Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan

The Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan, also known as the Sovietization or Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan, was a military campaign carried out by the 11th Army of Soviet Russia in April 1920 to install a new Soviet government in the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[1][2][3] The invasion coincided with the anti-government insurrection staged by the local Azerbaijani Bolsheviks in the capital, Baku. The invasion led to the dissolution of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the establishment of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.[4][5]

Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
Part of the Armenian–Azerbaijani War and the Russian Civil War

Red Army in Baku, May 1920
Date1920
Location
Transcaucasia
Result Overthrow of the ADR government
Establishment of Azerbaijan SSR
Belligerents
 Russian SFSR
Azerbaijani Bolsheviks		 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
Commanders and leaders
Mikhail Tukhachevsky
Mikhail Levandovsky
Mikhail G. Yefremov
Gazanfar Musabekov
Nariman Narimanov
Chingiz Ildyrym		 Samad Mehmandarov

Background
Sergey Kirov, Anastas Mikoyan, Sergo Ordzhonikidze and Mikhail Levandovsky among Red Army soldiers in Baku

In early January 1920, the word came from Moscow, telling that all national organizations have to be liquidated and join the Communist party according to the region where they are located.[6] The newly created Communist Party would include all nationalities in Azerbaijan without dividing them into Muslims or Turks as was with "Himmat" which now had to be ceased.[7] The new organization was called the Azerbaijan Communist Party (AzCP).[8] Even though the "Himmat" was dissolved, the members of this party did not protest, because in the Constituent Congress of the AzCP the majority of participants were Muslims. So, Himmat had as many representatives as Russian Communist Party did – 30, another 30 belonged to Adalat, and additional 60 belonged to other Communist cells, which were mostly Himmatists as well.[9]

Everything started with the first note in the beginning of January 1920 from the Commissar of Foreign Affairs of Soviet Russian, Georgy Chicherin, to the Prime Minister Fatali Khan Khoyski. In this note, Chicherin demanded to create an alliance against Denikin, who was the leading general of the White movement.[10][11][12] This was done in order to engage Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in the exhaustive civil war, which would take enormous effort in an equal fight.[13] The Allied Supreme court reacted to the Soviet pressure and decided to send military aid to Azerbaijan. Fatali Khan Khoyski, who believed that the Allies were to come on time, refused the first demand of Chicherin.[10]

In his second note to Khoyski, Chicherin accused the Azerbaijani government for not joining the Russian army against its enemy. He also repeated his demands, which again were not met by Khoyski. Instead, in his reply in the beginning of February, Khoyski insisted on recognition of Azerbaijan as a sovereign and independent country, before they move on to the further discussions. Chicherin, in his next note, stated that there is no advantage of recognizing Azerbaijan as an independent country and that the Soviets take the demands and notes of Khoyski as a rejection to its proposals. [14]

Meanwhile, the AzCP was observing an increase in the number of followers of this ideology. The number of members reached 4,000 people by late April 1920. [15] People were mainly advocating the way in which Azerbaijan had to surrender to Soviet Russia, because this was the only way to save the republic. [16] One of the most prominent followers of this idea was the interior minister of that time Mammad Hasan Hajinski.[17] Even after Hajinski was moved to another, less central position in the cabinet of ministers, he continued his pro-Russian economically directed activities, such as selling oil to the Soviet. [16]

On 23 March 1920 the Armenians started protesting in Karabakh with the support of Yerevan.[18] The government of Azerbaijan reacted by sending most of its army to that region and leaving Baku and North regions with little protection.[17] Meanwhile, Russian troops – the Bolshevik Eleventh Army – were conquering North Caucasus, including Dagestan, and coming closer to the borders of Azerbaijan. [16]

By early 1920, Soviet Russia desperately needed oil supplies from Baku.[19]On 17 March 1920, Vladimir Lenin sent the following telegraph to the Revolutionary Military Council on the Caucasus Front:

We absolutely must take Baku. Direct all your efforts to this end, but it is necessary to remain strictly diplomatic in your statements and to ensure to a maximum extent a solid preparation for the local Soviet power. Same applies to Georgia, although in this case I advise you to be even more careful.[20]

