Americans

Americans are nationals and citizens of the United States of America.[48][49] Although nationals and citizens make up the majority of Americans, many dual citizens, expatriates, and permanent residents may also claim American nationality.[50][51][52] The United States is home to people of many different ethnic origins. As a result, American culture and law does not equate nationality with race or ethnicity, but with citizenship and permanent allegiance.[53][54][55]

This article is about the people of the United States of America. For other uses, see American (disambiguation). For the meanings of American in various contexts, see American (word). For a similar title, see The Americans.

Americans

Flag of the United States of America
Total population
c. 308.7 million[1] (2010 United States Census) c. 329.5 million[2] (2020 estimate)
Regions with significant populations
Mexico	738,100–1,000,000[3][4]
Canada	316,350–1,000,000[5][6]
India	2,694–700,000[7]
Philippines	220,000–600,000[8][9]
Germany	324,000[10]
Brazil	260,000[11]
Israel	200,000[12][13]
France	150,000–200,000[14]
United Kingdom	139,000–197,143[15][16]
South Korea	120,000–158,000[17]
Costa Rica	120,000–130,000[18]
China	110,000[19]
Colombia	60,000[20]
Hong Kong	60,000[21]
Australia	56,276[22]
Pakistan	52,486[23]
Japan	51,321[24]
Italy	50,000[25]
United Arab Emirates	50,000[26]
Haiti	45,000[27]
Saudi Arabia	40,000[28]
Argentina	37,000[29]
Norway	33,509[30]
The Bahamas	30,000[31]
Russia	30,000[32]
Lebanon	25,000[33]
Panama	25,000[34]
Spain	22,082[35]
Chile	19,161[36]
El Salvador	19,000[37]
New Zealand	17,751[38]
Honduras	15,000[39]
Poland	2,483–14,000[40]
Trinidad and Tobago	11,500[41]
Taiwan	10,645[42]
Austria	10,175[43]
Czech Republic	8,763[44]
Bermuda	8,000[45]
Kuwait	8,000[46]
Languages
Primarily American English, but also Spanish and others
Religion
Primarily Christian (Protestantism, Catholicism, and other denominations)[47] Various non-Christian religions (Judaism and others)[47] Irreligion

Overview

Main articles: Colonial United States, Demography of the United States, and Immigration to the United States

The majority of Americans or their ancestors immigrated to America or are descended from people who were brought as slaves within the past five centuries, with the exception of the Native American population and people from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands,[56] who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century,[57] additionally America expanded into American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century.[58][49]

Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[59][60] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.[59] It also includes influences of African-American culture.[61] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements. Immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[59]

In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.[62][63][64]

Racial and ethnic groups

Main article: Race and ethnicity in the United States

2010 U.S. Census [65]Table 1[66]
Self-identified race			Percent of population
White			72.4%
Black or African American			12.6%
Asian			4.8%
American Indians and Alaska Natives			0.9%
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders			0.2%
Two or more races			2.9%
Some other race			6.2%
Total			100.0%
Hispanic and Latino Americans (of any race): 16.3%[67]

The United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically.[68] Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes: White, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.[69][70][71]

The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.[69][70][72]

White and European Americans

Main articles: European Americans, White Americans, and White Hispanic and Latino Americans

People of European descent, or White Americans (also referred to as Caucasian Americans), constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.[lower-alpha 1][65][74] They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.[65] Of those reporting to be White American, 7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial; with largest combination being white and black.[74] Additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos.[74] Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 45 states. There are five minority-majority states: California, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, and Hawaii.[75][76] In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority.[65] The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine.[77]

The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population.[78]

The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565.[79] Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States.[80] Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the original Thirteen Colonies to English parents.

In the 2017 American Community Survey, German Americans (13.2%), Irish Americans (9.7%), English Americans (7.1%) and Italian Americans (5.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States forming 35.1% of the total population.[81] However, the English Americans and British Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as they tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (since the introduction of a new "American" category in the 1990 census) due to the length of time they have inhabited America. This is highly over-represented in the Upland South, a region that was settled historically by the British.[82][83][84][85][86][87]

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate[88] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,[89] and median personal income[90] of any racial demographic in the nation.

European ancestry in the US by county (self-reported)

White and European Americans by ancestry group
Rank	Ancestry group	% of total population	Pop. estimates	Ref(s)
1	German	13.2%	43,093,766	[81]
2	Irish	9.7%	31,479,232	[81]
3	English	7.1%	23,074,947	[81]
4	American	6.1%	20,024,830	[81]
5	Mexican	5.4%	16,794,111	[91]
6	Italian	5.1%	16,650,674	[81]
7	Polish	2.8%	9,012,085	[81]
8	French (except Basque) French Canadian	2.4% 0.6%	7,673,619 2,110,014	[81]
9	Scottish	1.7%	5,399,371	[81]
10	Norwegian	1.3%	4,295,981	[81]
11	Dutch	1.2%	3,906,193	[81]
Total	White and European American	59.34%	231,040,398	[74]
Source:[92][93] 2010 census & 2017 ACS

Middle Easterners and North Africans

Main articles: Middle Eastern Americans, North Africans in the United States, Iranian Americans, Arab Americans, Jewish Americans, and Armenian Americans

According to the American Jewish Archives and the Arab American National Museum, some of the first Middle Easterners and North Africans (viz. Jews and Berbers) arrived in the Americas between the late 15th and mid-16th centuries.[94][95][96][97] Many were fleeing ethnic or ethnoreligious persecution during the Spanish Inquisition,[98][99] and a few were also taken to the Americas as slaves.[95]

In 2014, The United States Census Bureau began finalizing the ethnic classification of MENA populations.[100] According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), Arab Americans have family origins in each of the 22 member states of the Arab League.[101] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups, felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.[102] This new category would also include Jewish Americans.[103] The Census Bureau does not currently ask about whether one is Sikh, because it views them as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group, and it does not combine questions concerning religion with race or ethnicity.[104] As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Turkish, Sudanese, Djiboutian, Somali, Mauritanian, Armenian, Cypriot, Afghan, Azerbaijani and Georgian groups.[105] In January 2018, it was announced that the Census Bureau would not include the grouping in the 2020 Census.[106]

