Hanko

Hanko (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈhɑŋko]; Swedish: Hangö) is a bilingual port town and municipality on the south coast of Finland, 130 kilometres (80 mi) west of Helsinki. Its current population is 8,386 (31 January 2019),[2] with a majority being Finnish speakers and a strong minority being Swedish speakers (44%).[3]

This article is about the town in Finland. For other uses, see Hanko (disambiguation).
Hanko

Hanko – Hangö
Municipality and town
Hangon kaupunki
Hangö stad
Eastern Harbour coastline
Coat of arms
Location of Hanko in Finland
Coordinates: 59°50′N 022°58′E
Country Finland
RegionUusimaa
Sub-regionRaseborg sub-region
Charter1874
Government
 • Town managerDenis Strandell
Area
 (2018-01-01)[1]
 • Total799.99 km2 (308.88 sq mi)
 • Land116.89 km2 (45.13 sq mi)
 • Water683.26 km2 (263.81 sq mi)
Area rank292nd largest in Finland
Population
 (2019-01-31)[2]
 • Total8,386
 • Rank114th largest in Finland
 • Density71.74/km2 (185.8/sq mi)
Population by native language
 • Finnish53.5% (official)
 • Swedish43.7%
 • Others2.9%
Population by age
 • 0 to 1415.2%
 • 15 to 6465.4%
 • 65 or older19.4%
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Municipal tax rate[5]20.75%
ClimateDfb
Websitewww.hanko.fi

Features

The Hanko Peninsula, on which the city is located, is the southernmost tip of continental Finland. The soil is a sandy moraine, and vegetation consists mainly of pine and low shrubs, mostly Calluna. Hanko is known for its beautiful archipelago.

A scrollable panorama shot from the water tower shows the typical small-town architecture, with mostly wooden buildings. Some of the archipelago is also visible. The view is, left to right, from east to southwest. The photo was taken at noon, so the sun is due south.

The town has a coastline of approximately 130 km (80 mi), of which 30 km (20 mi) are sandy beaches. There are also over 90 small islands and islets within the city limits.

The skyline of Hanko is dominated by the church and the water tower. Both of them received their current appearance after World War II, as their predecessors were either damaged or destroyed by the Soviet Armed Forces.

Climate

Hanko has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), similar to other locations in southern Finland.

Climate data for Hanko Tvärminne 1981-2010 normals, records 1963-present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4)		 8.5
(47.3)		 14.4
(57.9)		 19.7
(67.5)		 25.6
(78.1)		 30.9
(87.6)		 31.1
(88.0)		 30.3
(86.5)		 23.6
(74.5)		 17.6
(63.7)		 12.2
(54.0)		 9.5
(49.1)		 31.1
(88.0)
Average high °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 1.3
(34.3)		 6.3
(43.3)		 12.8
(55.0)		 17.4
(63.3)		 20.7
(69.3)		 19.4
(66.9)		 14.5
(58.1)		 9.3
(48.7)		 4.3
(39.7)		 1.3
(34.3)		 8.8
(47.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.8
(27.0)		 −4
(25)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 3.2
(37.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 13.7
(56.7)		 17.2
(63.0)		 16.3
(61.3)		 11.9
(53.4)		 7.2
(45.0)		 2.5
(36.5)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 6.0
(42.8)
Average low °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 0.4
(32.7)		 5.6
(42.1)		 10.3
(50.5)		 13.9
(57.0)		 13.4
(56.1)		 9.3
(48.7)		 5.0
(41.0)		 0.5
(32.9)		 −3.2
(26.2)		 3.3
(37.9)
Record low °C (°F) −33.9
(−29.0)		 −35.2
(−31.4)		 −22.8
(−9.0)		 −16
(3)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 2.5
(36.5)		 4.6
(40.3)		 4.5
(40.1)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 −9.2
(15.4)		 −14.9
(5.2)		 −31.3
(−24.3)		 −35.2
(−31.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55
(2.2)		 36
(1.4)		 39
(1.5)		 30
(1.2)		 35
(1.4)		 45
(1.8)		 51
(2.0)		 79
(3.1)		 55
(2.2)		 75
(3.0)		 72
(2.8)		 62
(2.4)		 634
(25.0)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 18 14 14 11 10 11 11 14 14 17 17 18 169
Source: FMI[6]

Events
Restaurants by the marina in the busy summer tourist season.

