Slovak Americans

Slovak Americans
*Slovenskí Američania*
Total population
	797,764[1]; 0.27% of the US population
Regions with significant populations
	Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey; New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania
Languages
	English, Slovak
Religion
	Roman Catholicism, Greek Catholicism ; Lutheranism, Judaism
Related ethnic groups
	Czech Americans, Polish Americans, Other Slavic Americans

Slovak Americans are Americans of Slovak descent. In the 1990 Census, Slovak Americans made up the third-largest portion of Slavic ethnic groups. There are currently about 790,000 people of Slovak descent living in the United States.[2][3]

History

Eighteenth century

Isaacus Ferdinand Sharoshi was the first known immigrant from the territory of present-day Slovakia, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Sharoshi arrived in the religious colony of Germantown, Pennsylvania, founded by Mennonite preacher Francis Daniel Pastorius, to serve as a teacher and a preacher. Sharoshi apparently returned to Europe after two years.[4] In 1754, Andreas Jelik, an ethnic German from the village of Baja,[5] left the Kingdom of Hungary to train as a tailor. After some travel in Europe, he eventually reached South American shores, via the West Indies, on a Dutch trading ship.

After being proclaimed emperor in Madagascar, and bearing letters of recommendation from Benjamin Franklin and funds from a descendant of Ferdinand Magellan, Maurice Benyovszky whose origin is regarded as a mix of Slovak, Hungarian and Polish came to America and fought with American troops in the War for Independence. He joined a cavalry corps led by General Pulaski and fought in the siege of Savannah. He died in Madagascar in 1786, but his wife, Zuzana Honsch, stayed in the United States from 1784 until her death in 1815.

Another Slovak fought in the American Revolution; Major Jan Polerecky, who trained at the French Royal Military Academy of St. Cyr, came to America from France to fight with George Washington's army in the War for Independence. He was in the company of the 300 "Blue Hussars" to whom the British formally surrendered their weapons after the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown. When the war was over, Polerecky settled in Dresden, Maine, where he served in a number of public positions.

Nineteenth century

During the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln approved a request to organize a military company named the "Lincoln Riflemen of Sclavonic Origin." This first volunteer unit from Chicago, which included many Slovaks, fought in the Civil War and was eventually incorporated into the 24th regiment of the Illinois infantry. Slovak immigrant, Samuel Figuli, fought in the Civil War, owned a plantation in Virginia, and later joined an exploratory expedition to the North Pole.

Large scale Slovak immigration to the United States began in the 1870s with the forced magyarization policies of the Hungarian government.[6] Because U.S. immigration officials did not keep separate records for each ethnic group within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it is impossible to determine the exact number of Slovak immigrants who entered the United States. Between 1880 and the mid-1920s, approximately 500,000 Slovaks immigrated to the United States. More than half of Slovak immigrants settled in Pennsylvania. Other popular destinations included Ohio, Illinois, New York and New Jersey. Also, Slovak, Arkansas was founded in 1894 by the Slovak Colonization Company.

Twentieth century

Distribution of Slovak Americans according to the 2000 census,

Organization, political activism and the creation of Czechoslovakia

Denied a voice in politics and the use of their native Slovak language in public places by the ruling Magyars in Hungary, Slovaks in America became socially and politically active, establishing self-help societies and fraternal organizations (such as Sokol, the Slovak League of America and First Catholic Slovak Union), founding newspapers (such as Slovensky dennik and the Jednota), and lobbying the government of the United States—especially the Administration of President Woodrow Wilson—to press for greater freedom for Slovaks suffering under Magyar oppression.

In 1910, Slovak and other ethnic leaders in the United States successfully petitioned federal authorities to classify a person by their language rather than country of origin. On the president's orders, new forms replaced the old ones, and Slovaks were no longer classified as "Austrians" or "Hungarians" in the 1910 U.S. Census.

Slovaks in America were outraged and spurred to greater action by the Černová massacre. On October 27, 1907, parishioners in the Slovak village of Černová wanted Andrej Hlinka to attend the consecration of the village church he had helped to build, but the ecclesiastical authorities would not permit it. On the day of the consecration, the people tried to stop the Magyar clergy who came to Černová and the security forces fired into the crowd, killing nine people on the spot with a total of 15 dead by the end of the day. More than 60 people were wounded. The event encouraged a British journalist and academic, Robert W. Seton-Watson, to denounce Budapest's policies towards the nationalities in his book "Racial Problems in Hungary," which he published under the pseudonym Scotus Viator in 1908.