Middle Eastern Americans in the 2000[107] - 2010 U.S. Census,[108] the Mandell L. Berman Institute, and the North American Jewish Data Bank[109]

Ancestry	2000	2000 (% of US population)	2010	2010 (% of US population)
Arab	1,160,729	0.4125%	1,697,570	0.5498%
Armenian	385,488	0.1370%	474,559	0.1537%
Iranian	338,266	0.1202%	463,552	0.1501%
Jewish	6,155,000	2.1810%	6,543,820	2.1157%
Total	8,568,772	3.036418%	9,981,332	3.227071%

Hispanic and Latino Americans

Main article: Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race) constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, comprising 16.3% of the population according to the 2010 United States Census.[lower-alpha 2][110][111]

Hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race.[112][113][114][115]

People of Spanish or Hispanic descent have lived in what is now the United States since the founding of St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos.

Hispanic and Latino American population by national origin[116][117]
Rank	National origin	% of total population	Pop.	Ref(s)
1	Mexican	10.29%	31,798,258	[118]
2	Puerto Rican	1.49%	4,623,716	[119]
3	Cuban	0.57%	1,785,547	[120]
4	Salvadoran	0.53%	1,648,968	[121]
5	Dominican	0.45%	1,414,703	[122]
6	Guatemalan	0.33%	1,044,209	[123]
7	Colombian	0.3%	908,734	[124]
8	Spanish	0.2%	635,253	[125]
9	Honduran	0.2%	633,401	[126]
10	Ecuadorian	0.1%	564,631	[127]
11	Peruvian	0.1%	531,358	[128]
	All other	2.62%	7,630,835
	Hispanic and Latino American (total)	16.34%	50,477,594
2010 United States Census

Black and African Americans

Main articles: African Americans and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans

Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in Sub-Saharan Africa.[129] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa.[130] The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification since not all immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Arab states and Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa.[129]

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[131] According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.4% of the population. In addition, there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which comprised 12.1% of the population.[132] This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans,[130] making up 14% of the total U.S. population.[lower-alpha 3][133] Black and African Americans make up the second largest group in the United States, but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race).[110] The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 Census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.[133]

Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from West Africa, who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States.[134] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.[135] The first West African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean.[136] All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves);[137] by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved.[138] During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy,[139][140] while others would serve the British Empire in Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, and other units.[141] By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason–Dixon line) had abolished slavery.[142] However, slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.[143] Following the end of the Reconstruction Era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress,[144] African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws,[145] legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act due to the Civil Rights Movement.[146]

According to US Census Bureau data, very few African immigrants self-identify as African American. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 US Census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%-9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%-4%).[147] African immigrants may also experience conflict with African Americans.[148]

Black and African American population by ancestry group[92][130]
Rank	Ancestry group	Percentage of total est. population	Pop. estimates
1	Jamaican	0.31%	986,897
2	Haitian	0.28%	873,003
3	Nigerian	0.08%	259,934
4	Trinidadian and Tobagonian	0.06%	193,233
5	Ghanaian	0.03%	94,405
6	Barbadian	0.01%	59,236
	Sub-Saharan African (total)	0.92%	2,864,067
	West Indian (total) (except Hispanic groups)	0.85%	2,633,149
	Black and African American (total)	13.6%	42,020,743
2010 United States Census & 2009–2011 American Community Survey

Asian Americans

Main articles: Asian Americans and Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 17.3 million in 2010, or 5.6% of the U.S. population.[lower-alpha 4][149][150] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.[151] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[151] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[152]

They are by no means a monolithic group. The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, Mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[153] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[154][155] For better or for worse, the group has been called a model minority.[156][157][158]

While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,[159][160][161] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[161] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[162] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".[163][164]

Asian American ancestries[149]
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage of total population	Pop.
1	Chinese	1.2%	3,797,379
2	Filipino	1.1%	3,417,285
3	Indian	1.0%	3,183,063
4	Vietnamese	0.5%	1,737,665
5	Korean	0.5%	1,707,027
6	Japanese	0.4%	1,304,599
	Other Asian	0.9%	2,799,448
	Asian American (total)	5.6%	17,320,856
2010 United States Census

American Indians and Alaska Natives

Main article: Native Americans in the United States

See also: Blood quantum laws and Bureau of Indian Affairs

According to the 2010 Census, there are 5.2 million people who are Native Americans or Alaska Native alone, or in combination with one or more races; they make up 1.7% of the total population.[lower-alpha 5][165] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.[165] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;[165] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).[165] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;[166] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[167]

Native Americans, whose ancestry is indigenous to the Americas, originally migrated to the two continents between 10,000-45,000 years ago.[168] These Paleoamericans spread throughout the two continents and evolved into hundreds of distinct cultures during the pre-Columbian era.[169] Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,[170] the European colonization of the Americas began, with St. Augustine, Florida becoming the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.[171] From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe;[172] genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers, settlers and colonists,[173][174] as well as between tribes;[175][176] displacement from their lands;[177] internal warfare,[178] enslavement;[179] and intermarriage.[180][181]

American Indian and Alaska Native population by selected tribal groups[165][182]
Rank	National origin	Percentage of total population	Pop.
1	Cherokee	0.26%	819,105
2	Navajo	0.1%	332,129
3	Choctaw	0.06%	195,764
4	Mexican American Indian	0.05%	175,494
5	Chippewa	0.05%	170,742
6	Sioux	0.05%	170,110
	All other	1.08%	3,357,235
	American Indian (total)	1.69%	5,220,579
2010 United States Census

Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands".[183] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.[184] As of the 2010 United States Census there are 1.2 million who reside in the United States, and make up 0.4% of the nation's total population, of whom 56% are multiracial.[lower-alpha 6][185] 14% of the population have at least a bachelor's degree,[185] and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold.[185] As compared to the 2000 United States Census this population grew by 40%;[183] and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000.[183] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii,[185] and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.[183]

