Black conservatism

Black conservatism is a political and social philosophy rooted in communities of African descent that aligns largely with the conservative ideology around the world. Black conservatives emphasize traditionalism, patriotism, self-sufficiency, and strong cultural and social conservatism within the context of the black church.[1] In the United States it is often, but not exclusively, associated with the Republican Party."[2]

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The Reconstruction era began the greatest shift of conservative African Americans in American politics in modern history. During the Reconstruction era, black voters began to align themselves more with the Republican party and its conservative ideologies.[3] Under Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, during his first two terms, there was not a single piece of civil rights legislation that was made into law and in the following election the black vote became more split.[4] In 1964, the Kennedy-Johnson campaign promoted civil rights as a central issue and during their administration, they passed anti-discrimination legislation, gaining the black vote. Since then, the Democratic Party has held a majority of the black votes in America,[5] although Pew Research Center polling has found that the percentage of African-Americans who identify as Democratic has declined in recent years, from 75% during Barack Obama's presidency to 67% in 2020. However, a 2017 sample size of 10,245 voters concluded that just 8% of African-Americans identify as Republican.[6]

Overview

Russian anarchist Pyotr Kropotkin brought many questions of the possibility of being black and being conservative when he mocked their ability to be genuine.[7] He explained his belief that conservatism has underlying themes of racism so black conservatives are "a freak of nature" and those who take advantage of conservatism for their own personal gain are opportunists and complicit in the oppression of their own people.[7]

Black conservatism is particularly difficult to define because it will either not be representative of all black conservatives or it will be something that can be said of other conservatives outside of the black community.[8] One of the main characteristics of black conservatism is its emphasis on personal responsibility and traditionalism.[1] Black conservatives may find common ground with black nationalists through their common belief in black empowerment and the theory that black people have been duped by the welfare state. For many black conservatives, the singular objective is to bring social redemption and economic success to the black community.[7]

Worldwide

Black conservatism in the United Kingdom

The Conservative Party were critical of immigration from the Commonwealth during the 1950s and 1960s, culminating in the infamous Rivers of Blood speech delivered by leading Conservative MP, Enoch Powell. Despite this, there has long been a small number of black conservative. In recent years the Conservatives have attempted to undo the long-standing conservative prejudices, by attacking racism and trying to cultivate more of a following amongst the black community. Compared to the United States, the racial divide in the United Kingdom is not a party divide due to the difference in racial relations.[9]

Increasingly more black and ethnic minority figures are being appointed and elected to positions within the Conservative Party. Notable black Conservatives in the United Kingdom include first black Tory peer Lord Taylor of Warwick.[10] Businessman Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones was also selected to stand in the 2010 General Election for the constituency of Chippenham[11] Black British Conservative MPs currently serving in the House of Commons as of 2020 are Adam Afriyie MP,[12] Kwasi Kwarteng, James Cleverly,[13] Kemi Badenoch,[14] Darren Henry, Bim Afolami and solicitor and businesswoman Helen Grant.[15] Boxer Frank Bruno and footballer Sol Campbell have also been a vocal supporters of the Conservative Party.

In recent years, the eurosceptic UK Independence Party has also selected a number of ethnic minority and black candidates to stand for office, including London Assembly member David Kurten,[16] and MEP Steven Woolfe.[17]

Other notable black conservatives in the United Kingdom include education reformer and writer Katharine Birbalsingh.

Black conservatism in Europe

In Western Europe, a number of black figures have become visible in centre-right and right-wing conservative parties in official roles or as elected representatives in recent years.

Notable examples in Germany include Charles M. Huber who in 2013, became the first of two black MPs elected to the German Bundestag during the 2013 federal elections representing the CDU.[18] In Belgium, journalist and social activist Assita Kanko was elected to the European Parliament for the conservative and Flemish nationalist N-VA party in 2019.[19]

In 2018, Toni Iwobi became Italy's first black Senator representing the right-wing Lega Nord party and helped to draft some of the Lega's policies for the 2018 Italian general election.[20]

Black conservatism in Israel

Following the emigration Ethiopian Jews, Falash Mura and Jews of African descent to Israel and their assimilation into local Israeli culture, many have become more visible in politics as elected Members of The Knesset (MKs), including within the conservative Likud party. Notable black Likud MKs have included Alali Adamso, Avraham Neguise and Gadi Yevarkan.