In 1915, the leaders of the Czech National Alliance and the Slovak League of America signed the Cleveland Agreement, in which they pledged to cooperate for the common goal of independent statehood for the Czechs and Slovaks. The agreement's five articles laid out the basics of a future joint state for the two nationalities. Three years later, the Pittsburgh Agreement was concluded by representatives of Czechs and Slovaks at a meeting of the American branch of the Czechoslovak National Council in Pittsburgh. The agreement endorsed a program for the struggle for a common state of Czecho-Slovakia and agreed that the new state would be a democratic republic in which Slovakia would have its own administration, legislature, and courts. On October 18, 1918, the primary author of the agreement, T. G. Masaryk, whose father was Slovak and mother Moravian, declared the independence of Czechoslovakia on the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was elected the first President of an independent Czechoslovakia in 1920.

In 1970, the Slovak World Congress was founded in New York. It became the leading organization of Slovaks living abroad, and represented associations, institutions, and individuals.

Communist control of Czechoslovakia

Communists took control of Czechoslovakia's government in 1948, leading to a mass migration of Slovak intelligentsia and post-war political figures. Another wave of Slovak immigration was fueled by the Soviet Union's invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, the Soviet response to the cultural and political liberalization of the Prague Spring. Many members of this wave belonged to the intelligentsia.

Demography

Most Slovaks emigrated to cities, especially to those where industries were expanding and felt the need to acquire cheap and unskilled labor. For this reason, the majority of Slovaks settled in the Eastern United States (with special attention to Pennsylvania) where more than half of them settled in milltowns and coal mining districts in the state's western region. Today, almost half of all Slovak Americans reside in Pennsylvania (233,160) and Ohio (137,343).[7] Other important areas where Slovaks settled include New Jersey, New York, and Illinois. Most Slovaks settled in places where there are already Slovaks residing. In fact, between 1908 and 1910, the percentage of Slovaks who settled in places already inhabited by family and friends was 98.4 percent.[8]

Notable people

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References

"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
"Ancestry: 2000 : Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2004. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
June Granatir Alexander, "Slovak Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 209-221. online
Votruba, Martin. "Isaacus Saroshi". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018.
Votruba, Martin. "Andreas Jelky". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018.
Votruba, Martin. "Slovak Emigration Travel before World War I". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018.
Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Alexander, June. "Slovak Americans". Everyculture.com. Retrieved February 28, 2007.

Slavic Americans
East Slavic	Belarusian Russian Rusyn Ukrainian
South Slavic	Bosnian Bulgarian Croatian Macedonian Montenegrin Serbian Slovene Yugoslav
West Slavic	Czech Kashubian Polish Silesian Slovak Sorbian

European Americans
Central Europe	Austrian¹ Czech German¹ Amish German Texan Pennsylvania Dutch German Mennonites from Russia Hungarian Hungarian Ohioans Kashubian Liechtensteiner Polish¹ Slovak Slovene Sorbian Swiss
Eastern Europe	Armenian⁶ Azerbaijani⁴ Belarusian Chechen Georgian⁴ Kazakh⁴ Russian^1, ² Cossack Kalmyk Ukrainian Cossack Rusyn
Northern Europe	Danish Greenlandic Estonian Faroese Finnish Icelandic Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Norwegian Dakotan Norwegian Minnesotan Sami Swedish
Southeast Europe³	Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Cypriot Croatian Greek Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Romanian Serbian Alaskan Serbs Turkish⁴
Southern Europe	Italian Sicilian Maltese Monacan Portuguese Sammarinese Spanish Asturian Basque Canarian Catalan Galician Hispano
Western Europe	Belgian British Cornish English Manx Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots Scottish Welsh Dutch French Acadian Basque Breton Cajun Canadian Corsican Huguenot Frisian Irish Luxembourgian
Other Europeans	White Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Melungeon Métis Roma Hungarian Slovak Romanies⁵ Louisiana Creole Cajun Isleños French Canadian Acadian Cajun
By region	California Hawaii White Southerners Maryland
¹ Poles came to the United States legally as Austrians, Germans, Prussians or Russians throughout the 19th century, because from 1772–1795 till 1918, all Polish lands had been partitioned between imperial Austria, Prussia (a protoplast of Germany) and Russia until Poland regained its sovereignty in the wake of World War I. ² Russia has most of its territory in Asia, but the vast majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here. ³ Yugoslav Americans are the American people from the former Yugoslavia. ⁴ Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Turkey span the conventional boundary between Europe and Asia. ⁵ Disputed; Roma have recognized origins and historic ties to Asia (specifically to Northern India), but they experienced at least some distinctive identity development while in diaspora among Europeans. ⁶ Armenia is located entirely in Asia, but historically has stronger tie with Europe.

Slovak diaspora
Europe	Austria Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Serbia Ukraine
North America	Canada United States
South America	Argentina
Oceania	Australia