After, he appointed Serebrovsky to take control over Baku oil. Sergo Ordzhonikidze and his deputy Sergey Kirov had to take military actions directed to conquest of the territory under the special body of Caucasian Bureau.[21] Being confused, Khoyski sent a note to Chicherin on 15 Aprilth, demanding an explanation of the reasons why Bolshevik troops were approaching Azerbaijani borders. However, no reply was sent from Chicherin. [22]

The political situation was also changing in the country. The members of Menshevik-oriented Himmat were joining the Communist Party one by one. The Ittihad party also was losing its members to the AzCP. Ussubakov's government, which lost the support of Ittihad due to the movement of members to CP, resigned on 1 Aprilth.[23][12] Hajinski decided to take advantage of this situation and to form a new cabinet. Hajinski was continuously negotiating with Halil Pasha, who saw the former as a friend of Turkey. Together with AzCP they drafted the resolution, which stated that there was no need in Red Army invasion, as Turkey Communist Party and AzCP were going to organize an internal coup of the government.[21] They even were able to receive the confirmation from the Eleventh Army that the latter is not going to intervene the country in 24 hours period. [22]

Military operation

On 21 April 1920, Tukhachevsky issued the following directive for the 11th Red Army and the Volga-Caspian military flotilla to initiative an offensive towards Baku:

Azerbaijan's main forces are busy on the western side of the country. According to our intelligence, only minor Azerbaijani force is defending the station of Yalama—Baku. In accordance with received directives, I order:

1. For the commander of 11th Army to cross the border Azerbaijan on April 27 and, in a quick offensive, to take control of the Baku province. Yalama—Baku operation to be concluded within 5 days. The cavalry units must be sent to take control of the Transcaucasian railroad around Kurdamir.

2. By the time, when 11th Army approaches the Absheron Peninsula, commander of the [Caspian] flotilla, Raskolnikov, to ensure landing of a small unit around the Alat station. This unit shall take orders from the commander of 11th Army. Make a quick raid to take control of Baku using all of the tanker fleet, prevent any damage to the oil fields[24]

The day after that, Hajinsky declared his failure to create a new cabinet.[25] On 24 April, the Bolshevik army started its mobilization and was occupying the government buildings and started imposing Martial laws on Baku.[25][26] On 25 April, the operations continued and all Communist party committees were warned and threatened with immediate death if they do not subordinate to orders. In the midnight of 27th, Azerbaijani government found out that Russian troops were entering the country from the north, and as almost all military power was sent to Karabakh, there was left only a small portion of the army, which obviously could not resist to the Red Army. General Shikhlinsii was not able to implement military actions that would stop Russian army to move towards Baku.[26] On the same day, Russian Communist Party, Azerbaijan Communist Party and Caucasian Regional Committee established The Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee, which was proclaimed to be the only lawful authority in the country. Nariman Narimanov was proclaimed as the head of The Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee; it also included members such as Mirza Davud Huseynov, Ghazanfar Musabakov, Hamid Sultanov, Dadash Buniatzada, Alimov, and Ali Heydar Garayev. [27] As soon as AzRevKom was founded, Sultanov presented an ultimatum to the Parliament to surrender, transfer its powers and dissolve during twelve hours. [25]

Parliament came to a conclusion to pass the authority to the Communist Party under the following conditions[28]:

1. Full independence of Azerbaijan under Soviet power will be maintained.

2. The government formed by the Communist Party of Azerbaijan will have provisional authority.

3. The final system of government in Azerbaijan will be determined without any outside pressure, by the supreme legislative organ of Azerbaijan, the Soviet of Azerbaijani Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers.

4. All functionaries of the governmental agencies will retain their posts and only persons holding positions of responsibility will be replaced.

5. The newly formed provisional Communist government guarantees the life and property of the members of the present government and parliament.

6. It will take measures to prevent the entry of the Red Army under battle conditions.

7. The new government will resist, using strong measures and all the means at its disposal, all outside forces, from whatever quarter, aiming at the suppression of Azerbaijani independence.