Black conservatism in Canada

Notable black conservatives in Canada include Senator Anne Cools and Senator Donald Oliver,[21] both of whom serve in the Senate of Canada. Senator Oliver is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, while Cools is a non-aligned Senator recognized as voting mainly with the Conservative caucus. Lincoln Alexander was Canada's first black MP, and served as a Federal Member of Parliament between 1968 and 1980 in the riding of Hamilton West. Former Alberta MLA Lindsay Blackett is a member of the Conservative Party.

In 2020, lawyer and politician Leslyn Lewis announced her candidacy in the 2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, becoming the first ethnic minority figure to run for the leadership of the Conservatives.[22]

Black conservatism in the United States
Main article: Black conservatism in the United States

Black conservatism in the United States is a political and social movement that aligns largely with the American conservative movement. During slavery, there was a divide between free blacks and slaves. As black people became released from slavery, they assimilated to white American culture in order to maintain a place in the social order. This is where characteristics of contemporary black conservatism began to develop.[8] The argument behind this was the idea that if black people follow the rules of White America, then there will be no choice but to accept them into the social system.[23] Since the Civil Rights Movement in the latter 20th century, the African-American community has generally swung to the left of the right-wing conservative movement, and has predominantly favored itself on the side of liberalism. Black conservatism emphasizes traditionalism, strong patriotism, capitalism, free markets, and opposition to abortion and gay marriage in the context of the black church.

In the post civil rights-era there was a push for continuous assimilation and, as a result, some black individuals aligned themselves with the conservative movement and accepted the idea of a color-blind society. In his book, The Content of Our Character," Shelby Steele offers an interpretation of the color-blind society ideology and why people should accept it. He claims that during slavery, black individuals were forced to cling to their black identities in order to build community and have since mistakenly clung to that same rhetoric under the impression that it is still the most valuable tool to excel.[24] He argues that this is dangerous because it frames black individuals as victims and “pulls [blacks] into war-like defensiveness at a time where there is more opportunity for development than ever before."[24] The idea was that if black individuals ceased to see themselves as victims of oppressive forces, then they could be seen as equals to their white counterparts.

Some elected black conservatives include Florida representative Allen West, U.S. Senator Tim Scott of South Carolina, former Oklahoma representative J.C. Watts, and former Connecticut representative Gary Franks. Other notable black conservatives include economist Thomas Sowell, former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, perennial political candidate Alan Keyes, and Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas. In 2009, Michael Steele became the first black man to chair the Republican National Committee. In 2011, Herman Cain was considered the leading Republican presidential nominee for a period of time. In addition there are a number of up and coming voices in the arena of political talks shows, and guest analysts such as Dr. Carol Swain, professor of political science from Vanderbilt University with multiple appearances on CNN, Fox News, PBS, C-SPAN, and ABC Headline News.

More recently, Ben Carson, a renowned African-American author and neurosurgeon, announced his candidacy for the 2016 Republican nomination in his hometown Detroit in May 2015, but ultimately lost the nomination to Donald Trump and officially ended his campaign in March 2016.[25] After Trump won the 2016 Presidential election, Carson was offered the role of United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, which he at first rejected but ultimately accepted,[26] and was officially confirmed by the U.S. Senate as Secretary in a 58–41 vote the same month.[27]

Kanye West, a critically acclaimed African-American rapper and songwriter and husband of fellow celebrity Kim Kardashian, has on several occasions publicly expressed support for U.S. President Donald Trump,[28] stating once that had he voted he would have voted for Trump in the election,[29] as well as for millennial conservative commentator Candace Owens.[30] West has also ran for President in the 2020 presidential elections.[31]

Black conservatism in Africa

In the Post–Cold War era, a number of avowedly-conservative parties have developed in most African countries. In countries where the population is divided by religion (i.e., Nigeria), conservative parties are often formed and constituted to target specific religions in their areas of greatest political dominance, although some have argued that many African political parties lack the same kind of ideological conflict that is common in Western countries.[32][33]