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries[183]
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.
1	Hawaiian	0.17%	527,077
2	Samoan	0.05%	184,440
3	Chamorro	0.04%	147,798
4	Tongan	0.01%	57,183
	Other Pacific Islanders	0.09%	308,697
	Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (total)	0.39%	1,225,195
2010 United States Census

Two or more races

Main article: Multiracial Americans

The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement.[186] Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[150] by the 2010 census the Multiracial increased to 9,009,073, or 2.9% of the total population.[187] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities.[188] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.[187] Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States, is biracial with his mother being of English and Irish descent and his father being of Kenyan birth;[189][190] however, Obama only self-identifies as being African American.[191][192]

Population by selected Two or More Races Population[193]
Rank	Specific Combinations	Percentage of total population	Pop.
1	White; Black	0.59%	1,834,212
2	White; Some Other Race	0.56%	1,740,924
3	White; Asian	0.52%	1,623,234
4	White; Native American	0.46%	1,432,309
5	African American; Some Other Race	0.1%	314,571
6	African American; Native American	0.08%	269,421
	All other specific combinations	0.58%	1,794,402
	Multiracial American (total)	2.9%	9,009,073
2010 United States Census

Some other race

See also: Multiracial Americans

According to the 2010 United States Census, 6.2% or 19,107,368 Americans chose to self-identify with the "some other race" category, the third most popular option. Also, 36.7% or 18,503,103 Hispanic/Latino Americans chose to identify as some other race as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the U.S. Census does not describe their European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.[194] A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community. Mestizo is not a racial category in the U.S. Census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.

National personification

"Uncle Sam" is a national personification of the United States. The image bears resemblance to the real Samuel Wilson. The female personification, primarily popular during the 18th and 19th centuries, is "Columbia".

A national personification is an anthropomorphism of a nation or its people; it can appear in both editorial cartoons and propaganda.

Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.

Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African-American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.

Language

Main articles: Languages of the United States, English language, American English, and English-only

Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in 2010[195]

Language	Percent of population	Number of speakers
English	80.38%	233,780,338
Combined total of all languages other than English	19.62%	57,048,617
Spanish (excluding Puerto Rico and Spanish Creole)	12.19%	35,437,985
Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin)	0.9%	2,567,779
Tagalog	0.53%	1,542,118
Vietnamese	0.44%	1,292,448
French	0.44%	1,288,833
Korean	0.38%	1,108,408
German	0.38%	1,107,869
Hindustani (includes Hindi and Urdu)	0.32%	942,794

English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[196][197] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[198] Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[199]

While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[200] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[201] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.

Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States

Religious affiliation in the U.S. (2014)[202]

Affiliation	% of U.S. population
Christian	70.6	70.6
Protestant	46.5	46.5
Evangelical Protestant	25.4	25.4
Mainline Protestant	14.7	14.7
Black church	6.5	6.5
Catholic	20.8	20.8
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	1.6	1.6
Jehovah's Witnesses	0.8	0.8
Eastern Orthodox	0.5	0.5
Other Christian	0.4	0.4
Non-Christian faiths	5.9	5.9
Jewish	1.9	1.9
Muslim	0.9	0.9
Buddhist	0.7	0.7
Hindu	0.7	0.7
Other Non-Christian faiths	1.8	1.8
Unaffiliated	22.8	22.8
Nothing in particular	15.8	15.8
Agnostic	4.0	4
Atheist	3.1	3.1
Don't know/refused answer	0.6	0.6
Total	100	100

Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries, as well as a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries, although similar to the other nations of the Americas.[203] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[204]

The majority of Americans (76%) are Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations; these adherents constitute 48% and 23% of the population, respectively. [205] Other religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, which collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.[206][207][208] Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation.[206] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.[206][209]

Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[210] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals, but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[211]

• 
  The First Baptist Church in America in Providence, Rhode Island.
• 
  The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. is the largest Catholic church in the United States.
• 
  The Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah is the largest LDS temple.
• 
  Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral in Chicago's Ukrainian Village.
• 
  Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois
• 
  Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island is America's oldest surviving synagogue.
• 
  The Islamic Center of America in Dearborn, Michigan is the largest mosque in North America.
• 
  Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the Western Hemisphere.
• 
  Hindu Temple in Malibu, California.
• 
  The Bahá'í House of Worship, in Wilmette, Illinois.
• 
  The Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP) in Phoenix, Arizona.

Culture

Main article: Culture of the United States

Apple pie and baseball are icons of American culture.

The American culture is primarily a Western culture, but is influenced by Native American, West African, East Asian, Polynesian, and Latin American cultures.

The United States of America has its own unique social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine and folklore.[60]

Its chief early European influences came from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers of colonial America during British rule. British culture, due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances, had a formative influence.[212] Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially Germany,[213] France,[214] and Italy.[215]

Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.[216] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reactionary piece to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate.[216] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,[217] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.[218]

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.

Diaspora

Main article: American diaspora

Americans have migrated to many places around the world, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. As of 2016, there were approximately 9 million U.S. citizens living outside of the United States.[219]

See also

• American ancestry
• Americans and Canadians in Chile
• American studies
• Ancestry of the people of the United States
• Deportation of Americans from the United States
• Emigration from the United States
• Hispanic and Latino Americans
• Hyphenated American
• Immigration to the United States
• Making North America (2015 PBS film)
• Names for United States citizens
• Race and ethnicity in the United States
• Stereotypes of Americans

Notes

1. Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 61.8% were naturalized.[73]
2. Of the foreign-born population from Latin America and the Caribbean (21,224 thousand), in 2010, 32.1% were naturalized.[73]
3. Of the foreign-born population from Africa (1,607 thousand), in 2010, 46.1% were naturalized.[73]
4. Of the foreign-born population from Asia (11,284 thousand), in 2010, 57.7% were naturalized.[73]
5. Of the foreign-born population from Northern America (807 thousand), in 2010, 44.3% were naturalized.[73]
6. Of the foreign-born population from Oceania (217 thousand), in 2010, 36.9% were naturalized.[73]