Thus, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic stopped its existence on 28 April 1920.[12]The occupation of Azerbaijan had economic reasons, as well as political. The most prominent reason for the occupation was Azerbaijani oil, that would help the Soviets to realize their plans in expanding their territories. [29][19]

According to the Russian historian A.B. Shirokorad, the Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan was carried out using a standard Bolshevik template: a local revolutionary committee starts real or "virtual" worker riots and requests support from the Red Army. This scheme was used also decades later, during the Soviet invasions in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968). On 28 April 1920, the Baku Revolutionary Committee filed a formal request for help with the Soviet Russian Government. But a day before, the 11th Red Army, including the 26th, 28th and 32nd rifle divisions and 2nd mounted corps (over 30,000 soldiers), already invaded the territory of Azerbaijan.[24]

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gollark: It's optimized because it uses XOR over inefficient temporary variables.
gollark: I will have to make it `a____________` instead, maybe.
gollark: ```sortquickly.c:21:7: warning: identifier '_______' is reserved because it starts with '__' [-Wreserved-identifier] let* _______ = malloc((var)*ar); Æ Æ Æ Æ // allocate temporary buffer ^1 warning generated.```Oh no.
gollark: I could recheck.

References
  1. Altstadt, Audrey L. (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 108. ISBN 0817991824.
  2. "Azerbaijan". International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
  3. "Russian Civil War". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  4. Cornell, Svante E. (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. United States of America: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7656-3002-5.
  5. "Republic of Azerbaijan, pre-USSR (1918-1920)". Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes.
  6. Swietochowski, Tadeusz (2004). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780521263108.
  7. Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). "Nation-State and Regional Autonomy: Independent Azerbaijan and Azadistan". Russia-Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press. p. 90.
  8. History of Azerbaijan. Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Presidential Library. p. 24.
  9. Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). "Nation-State and Regional Autonomy: Independent Azerbaijan and Azadistan". Russia-Azerbaijan: A Borderline of Transition. Columbia University Press. p. 91.
  10. Cornell, Svante E. (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. United States of America: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7656-3002-5.
  11. "Anton Ivanovich Denikin". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  12. "Chronology of Major Events (1918–1920)". Azerbaijan International.
  13. Isgenderli, Anar (2011). Realities of Azerbaijan, 1917–1920. United States of America: Xlibris Corporation. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4568-7954-9.
  14. Swietochowski 2004, p. 175.
  15. Swietochowski 1995, p. 93.
  16. Cornell 2011, p. 29.
  17. Leeuw, Charles van der (2000). Azerbaijan: A Quest for Identity. Richmond, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 52. ISBN 9780700711178.
  18. Swietochowski 2004, p. 177.
  19. "Historical Overview". Communist Crimes.
  20. Ленин В. И. Полное собрание сочинений Том 51. Письма: март 1920 г.
  21. Swietochowski 1995, p. 92.
  22. Isgenderli 2011, p. 200.
  23. Swietochowski 2004, p. 178.
  24. (Shirokorad 2006, pp. 232–244)
  25. Leeuw 2000, p. 53.
  26. Swietochowski 2004, p. 180.
  27. Altstadt 1992, p. 109.
  28. Swietochowski 2004, p. 182.
  29. Isgenderli 2011.

Bibliography
  • Shirokorad, Aleksandr B. (2006). Великая речная война, 1918–1920 годы. p. 416. ISBN 5-9533-1465-5.
  • Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1950). The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917-1921). Anglo-Caspian Press Ltd. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-9560004-0-8.
  • Altstadt, Audrey L. (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0817991824.
  • Cornell, Svante E. (2011). Azerbaijan Since Independence. United States of America: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3002-5.
  • Swietochowski, Tadeusz (2004). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521263108.
  • History of Azerbaijan (PDF). Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Presidential Library.
  • Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). Russia-Azerbaijan: A Borderline of Transition. United States of America: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231070683.
  • Isgenderli, Anar (2011). Realities of Azerbaijan, 1917-1920. United States of America: Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781456879549.
  • Leeuw, Charles van der (2000). Azerbaijan: A Quest for Identity. Richmond, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780700711178.

See also
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