Historically, differences in political platforms in Africa sometimes depended on outside influence from either the West, Cuba or the former Soviet Union as a result of proxy conflicts during the Cold War period where militant factions of political parties received economic support from either America or Soviet aligned states. During the Cold War, some African political parties which adhered to Marxism-Leninism or Maoism when participating in anti-colonial activities later adopted economic, social and culturally conservative policies upon their country gaining independence and as democracy in African states crystallized, as well as in response to growing factional opposition to communism. An example of a formerly left-wing and now conservative party is UNITA in Angola, which under the leadership of Jonas Savimbi began as a far-left, Maoist inspired movement before embracing a right-wing platform and aligning itself with the West in the 1980s. Since transforming itself into a democratic political party, UNITA is presently considered to be conservative and right-leaning.[34] Similarly, Kenya's first Prime Minister and later President Jomo Kenyatta was reportedly sympathetic or interested in socialism and communism prior to coming to power, but upon Kenya's independence from Britain he and his Kenya African National Union party adopted conservative beliefs, including stressing the importance of individual rights[35] and according to historian Wunyabari O. Maloba, "sought to project capitalism as an African ideology, and communism (or socialism) as alien and dangerous."[36]

Until 1980, Liberia was largely dominated by True Whig Party whose policies and namesake were initially influenced by that of the United States Whig Party.[37] In 2017, the recently established right-wing conservative Jubilee Party of Kenya went on to gain a majority in the election held that year and became the ruling party of Kenya.

Black conservative ideologies

Color-blind America

The colorblind America argument is one that often comes up in conservative discourse. It is the idea the decisions and legislation are made without regard to racial identity (cite). Black conservatives assert that, because there has been a post-civil rights era push in the conservative movement to rally behind this colorblind conservative ideology, that it actually hinders the black community's progress to oppose it.[38] They claim that by refusing to recognize this discourse, black individuals are not focusing on racial development.[24] This partially explains the opposition to affirmative action amongst black conservatives. They claim that this type of government intervention in black mobility actually does more to question the ability of black individuals to succeed than it does to provide well-earned opportunity that would otherwise be inaccessible.[38]

Individualism

Individualism is where individuals are personally responsible for pursuing success in their own self-interest.[39] Black conservatives are in favor of individualism and oppose government interventions such as affirmative action because they do not want it to raise the question of whether or not they deserve the successes they have achieved or if they took part in what some refer to as "reverse racism."[40] Black conservatives oppose policies such as Affirmative Action that were created with the intention of creating opportunity for minorities who have been historically oppressed in the United States. Black conservatives justify this because they are opposed to any policy that may be perceived by Whites as an unearned benefit or a handout.[41] Clarence Thomas described affirmative action as problematic because it reinforces stereotypes of black individuals being inferior. He claimed it leads to personal doubt and stifles individuality.

Christian evangelism

Conservatives seek to preserve institutions like the Church, monarchy and the social hierarchy, as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were." Historian Gregory Schneider identifies several constants in American conservatism: respect for tradition, support of republicanism, "the rule of law and the Christian religion," and a defense of "Western civilization from the challenges of modernist culture and totalitarian governments."[42] Black conservatives are motivated by two of the values of general conservative thought, for the love of God and country.[43] The black church specifically is linked to Christian evangelism and a dependence on God and his plans. These plans are part of what allow Black conservatives to get behind the ideas of individualism that conservatism is built on. Though it may seem antithetical to reconcile the history of slavery and segregation with the ideas of complete American freedom and equality, it is actually the hope of reaching that goal without having to depend on their oppressors that makes individualism appealing to some people in the black community.[43]

According to a 2014 Pew Research Center poll, African-Americans today are generally found to be more likely to identify as Christian and Protestant than whites, Latinos and Asians in the United States, with 79% of black Americans identifying as Christian compared to 77% of Latinos and 70% of white Americans.[44]

Social issues

Similarly to white and Hispanic Americans, African-American stances on social issues can sometimes be influenced by religious beliefs as well. According to a 2017 Pew Research Center poll, 44% of Black Protestants supported gay marriage, compared with 67% of Catholics and 68% of "white mainline Protestants".[45] In another Pew poll conducted around the same time, Black Protestants are also sharply divided on the issue of abortion, with a slight majority of 55% saying it should be legal in most or all cases, and 44% believing it should be illegal.[46]

Notable black conservatives in politics
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See also