References

1. "U.S. Census Bureau Announces 2010 Census Population Counts – Apportionment Counts Delivered to President" (Press release). United States Census Bureau. December 21, 2010. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
2. "U.S. and World Population Clock". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
3. "People live in Mexico, INEGI, 2010".
4. Smith, Dr. Claire M. (August 2010). "These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout" (PDF). OVF Research Newsletter. Overseas Vote Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City.
5. "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. June 10, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2013. Ethnic origins Americans Total responses 316,350
6. Barrie McKenna (June 27, 2012). "Tax amnesty offered to Americans in Canada". The Globe and Mail. Ottawa. Retrieved December 17, 2012. There are roughly a million Americans in Canada – many with little or no ties to the United States.
7. Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (December 2017). Table 1. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country, or a area of destination, 1990-2017 (Report). United Nations. International Migration. Retrieved June 29, 2019. HV1731 2,694
   United Nations Population Division (February 28, 2018). Origins and Destinations of the World’s Migrants, 1990-2017 (Report). Pew Research Center. p. Global Attitudes & Trends. Retrieved June 29, 2019. United States <10,000
   Gottipati, Sruthi (February 8, 2012). "Expats Flock to India Seeking Jobs, Excitement". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2019. While 35,973 U.S. citizens (not including those eligible for special visas available for Americans of Indian origin) registered in 2008, 41,938 did so the following year, according to the latest figures available with the Ministry of Home Affairs.
   White House (June 26, 2017). "The United States and India — Prosperity Through Partnership". Retrieved March 19, 2019. Today, nearly 4 million Indian-Americans reside in the United States and over 700,000 U.S. citizens live in India. Last year, the United States Government issued nearly one million visas to Indian citizens, and facilitated 1.7 million visits by Indian citizens to the United States.
8. Evan S. Medeiros; Keith Crane; Eric Heginbotham; Norman D. Levin; Julia F. Lowell (November 7, 2008). Pacific Currents: The Responses of U.S. Allies and Security Partners in East Asia to Chinaâ€TMs Rise. Rand Corporation. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8330-4708-3. An estimated 4 million Filipino-Americans, most of whom are U.S. citizens or dual citizens, live in the United States, and over 250,000 U.S. citizens live in the Philippines.
   "New U.S. ambassador to PH aims to 'strengthen' ties". CNN Philippines. Metro Manila. December 2, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2017. According to his figures, there are about 4 million Filipino-Americans residing in the U.S., and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines.
   Lozada, Aaron (December 2, 2016). "New U.S. envoy: Relationship with PH 'most important'". ABS-CBN News. Manila. Retrieved March 20, 2017. According to Kim, the special relations between the U.S. and the Philippines is evident in the "four million Filipino-Americans who are residing in the United States and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines."
   International Business Publications, USA (August 1, 2013). Philippines Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. Int'l Business Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4387-7078-9. An estimated 600,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year, while an estimated 300,000 reside in-country.
   Kapoor, Kanupriya; Dela Cruz, Enrico (October 17, 2016). "Americans in Philippines jittery as Duterte rails against United States". Reuters. Olongapo. Retrieved April 20, 2018. About four million people of Philippine ancestry live in the United States, one of its largest minorities, and about 220,000 Americans, many of them military veterans, live in the Philippines. An additional 650,000 visit each year, according to U.S. State Department figures.
   "FACT SHEET: United States-Philippines Bilateral Relations". U.S. Embassy in the Philippines. United States Department of State. April 28, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2018. Around 350,000 Americans reside in the Philippines, and approximately 600,000 U.S. citizens visit the country each year.
9. Cooper, Matthew (November 15, 2013). "Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony". National Journal. Retrieved January 28, 2015. c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief.
10. "BiB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung - Pressemitteilungen - Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt". www.bib-demografie.de. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
11. US Embassy in Brazil US Embassy in Brazil. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
12. Daphna Berman (January 23, 2008). "Need an appointment at the U.S. Embassy? Get on line!". Haaretz. Retrieved December 11, 2012. According to estimates, some 200,000 American citizens live in Israel and the Palestinian territories.
13. Michele Chabin (March 19, 2012). "In vitro babies denied U.S. citizenship". USA Today. Jerusalem. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free.
14. "Americans in France". Embassy of the United States, Paris. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015. Today, although no official figure is available it is estimated that over 150,000 American citizens reside in France, making France one of the top 10 destinations for American expatriates.
15. "Population by Country of Birth and Nationality Report, August 2012" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. August 30, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
16. Simon Rogers (May 26, 2011). "The UK's foreign-born population: see where people live and where they're from". The Guardian. Retrieved February 17, 2013. County of birth and county of nationality. United States of America 197 143
17. "U.S. Citizen Services". Embassy of the United States Seoul, Korea. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012. This website is updated daily and should be your primary resource when applying for a passport, Consular Report of Birth Abroad, notarization, or any of the other services we offer to the estimated 120,000 U.S. citizens traveling, living, and working in Korea.
    "North Korea propaganda video depicts invasion of South Korea, US hostage taking". Advertiser. Agence France-Presse. March 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013. According to official immigration figures, South Korea has an American population of more than 130,000 civilians and 28,000 troops.
18. "Background Note: Costa Rica". Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States Department of State. April 9, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012. Over 130,000 private American citizens, including many retirees, reside in the country and more than 700,000 American citizens visit Costa Rica annually.
    Bloom, Laura Begley (July 31, 2018). "More Americans are fleeing to cheap faraway places". New York Post. Retrieved February 19, 2020. Approximately 120,000 citizens live in this stable country, many as retirees, according to the State Department.
19. Calum Macleod (November 18, 2005). "A guide to success in China, by Americans who live there". Retrieved May 24, 2020.
20. "Colombia (03/28/13)". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2014. Based on Colombian statistics, an estimated 60,000 U.S. citizens reside in Colombia and 280,000 U.S. citizens travel, study and do business in Colombia each year.
21. "Hong Kong (10/11/11)". Previous Editions of Hong Kong Background Note. United States Department of State. October 11, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2012. There are some 1,400 U.S. firms, including 817 regional operations (288 regional headquarters and 529 regional offices), and over 60,000 American residents in Hong Kong.
22. "ibid, Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia". Retrieved October 19, 2014.
23. Gishkori, Zahid (July 30, 2015). "Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar". The Express Tribune. Retrieved August 3, 2017. As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as immigrants in the country, higher than any other country,” Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added.
24. "Table 10.1 Registered Foreigners by Nationality: 1950-2006" (PDF). Ministry of Justice, . Annual Report of Statistics on Legal Migrants. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
