African diaspora in the Americas

The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with predominantly African ancestry. Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans, then forced to work mostly in European-owned mines and plantations, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. At present, they constitute around 200 million people in the population of the Americas.[20]

For the United States population of Sub-Saharan Africa origins, see African Americans. For the Latin American population of African origins, see Afro-Latin Americans. For the Canadian population of African and Caribbean origins, see Black Canadians. For the population of African origins in the Caribbean, see Afro-Caribbean.
African diaspora in the Americas
Total population
200 million+
Regions with significant populations
Throughout the Americas
 Brazil64,517,961[1]
 United States53,301,179[2][3]
 Haiti8,583,759[4]
 Colombia4,944,400[5]
 Jamaica2,700,000
 Mexico1,386,556[6]
 Peru1,200,000[7]
 Canada1,198,540[8]
 Cuba1,034,044[9]
 Dominican Republic1,029,535[10]
 Venezuela953,000[11]
 Puerto Rico879,121
 Panama477,494[12]
 Trinidad and Tobago452,536[13]
 Barbados256,706[14]
 Guyana225,860[15]
 Suriname200,406[16][17][18]
 Grenada101,309[19]
Languages
English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Haitian Creole, Papiamento, Dutch, English creole, African languages and many others
Religion
Christianity, Rastafari, Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam, others
Related ethnic groups
African diaspora, Maroons

History
Main article: Atlantic slave trade

After the United States achieved independence came the independence of Haiti, a country populated almost entirely by people of African descent and the second American colony to win its independence from European colonial powers. After the process of independence, many countries have encouraged European immigration to America, thus reducing the proportion of black and mulatto population throughout the country: Brazil, the United States, and the Dominican Republic. Miscegenation and more flexible concepts of race have also reduced the overall population identifying as black in Latin America, whereas the one-drop rule associated with Anglo-Saxon culture has had the opposite effect in the United States.

From 21 to 25 November 1995, the Continental Congress of Black Peoples of the Americas was held. Black people still face discrimination in most parts of the continent. According to David D.E. Ferrari, vice president of the World Bank for the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean, black people have lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, more frequent and more widespread diseases, higher rates of illiteracy and lower income than Americans of different ethnic origin. Women, also the subjects of gender discrimination, suffer worse living conditions.

Today

In Brazil, with 6.9% of phenotypically Black population and 43.8% of pardo (mestizo), poverty is common. It is nevertheless important to note that the´Pardo category includes all mulattoes, zambos and the result of their intermixing with other groups (which is sufficiently Subsaharan-looking to be negro and not sufficiently European-looking or Levantine-looking to be branco), but it is majority of African descent, with most White Brazilians having at least one recent African and/or Native American ancestor and Pardos also being caboclos, descendants of Whites and Amerindians, or mestizos. There are more definitions on the differences and social disparity between blacks and "non-white orpardo" than whites in Brazil in the Black people article section.

According to various studies, the main genetic contribution to Brazilians is African (always above 65%, and an American study found it as high as 77%), and Pardos possess an higher degree of African descent when compared to the general White Brazilian and African-Brazilian populations (the previous mostly with some detectable non-white ancestor and the latter highly miscegenated) and exhibit a greater Amerindian contribution in areas such as the Amazon Basin and a stronger African contribution in the areas of historical slavery such as Southeastern Brazil and coastal Northeastern cities, nevertheless both are present in all regions, and that physical features did much correlate with detectable ancestry in many instances.[21][22][23][24][24][25][26]

On November 4, 2008, the first mulatto U.S. president, Barack Obama, won 52% of the vote, following positive results in states that had traditionally been won by Republican presidents, such as Indiana and Virginia.

Table
African diaspora in the Americas by percentage of population
Country Percentage of population
 Haiti 95%
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 93%
 Jamaica 92%
 The Bahamas 90.6%
 Barbados 90%
Turks and Caicos 90%
 Antigua and Barbuda 90%
 Dominica 87%
 Saint Lucia 85%
 Grenada 82%
 Martinique 80%
 Guadeloupe 77%
Vincent and the Grenadines 66%
 French Guiana 66%
 Bermuda 55%
 Suriname 37%
 Guyana 36%
 Cuba 35%
 Trinidad and Tobago 34.2%[27]
 Belize 31%
 Puerto Rico 16%
 Panama 14%
 United States 13.6%[1]
 Colombia 10.52%[5]
 Dominican Republic 10%[28]
 Nicaragua 9%
 Brazil 8%
 Costa Rica 8%[29]
 Ecuador 7.2%
 Chile 4%
 Uruguay 4%[30]
 Canada 3.5%[8]
 Venezuela 2.9%[11]
 Mexico 1.2%