References
  1. Dawson, Michael (2002). Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226138619.
  2. Harris-Lacewell, Melissa Victoria (2004-01-01). Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691126098. JSTOR j.ctt7s44h.
  3. Myers, Tyler (2011). "African-American Trailblazers: The Sociopolitical Factors of Success". Scholar Commons. 31.
  4. Huckfeldt, Robert (1989). Race and the Decline of Class in American Politics. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252016009.
  5. Tate, Katherine. From Protests to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 1–238. ISBN 9780674325401.
  6. "1. Trends in party affiliation among demographic groups". Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  7. Ondaatje, Michael (2010). Black Conservative Intellectuals in Modern America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 220. ISBN 9780812242065.
  8. Lewis, Angela K. (2005-01-01). "Black Conservatism in America". Journal of African American Studies. 8 (4): 37. JSTOR 41819065.
  9. Rich, Paul (1986). Conservative Ideology and Race in Modern British Politics. Springer. pp. 45–72. ISBN 9780333393505 – via Springer.
  10. "Home - Lord Taylor of Warwick". Lord Taylor of Warwick. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  11. Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones - Profile - Conservative Party Archived April 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  12. "Adam Afriyie, MP For Windsor - Working hard for you". Adamafriyie.org. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  13. "I've moved". Conservatives.com. 12 January 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  14. "TheWorkForYou". Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  15. "Helen Grant - Home". Helengrant.org. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  16. "Official website". Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  17. "Labour and UKIP secure three MEPs, wiping out BNP and Liberal Democrats". Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  18. Jordans, Frank. Karamba Diaby, Senegal-born Chemist, Becomes Germany's First Black Lawmaker, Huffington Post, September 23, 2013.
  19. News, Flanders (27 May 2019). "Far-right and far-left gains in Belgian European Parliament elections". vrtnws.be. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  20. Terry Daley (9 March 2018) Toni Iwobi, the black face of Italy's far-right AFP/Newsyahoo.com. Retrieved 11 March 2018
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2008-12-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. Werner, Kevin (February 1, 2020). "Toronto lawyer Leslyn Lewis could make Canadian political history in Conservative leadership race". Stoney Creek News. Metroland Media Group.
  23. Eisenstadt, Peter (1999). Black Conservatism: Essays in Intellectual and Political History. Taylor and Francis, Inc. ISBN 9780815324645.
  24. Steele, Shelby (1991). The Content of Our Character. Harper Collins. pp. 1–192. ISBN 9780060974152.
  25. Jerde, Sara (March 10, 2016). "Report: Ben Carson Plans To Endorse Trump On Friday". Talking Points Memo.
  26. "Trump offers Ben Carson HUD secretary job". New York Post. November 22, 2016.
  27. "Senate roll call vote PN34". Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  28. "Kanye West says Trump hat 'made me feel like Superman'". BBC. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  29. "Kanye West: I didn't vote but if I did, 'I would have voted for Trump'". USA TODAY. November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  30. "Kanye West says 'I love Donald Trump', likes how Candace Owens 'challenges conventional black thought'". The Independent. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  31. Iasimone, Ashley (September 1, 2018). "Kanye West Reaffirms He Wants to Run for President: 'It 100 Percent Could Happen'". Billboard.com. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  32. Nigerian Parties and Political Ideology
  33. Nigerian Political Parties Lack Political Differences Channels TV
  34. "INTERVENÇÃO DO PRESIDENTE JOSÉ EDUARDO DOS SANTOS NA ABERTURA DO SEMINÁRIO NACIONAL DE CAPACITAÇÃO". Consulado Geral de Angola (in Portuguese). 3 May 2003. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  35. Savage 1970, p. 535.
  36. Maloba 2017, p. 6.
  37. Carl Patrick Burrowes (2004). Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970. Africa World Press. p. 312.
  38. Kilson, Martin (1993). "Anatomy of Black Conservatism". Transition. 59: 1–16. JSTOR 2934868.
  39. Healy, Geraldine. "Individualism and collectivism revisited: astudy of black and minority ethnic women". Industrial Relations Journal. 35.
  40. Roosevelt Thomas, R (1990). "From Affirmative Action to Affirming Diversity" (PDF). Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2016-12-22.
  41. Lewis, Angela K. (2005-01-01). "Black Conservatism in America". Journal of African American Studies. 8 (4): 31. JSTOR 41819065.
  42. Schneider, Gregory (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Roman & Littlefield. pp. xii.
  43. Bracey, Christopher Alan (2008). Saviors or Sellouts: The Promise and Peril of Black Conservatism, from Booker T. Washington to Condoleezza Rice. Beacon Press. pp. 1–223. ISBN 9780807083758.
  44. Black Americans are more likely than overall public to be Christian, Protestant Pew Research Center
  45. Changing Attitudes on Gay Marriage
  46. Public Opinion on Abortion

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