The Hangon Regatta is a traditional fixture on the Finnish social scene, and is the town's main summer event. Sailing enthusiasts attend to compete, but there are also others, mostly young people, with little or no interest in sailing, who attend only in order to party and drink. The latter constitute the so-called "Regatta tail", which is not appreciated by most of the town's residents.

Other traditional summer activities are the "Tennis Week", the "Sea Horse" riding competitions, the "Summer Theatre" and Hanko Music Festival[7] events.

Several sandy beaches and a multitude of leisure harbors attract tourists during the summer months.

History
This Russian cast-iron mortar was captured at Hanko by the Royal Navy during the Crimean War
The emigrants' memorial statue.

The site was already known by sailors in the 15th century. Petroglyphs from that time are carved into the rock at the Hauensuoli (Swedish: Gäddtarmen, English: Pike's Gut) island.

Hanko has a long history of wars and battles. The Battle of Gangut between Swedish and Russian navies was fought in 1714 in the archipelago north of the peninsula. The battle was the first-ever victory of the Russian regular fleet.

The fortification works on the Hanko Peninsula had already been started by the end of the 18th century, when the Swedish constructed three separate forts on the outlying islands. The forts were taken over by Russia in 1809, and were later bombarded by the Royal Navy during the Crimean War and were eventually blown up during the hostilities by their own defenders.

The city was founded in 1874, soon after the Hanko-Hyvinkää railway was inaugurated in 1872. The Imperial Charter for the city was granted by Tsar Alexander II.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Hanko was the port of choice for emigrants leaving Finland for a new life in North America. A memorial statue, showing birds in flight, commemorates this.

In the late 19th century, while Finland was still a Grand Duchy under Russia, Hanko was a popular spa resort for the Russian nobility. Some of the buildings from that period survive, notably the Hanko Casino (which is not a gambling establishment, but a former banquet hall of the spa). It is currently a restaurant. The Hotel Continental (1901) (now the Hotel Regatta) was designed by architect Lars Sonck in the notable Jugendstil style of the time; after falling into disrepair, the hotel was restored to its former glory in 2013.

Field Marshal C. G. Mannerheim owned a café, De fyra vindarnas hus (Finnish: Neljän Tuulen Tupa, English: The House of the Four Winds), which is still popular among tourists and residents alike.

The Bengtskär lighthouse, situated 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Hanko, is the tallest (52 m or 171 ft) in the Nordic countries. It was built in 1906 and was the first lighthouse museum in Finland.

Soviet naval base
See also: Battle of Hanko (1941)
See also: Hanko Naval Base
The water tower and church in Hanko. They were rebuilt after the war, having been destroyed by the Soviets.
Långsanda, one of the several beaches in Hanko.

In the Moscow Peace Treaty that ended the Winter War on 13 March 1940, Hanko was leased to the Soviet Union as a naval base for a period of 30 years. During the Continuation War, Soviet troops were forced to evacuate Hanko in early December 1941. The Soviet Union renounced the lease formally in the Paris peace treaty of 1947. As a curiosity, it can be noted that the short Russo-Finnish front across the base of the peninsula on the Finnish side was held in part by volunteer troops from Sweden. A museum has been established at this location, among the trenches and other remnants of the war.

The role of the Hanko naval base was replaced by Porkkala in the armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union of 19 September 1944, but it was returned to Finland in January 1956.

Politics

Results of the 2011 Finnish parliamentary election in Hanko:

Sports

The following sports clubs are located in Hanko:

Notable people
  • Tapio Wirkkala (1915–1985), designer and sculptor, was born in Hanko

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Finland

Twin towns — Sister cities

Hanko is twinned with:

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See also

References
  1. "Area of Finnish Municipalities 1.1.2018" (PDF). National Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  2. "Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT): Väestön ennakkotilasto [verkkojulkaisu]. Tammikuu 2019" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  3. "Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  4. "Population according to age and gender by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  5. "List of municipal and parish tax rates in 2011". Tax Administration of Finland. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  6. "FMI open data". Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  7. Hanko Music Festival.
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