25. Kelly Carter (May 17, 2005). "High cost of living crush Americans' dreams of Italian living". USA Today. Positano, Italy. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Nearly 50,000 Americans lived in Italy at the end of 2003, according to Italy's immigration office.
26. "UAE´s population – by nationality". BQ Magazine. April 12, 2015. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
27. McKinley Jr.; James C. (January 17, 2010). "For 45,000 Americans in Haiti, the Quake Was 'a Nightmare That's Not Ending'". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
28. "SAUDI-U.S. TRADE". Commerce Office. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington D.C. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012. Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.
29. "Argentina (03/12/12)". Previous Editions of Argentina Background Note. United States Department of State. March 12, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. The Embassy's Consular Section monitors the welfare and whereabouts of some 37,000 U.S. citizen residents of Argentina and more than 500,000 U.S. tourists each year.
30. "Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background. January 1, 2010". Retrieved October 19, 2014.
31. "Bahamas, The (01/25/12)". Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. January 25, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012. The countries share ethnic and cultural ties, especially in education, and The Bahamas is home to approximately 30,000 American residents.
32. Bertrand, Eva (December 20, 2012). "US citizens moving to Russia". Voice of Russia. Russia. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017. There are about 6.32 million American citizens living abroad, of those about 30,000 chose Russia, according to the Association of Americans Resident Overseas.
33. Kate King (July 18, 2006). "U.S. family: Get us out of Lebanon". CNN. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012. About 350 of the estimated 25,000 American citizens in Lebanon had been flown to Cyprus from the U.S. Embassy in Beirut by nightfall Tuesday, Maura Harty, the assistant secretary of state for consular affairs, told reporters.
34. "Panama (03/09)". Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. March 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2012. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality.
35. "Foreign population by sex, country of nationality and age (up to 85 and above)". Instituto Natcional de Estadistica (in Spanish). January 1, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2018. Both genders 22,082
36. S. Vedoya; V. Rivera (April 4, 2018). "Gobierno cifra en más de un millón el número de inmigrantes que están en Chile". Latercera (in Spanish). Retrieved April 20, 2018.
37. "El Salvador (01/10)". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014. More than 19,000 American citizens live and work full-time in El Salvador
38. "North Americans: Facts and figures". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
39. "Honduras (11/23/09)". Previous Editions of Honduras Background Note. United States Department of State. November 23, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2012. U.S.-Honduran ties are further strengthened by numerous private sector contacts, with an average of between 80,000 and 110,000 U.S. citizens visiting Honduras annually and about 15,000 Americans residing there.
40. "Statistics/Poland/Valid documents/Tabular data/Year: 2019". Maps and statistics of migrants and Polish migration services. Government of Poland. 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2020. United States of America 2019 2483
    "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". Migration Policy Institute. 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2020. 14,000
41. "U.S. Relations With Trinidad and Tobago". U.S. Department of State. February 15, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2019. About 145,000 U.S. citizens visit Trinidad and Tobago on vacation or for business every year, and more than 11,500 American citizens are residents.
42. "06-08 外僑居留人數 Foreign Residents". National Immigration Agency, MOI. Department of Statistics, Ministry of the Interior. 2011. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
43. "STATISTIK AUSTRIA - Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland". Retrieved October 19, 2014.
44. "Foreigners by category of residence, sex, and citizenship as at 31 December 2016". czso.cz.
45. "Bermuda (12/09/11)". Previous Editions of Bermuda Background Note. United States Department of State. December 9, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2012. An estimated 8,000 registered U.S. citizens live in Bermuda, many of them employed in the international business community.
46. Tatiana Morales (August 2, 2009). "Americans in Kuwait: When To Go?". CBS News. Retrieved December 17, 2012. There are about 8,000 Americans who live in Kuwait.
47. Luis Lug; Sandra Stencel; John Green; Gregory Smith; Dan Cox; Allison Pond; Tracy Miller; Elixabeth Podrebarac; Michelle Ralston (February 2008). "U.S. Religious Landscape Survey" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
48. 8 U.S.C. § 1401 ("Nationals and citizens of United States at birth"); 8 U.S.C. § 1408 ("Nationals but not citizens of the United States at birth"); Ricketts v. Att'y Gen., 897 F.3d 491, 493-94 n.3 (3d Cir. 2018) ("Citizenship and nationality are not synonymous."); Tuaua v. United States, 788 F.3d 300 (D.C. Cir. 2015); 22 C.F.R. 51.1 ("U.S. non-citizen national means a person on whom U.S. nationality, but not U.S. citizenship, has been conferred at birth under 8 U.S.C. 1408, or under other law or treaty, and who has not subsequently lost such non-citizen nationality."); 8 U.S.C. § 1483 ("Restrictions on loss of nationality"); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1503 ("Denial of rights and privileges as national"); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(5) ("Treatment of nationality claims").
49. "U.S. nationals born in American Samoa sue for citizenship". Associated Press. NBC News. March 28, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018. See also Mendoza, Moises (October 11, 2014). "How a weird law gives one group American nationality but not citizenship". Public Radio International (PRI). Retrieved August 24, 2018.
50. See, e.g., Khalid v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 129, 131 (2d Cir. 2018) (the court fully agreed with a lawful permanent resident (LPR) that he is an American); Jaen v. Sessions, 899 F.3d 182, 190 (2d Cir. 2018) (same); Anderson v. Holder, 673 F.3d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 2012) (same); Dent v. Sessions, 900 F.3d 1075, 1080 (9th Cir. 2018) ("An individual has third-party standing when [(1)] the party asserting the right has a close relationship with the person who possesses the right [and (2)] there is a hindrance to the possessor's ability to protect his own interests.") (quoting Sessions v. Morales-Santana, 582 U.S. ___, ___, 137 S.Ct. 1678, 1689 (2017)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Gonzalez-Alarcon v. Macias, 884 F.3d 1266 (10th Cir. 2018); Hammond v. Sessions, No. 16-3013, p.2-3 (2d Cir. Jan. 29, 2018) (summary order).
51. Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
53. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(22) ("The term 'national of the United States' means (A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.") (emphasis added).
54. "Permanent Allegiance Law and Legal Definition". definitions.uslegal.com.
55. Christine Barbour; Gerald C Wright (January 15, 2013). Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials. CQ Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-4522-4003-9. Retrieved January 6, 2015. Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens
    Shklar, Judith N. (1991). American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780674022164. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
    Slotkin, Richard (2001). "Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality". American Literary History. Oxford University Press. 13 (3): 469–498. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. Retrieved December 17, 2012. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging.
    Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001). European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9780199241200. Retrieved February 1, 2013. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior.
    Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. Retrieved February 1, 2013. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.
    Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind (November 4, 1999). The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3.