Notable people of African descent in the Americas
  • Ethnic domination and racist discourse in Spain and Latin America. Dijk, Teun A. van. van. Gedisa Editorial SA ISBN 84-7432-997-3
  • Gender, class and race in Latin America: some contributions. Luna, Lola G. Ed PPU, SA ISBN 84-7665-959-8
  • Gender, race and class "color" desensientes Latinas. Impoexports, Colombia, Yumbo
gollark: Triangles would work too, actually.
gollark: It's the hyperbolic plane!
gollark: That's heptagons *and* hexagons.
gollark: Hexagons are close to circles, can easily be divided into sixes, and tesselate.
gollark: Solution: hexagonal pizzas.

See also
  • African-Latin American
  • African-Caribbean

References
  1. "US Census Bureau" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
  2. "Tabela 1.3.1 – População residente, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e os grupos de idade – Brasil – 2010" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  3. {publisher=PLOS One| date=October 30, 2010}}
  4. "Información general: Haití" [General information: Haiti] (in Spanish). Spanish.state.gov. April 2002. Archived from the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  5. "Visibilidad Estadistica Etnicos" (PDF). Censo General 2005 (in Spanish). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  6. "Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos" (PDF). INEGI. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  7. Erwin Dopf. "Composición étnica y fenotipos en el Perú" [Ethnic composition and phenotypes in Peru] (in Spanish). Espejodelperu.com.pe. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  8. Census Profile, 2016 Census Statistics Canada. Accessed on November 6, 2017.
  9. "En Cuba: resumen de resultados definitivos del Censo de Población y Viviendas 2012" [Cuba: Summary of final results of the Census of Population and Housing 2012] (in Spanish). Radioprogreso.cu. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  10. Moya Pons, Frank (2010). Historia de la República Dominicana (in Spanish). 2. Editorial CSIC. ISBN 978-84-00-09240-5. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  11. "Resultados Basicos : Censo 2011" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  12. "Panamá: Cultura y Etnias". Embassy of the Republic of Panama to the United Spain. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  13. "Trinidad and Tobago 2011 population and housing census demographic report" (PDF). Central Statistical Office. 30 November 2012. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  14. "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
  15. http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Chapter2_Population_Composition.pdf
  16. "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76.
  17. "Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010" [Table P42. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 October 2013.
  18. "Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010" [Table P43. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 April 2014.
  19. "Grenada". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 2012-03-19.
  20. “International Decade for People of African Descent.” United Nations, United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/events/africandescentdecade/.
  21. NMO O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas. PhD Thesis, Universidade de Brasília (2008).
  22. Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; Moraes, Manoel Odorico; de Moraes, Maria Elisabete Amaral; de Moraes, Milene Raiol; Ojopi, Élida B.; Perini, Jamila A.; Racciopi, Clarice; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea Kely Campos; Rios-Santos, Fabrício; Romano-Silva, Marco A.; Sortica, Vinicius A.; Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme (2011). Harpending, Henry (ed.). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil is More Uniform Than Expected". PLoS ONE. 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617063P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063. PMC 3040205. PMID 21359226.
  23. (in Portuguese) Nossa herança europeia — Archived 2012-01-30 at the Wayback Machine. Cienciahoje.uol.com.br. Retrieved on 2012-05-19.
  24. Lins, T. C.; Vieira, R. G.; Abreu, B. S.; Grattapaglia, D.; Pereira, R. W. (March–April 2009). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". American Journal of Human Biology. 22 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20976. PMID 19639555.
  25. Folha Online – Ciência – DNA de brasileiro é 80% europeu, indica estudo. .folha.uol.com.br (2009-10-05). Retrieved on 2012-05-19.
  26. De Assis Poiares, Lilian; De Sá Osorio, Paulo; Spanhol, Fábio Alexandre; Coltre, Sidnei César; Rodenbusch, Rodrigo; Gusmão, Leonor; Largura, Alvaro; Sandrini, Fabiano; Da Silva, Cláudia Maria Dornelles (2009). "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population" (PDF). Forensic Science International: Genetics. 4 (2): e61. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006. PMID 20129458. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2011.
  27. Bethel, Camille (February 2013). "Census: Mixed population on the rise | Trinidad Express Newspaper | News". Trinidadexpress.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  28. "CIA – The World Factbook – Dominican Republic". Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  29. Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Costa Rica". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
  30. "Ethnic Groups by Country (%)". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.