17.8
(64.0)		 20.3
(68.5)		 17.4
(63.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 2.5
(36.5)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 −9.3
(15.3)		 3.5
(38.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 12
(0.5)		 9
(0.4)		 15
(0.6)		 17
(0.7)		 12
(0.5)		 6
(0.2)		 5
(0.2)		 5
(0.2)		 6
(0.2)		 14
(0.6)		 14
(0.6)		 16
(0.6)		 131
(5.3)
Source: Climate-data.org[4]

Places of interest

South of city center, near the Syr Darya River there is a large park with several sports and amusement facilities. Among these is a ferris wheel, which is no longer in use. The park is located at coordinates 45°36′42″N 63°19′06″E.

  • U-2 Photograph of R-7 Launch Pad in Tyura-Tam
  • Baikonur and Syr Darya River
  • Entrance to the city
  • Kazakh boy wearing a national costume at the celebration of Nauryz event in Baikonur with a camel
gollark: No. I am describing osmarks.tk 2.0™.
gollark: Also, there would be animations constantly which add no actual value but add 50% to the CPU use.
gollark: Anyway, if you could make it past that to one of the content pages, they would each have their own loading screens, probably prompt you for the newsletter again, have more irrelevant shiny images, and have excessively large text and a UI designed for 3.5" mobile phone screens.
gollark: They would have close buttons but they would only work 50% of the time.
gollark: Oh, and ones asking for cookie consent and newsletter signup.

See also
  • List of closed cities

References
  1. "Население Республики Казахстан" (in Russian). Департамент социальной и демографической статистики. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  2. Barensky, C.; Lardier, Stefan (2013). The Soyuz launch vehicle the two lives of an engineering triumph. New York: Springer. p. 189. ISBN 146145459X.
  3. Siddiqi, Asif A. Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974. NASA. p. 284.
  4. "Climate: Baikonur". Retrieved October 23, 2018.

Further reading
  • "Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - A.I. Ostashev, Korolyov, 2001.;
  • "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." - M. I. Kuznetsk, Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ISBN 5-89981-117-X;
  • "Unknown Baikonur" - edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8
  • "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" - Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3
  • A.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2.
  • "Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kiev, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9
  • "We grew hearts in Baikonur" - Author: Eliseev V. I. M: publisher OAO MPK in 2018, ISBN 978-5-8493-0415-1
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