    David Halle (July 15, 1987). America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundaries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government.
56. Lifshey, Adam (2015). Subversions of the American Century: Filipino Literature in Spanish and the Transpacific Transformation of the United States. University of Michigan Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-472-05293-6. the status of Filipinos in the Philippines as American nationals existed from 1900 to 1946
    Rick Baldoz (February 28, 2011). The Third Asiatic Invasion: Empire and Migration in Filipino America, 1898-1946. NYU Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8147-9109-7. Recalling earlier debates surrounding Filipinos' naturalization status in the United States, he pointed out that U.S. courts had definitively recognized that Filipinos were American "nationals" and not "aliens."
    "8 FAM 302.5 Special Citizenship Provisions Regarding the Philippines". Foreign Affairs Manual. United States Department of State. May 15, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
57. Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5;
58. U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign-Born Population Frequently asked Questions viewed January 19, 2015. The U.S. Census Bureau uses the terms native and native born to refer to anyone born in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.
59. Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.
60. Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.
61. Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.
62. Jay Tolson (July 28, 2008). "A Growing Trend of Leaving America". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 17, 2012. Estimates made by organizations such as the Association of Americans Resident Overseas put the number of nongovernment-employed Americans living abroad anywhere between 4 million and 7 million, a range whose low end is based loosely on the government's trial count in 1999.
63. "6.32 million Americans (excluding military) live in 160-plus countries". Association of Americans Resident Overseas. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012. The total is the highest released to date: close to 6.32 million.
64. "The American Diaspora". Esquire. Hurst Communications, Inc. Retrieved December 17, 2012. he most frequently cited estimate of nonmilitary U. S. citizens living overseas is between three and six million, based on a very rough State Department calculation in 1999--and never updated.
65. Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
66. "Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 1. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
67. "Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". 2010 Census Summary File 1. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
68. "Our Diverse Population: Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
69. "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". Office of Management and Budget. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
70. Grieco, Elizabeth M; Rachel C. Cassidy. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
71. "U.S. Census website". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
72. "U.S. Census website". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
73. Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gamino, Christina; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign Born Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
74. Lindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011). "The White Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
75. "U.S. whites will soon be the minority in number, but not power – Baltimore Sun". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
76. "Minority population surging in Texas". NBC News. Associated Press. August 18, 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
77. Bernstein, Robert (May 17, 2012). "Most Children Younger Than Age 1 are Minorities, Census Bureau Reports". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
78. Ohio State University. Diversity Dictionary. 2006. September 4, 2006. OSU.edu Archived June 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
79. "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
80. D. H. Figueredo (2007). Latino Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-313-34154-0.
81. "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
82. Ethnic Landscapes of America - By John A. Cross
83. Census and you: monthly news from the U.S. Bureau... Volume 28, Issue 2 - By United States. Bureau of the Census
84. Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
85. Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
86. Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
87. Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.
88. "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF).
89. "Median household income newsbrief, US Census Bureau 2005". Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
90. "US Census Bureau, Personal income for Asian Americans, age 25+, 2006". Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
91. Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 14 (Table 6). Retrieved July 11, 2011.
92. "B04006, People Reporting Ancestry". 2009-2011 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
93. "Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009" (PDF). 2009 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
94. "History Crash Course #55: Jews and the Founding of America" Spiro, Rabbi Ken. Aish.com. Published December 8, 2001. Accessed December 12, 2015. "The first Jews arrived in America with Columbus in 1492, and we also know that Jews newly-converted to Christianity were among the first Spaniards to arrive in Mexico with Conquistador Hernando Cortez in 1519."
95. "Arab Americans: An Integral Part of American Society" Arab American National Museum. Published 2009. Accessed December 12, 2015. "Zammouri, the first Arab American...traveled over 6,000 miles between 1528 and 1536, trekking across the American Southwest."
96. "Timeline in American Jewish History" American Jewish Archives. Accessed December 12, 2015.
97. "The American Jewish Experience through the Nineteenth Century: Immigration and Acculturation" Golden, Jonathan, and Jonathan D. Sarna. National Humanities Center. Brandeis University. Accessed December 12, 2015.
98. Netanyahu, Benzion.The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain. New York: Random House, 1995. Hardcover. 1390 pages. p. 1085.
99. "Conversos & Crypto-Jews" Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine City of Albuquerque. Accessed December 12, 2015.
100. "Lobbying for a 'MENA' category on U.S. Census" Wiltz, Teresea. USA Today. Published October 7, 2014. Accessed December 14, 2015.
101. "Arab American Institute – Texas" (PDF). Arab American Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
102. "Public Comments to NCT Federal Register Notice" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau; Department of Commerce. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
103. Cortellessa, Eric (October 23, 2016). "Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category". Times of Israel. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
     Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (June 18, 2015). "New U.S. Census Category to Include 'Israeli' Option". Haaretz. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
     Cohen, Rick (August 12, 2015). "Simultaneously Jewish and Persons of Color: The Status of Mizrahi Jews". Nonprofit Quality. Boston. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
104. "2015 National Content Test" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 33–34. Retrieved December 13, 2015. The Census Bureau is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups, and our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian. The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions (e.g., Sikh, Jewish, Catholic, Muslim, Lutheran, etc.).
105. "2015 National Content Test" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 60. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
106. Wang, Hansi Lo (January 29, 2018). "No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says". National Public Radio. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
107. "Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000" (XLS). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
108. "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported: 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
109. Ira Sheskin; Arnold Dashefsky (2010). "Jewish Population in the United States, 2010" (PDF). Mandell L. Berman Institute North American Jewish Data Bank, Center for Judaic Studies and Contemporary Jewish Life, University of Connecticut. Brandeis University. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
110. Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder2.census.gov.
111. Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2011. "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
112. Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Rachel C. Cassidy. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
113. "T4-2007. Hispanic or Latino By Race [15]". 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau.
114. "B03002. Hispanic or Latino origin by race". 2007 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau.
115. Tafoya, Sonya (December 6, 2004). "Shades of Belonging" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
116. Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
117. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
118. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
119. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
120. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
121. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
122. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
123. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
124. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
125. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
126. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
127. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
128. "2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. May 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
129. "Race, Ethnicity, and Language data - Standardization for Health Care Quality Improvement" (PDF). Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
130. Sonya Tastogi; Tallese D. Johnson; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel; Malcolm P. Drewery, Jr. (September 2011). "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
131. McKinnon, Jesse. "The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
132. United States – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009 Archived February 11, 2020, at Archive.today. Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
133. "2010 Census Shows Black Population has Highest Concentration in the South". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. September 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
134. "The size and regional distribution of the black population". Lewis Mumford Center. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
135. ""African American" in the American Heritage Dictionary". Yahoo. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
136. "New World Exploration and English Ambition". The Terrible Transformation. PBS. Archived from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
137. Gomez, Michael A. (1998). Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. University of North Carolina Press. p. 384. ISBN 9780807846940.
138. Wood, Gordon S. (2002). The American revolution: a history. Modern Library. p. 55. ISBN 9780679640578.
139. Liberty! The American Revolution (Documentary) Episode II:Blows Must Decide: 1774-1776. ©1997 Twin Cities Public Television, Inc. ISBN 1-4157-0217-9
140. Foner, Philip Sheldon (1976). Blacks in the American Revolution. Volume 55 of Contributions in American history. Greenwood Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780837189468.
141. "Black Loyalists". Black Presence. The National Archives. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
142. Nicholas Boston; Jennifer Hallam (2004). "Freedom & Emancipation". Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
143. "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution". ourdocuments.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
144. "The Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Office of the Clerk. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
145. Walter, Hazen (2004). American Black History. Lorenz Educational Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780787706036. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
146. "The Prize". We Shall Overcome. National Park Service. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
147. Kusow, AM. "African Immigrants in the United States: Implications for Affirmative Action". Iowa State University. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
148. Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2007). Relations Between Africans and African Americans: Misconceptions, Myths and Realities. New Africa Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0980253450. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
149. "2010 United States Census statistics" (PDF).
150. "B02001. RACE – Universe: TOTAL POPULATION". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
151. "Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011". Facts for Features. U.S. Census Bureau. December 7, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
152. Shan Li (May 3, 2013). "Asian Americans had higher poverty rate than whites in 2011, study says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 6, 2013. In 2011, for example, nearly a third of Asians in the U.S. lived in the metropolitan regions around Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York.
     "Selected Population Profile in the United States". U.S. Census. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
153. Meizhu Lui, Barbara Robles, Betsy Leondar-Wright, Rose Brewer, and Rebecca Adamson (2006). The Color of Wealth. The New Press.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
154. "US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003" (PDF). Retrieved July 31, 2006.
155. "The American Community-Asians: 2004" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
156. Chou, Rosalind; Joe R. Feagin (2008). The myth of the model minority: Asian Americans facing racism. Paradigm Publishers. p. x. ISBN 978-1-59451-586-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
157. Tamar Lewin (June 10, 2008). "Report Takes Aim at 'Model Minority' Stereotype of Asian-American Students". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
158. Tojo Thatchenkery (March 31, 2000). "Asian Americans Under the Model Minority Gaze". International Association of Business Disciplines National Conference. modelminority.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
159. "The Journey from Gold Mountain: The Asian American Experience" (PDF). Japanese American Citizens League. 2006. p. 3. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
160. "California Declares Filipino American History Month". San Francisco Business Times. September 10, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
161. Hune, Shirley; Takeuchi, David T.; Andresen, Third; Hong, Seunghye; Kang, Julie; Redmond, Mavae'Aho; Yeo, Jeomja (April 2009). "Asian Americans in Washington State: Closing Their Hidden Achievement Gaps" (PDF). Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs. State of Washington. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
162. Nicole Duran (November 3, 2011). "Asian-Americans Are Fastest-Growing Minority Population". National Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
163. Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong (2004). The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-415-93465-7. Retrieved February 9, 2012. In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream.
164. Wu, Frank H. (2003). Yellow: race in America beyond black and white. Basic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-465-00640-3. Retrieved February 9, 2012. asian americans perpetual foreigners.
165. Tina Norris; Paula L. Vines; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel (January 2012). "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
166. Kathryn Walbert. "American Indian vs. Native American: A note on terminology". Kearn NC. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
167. Clyde Tucker; Brian Kojetin; Rodrick Harrison (1996). "A Statistical Analysis of the CPS Supplement on Race and Ethnic Origin" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
168. Axelrod, Alan (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to American History. Complete Idiot's Guide to. Penguin. p. 4. ISBN 9780028644646. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
169. Magoc, Chris J. (2011). Chronology of Americans and the Environment. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 9781598844115. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
170. Columbus, Christopher; de las Casas, Bartolomé; Dunn, Oliver; Kelley, James Edward (1991). de las Casas, Bartolomé; Dunn, Oliver (eds.). The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492-1493. Volume 70 of American Exploration and Travel Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 491. ISBN 9780806123844. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
171. Rodriguez, Arturo B. (2000). U.S. Citizenship Guidebook. Sinagtala Educational Resources. p. 82. ISBN 9780967989808. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
172. Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. (1992). "The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. OceanSide Publications, Inc. 13 (5): 225–232. doi:10.2500/108854192778817040. PMID 1483570.
173. Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780806122205. Retrieved September 9, 2012. genocide warfare europeans american indians.
174. Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare. Facts on File library of American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 398. ISBN 9780816033379. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
175. Thornton, Russell (1987). American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780806122205. Retrieved September 9, 2012. From whatever cause wars may be brought on, either between different Indian tribes or between indians and whites, they are very destructive, not only of the lives of the warriors engaged in it, but of the women and children also, often becoming a war of extermination.
176. "Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County". Mercer County Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
177. R. David Edmunds (March 14, 2006). "Native American Displacement Amid U.S. Expansion". KERA. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
178. Blond, Becca; Dunford, Lisa; Schulte-Peevers, Andrea (2008). Southwest USA. Country Regional Guides. Lonely Planet. p. 37. ISBN 9781741047134. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
179. Gallay, Alan (2010). Indian Slavery in Colonial America. University of Nebraska Press. p. 448. ISBN 9780803222007. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
180. Woods Weierman, Karen (2005). One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, and Law, 1820-1870. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 44. ISBN 9781558494831. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
181. Mann, Kaarin (2007). "Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project" (PDF). Michigan Journal of History. University of Michigan (Fall). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
182. "American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2011". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. November 1, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
183. Lindsay Hixson; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (May 2012). "The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
184. "Fact Sheet:What You should Know About Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI's)" (PDF). White House Initiative on Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders (WHIAAPI). United States Department of Education. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
185. "Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2011". United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. April 29, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
186. Jon M. Spencer (August 2000). The New Colored People: The Mixed-Race Movement in America. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8072-5.
     Loretta I. Winters; Herman L. DeBose (2003). New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-2300-8.
187. Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
188. Jones, Nicholas A.; Amy Symens Smith. "The Two or More Races Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
189. Ewen MacAskill; Nicholas Watt (May 20, 2011). "Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
190. Mason, Jeff (May 23, 2011). "Obama visits family roots in Ireland". Reuters. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
191. Oscar Avila (April 4, 2010). "Obama's census-form choice: 'Black'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
192. Sam Roberts; Peter Baker (April 2, 2010). "Asked to Declare His Race, Obama Checks 'Black'". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
193. Nocholas A. Jones; Jungmiwka Bullock (September 2012). "The Two or More Races Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
194. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF).
195. "United States". Modern Language Association. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
196. "Table 53—Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2007" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
197. "Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning" (PDF). MLA. Fall 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 1999. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
198. Feder, Jody (January 25, 2007). "English as the Official Language of the United States—Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress" (PDF). Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service). Retrieved June 19, 2007.
199. "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4". Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. November 7, 1978. Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
200. Dicker, Susan J. (2003). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. pp. 216, 220–25. ISBN 1-85359-651-5.
201. "California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)". Legislative Counsel, State of California. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2007. "California Judicial Council Forms". Judicial Council, State of California. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
202. "America's Changing Religious Landscape". The Pew Forum. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
203. "U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Global Attitudes Project. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
204. Eck, Diana (2002). A New Religious America: the World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation. HarperOne. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-06-062159-9.
205. Newport, Frank (December 23, 2016). "Five Key Findings on Religion in the U.S." Gallup. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
206. Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford, Connecticut, US: Trinity College. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
207. "CIA Fact Book". CIA World Fact Book. 2002. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2007.
208. "Religious Composition of the U.S." (PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
209. Newport, Frank (July 28, 2008). "Belief in God Far Lower in Western U.S." The Gallup Organization. Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
210. Feldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 10 ("For the first time in recorded history, they designed a government with no established religion at all.")
211. Marsden, George M. 1990. Religion and American Culture. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp.45–46.
212. Carlos E. Cortés (September 3, 2013). Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4522-7626-7. The dominance of English and Anglo values in U.S. culture is evident in the country's major institutions, demonstrating the melting pot model.
213. Kirschbaum, Erik (1986). The eradication of German culture in the United States, 1917-1918. H.-D. Heinz. p. 155. ISBN 3-88099-617-2.
214. Peter J. Parish (January 1997). Reader's Guide to American History. Taylor & Francis. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-884964-22-0. However, France was second only to Britain in its influence upon the formation of American politics and culture.
215. Marilyn J. Coleman; Lawrence H. Ganong (September 16, 2014). The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 775. ISBN 978-1-4522-8615-0. As the communities grew and prospered, Italian food, entertainment, and music influenced American life and culture.
216. "Mr. Jefferson and the giant moose: natural history in early America", Lee Alan Dugatkin. University of Chicago Press, 2009. ISBN 0-226-16914-6, ISBN 978-0-226-16914-9. University of Chicago Press, 2009. Chapter x.
217. M. D. R. Evans; Jonathan Kelley (January 2004). Religion, Morality and Public Policy in International Perspective, 1984-2002. Federation Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-86287-451-0.
218. "America tops in national pride survey finds". NBC News. Associated Press. June 27, 2006. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
     Elizabeth Theiss-Morse (July 27, 2009). Who Counts as an American?: The Boundaries of National Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-139-48891-4.
219. "CA by the Numbers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2016.