List of official languages

This is a list of official, or otherwise administratively-recognized, languages of sovereign countries, regions, and supra-national institutions.

See also: List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language

Official languages of sovereign countries, wholly or partly

A

Afar:

Afrikaans:

Aja-Gbe:

Akan (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Fante):

Albanian:

Amharic:

Anii:

Arabic (see also List of countries where Arabic is an official language):

Armenian:

Assamese:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Aymara:

Azerbaijani:

B

Balanta:

Bambara:

Bariba:

Basque:

Bassari:

Bedik:

Belarusian:

Bengali:

Berber:

Biali:

Bislama:

Boko:

Bomu:

Bosnian:

Bozo:

Buduma:

Bulgarian:

Burmese:

C

Cantonese:

Catalan:

Chinese, Mandarin:

Chichewa:

Chirbawe (Sena):

Comorian

Croatian:

Czech:

  • Czech Republic
  • Slovakia (legislation states that a person using Czech language at a Slovak institution must be treated as if using Slovak language)

D

Dagaare:

Dagbani:

Dangme

Danish:

Dari:

  • Afghanistan (a local variant of Persian, but defined as "Dari" in the Afghan constitution; together with Pashto)[30]

Dendi:

Dhivehi:

Dioula:

Dogon:

Dutch:

sole official language in:
co-official language in:

Dzongkha:

E

English (see also List of countries where English is an official language):

Estonian:

Ewe-Gbe:

F

Fijian:

Filipino:

Finnish:

Fon-Gbe:

Foodo:

Formosan:

French (see also List of countries where French is an official language):

sole official language in:
co-official language in:
Official language in:

Fula:

G

Ga:

Gàidhlig:

Gbe:

Gen-Gbe:

Georgian:

German:

sole official language in:
Official language in 21 cantons:

Gonja:

Gourmanché

Greek:

Guaraní:

Gujarati:

  • India

H

Haitian Creole:

Hakka:

Hassaniya:

Hausa:

Hebrew:

  • Israel (with Arabic)

Hindi:

Hiri Motu:

Hungarian:

I

Igbo:

Icelandic:

Indonesian:

Irish:

Italian:

Official language in:

J

Japanese:

  • Japan (de facto)

Javanese:

  • native to Java; Indonesia

Jola:

K

Kabye:

Kalanga:

Kannada:

  • India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Kanuri:

Kasem:

Kazakh:

Khmer:

Kinyarwanda:

Kirundi:

Kissi

Khoisan:

Korean:

Korean Sign Language:

Kpelle:

Kurdish:

Kyrgyz:

L

Lao:

Latvian:

Lithuanian:

Lukpa:

Luxembourgish:

M

Macedonian:

Malagasy:

Malay:

Malinke:

Maltese:

Mamara:

Manding (Mandinka, Malinke):

Mandinka:

Mandjak:

Mankanya:

Manx Gaelic:

Māori:

  • New Zealand (with English and New Zealand Sign Language)

Marshallese:

Mauritian Creole

Mbelime:

Moldovan

Mongolian:

Montenegrin:

Mossi:

  • Burkina Faso (a national language along with Dioula, Fula and other languages, the official language is French)

N

Nambya:

Nateni:

Nauruan

Ndau:

Ndebele (Northern):

Ndebele (Southern):

Nepali:

New Zealand Sign Language:

  • New Zealand (with English and Māori)

Noon:

Northern Sotho:

Norwegian:

  • Norway (two official written forms - Bokmål and Nynorsk)

Nzema:

O

Oniyan:

Ossetian:

P

Palauan:

Papiamento:

Pashto:

Persian:

Polish:

Portuguese:

Punjabi:

Q

Quechua:

R

Romanian:

Romansh:

Russian:

S

Safen:

Samoa

Sango

Sena:

Serbian:

Serer:

Seychellois Creole

Shona:

Sinhala:

Slovak:

Slovene:

Somali:

Songhay-Zarma:

Soninke:

Sotho:

Spanish:

Susu:

Swahili:

Swati:

Swedish:

Syenara:

T

Taiwan Sign Language:

Taiwanese Hokkien:

Tajik:

Tagalog:

Tamasheq:

Tamil:

Tammari:

Tasawaq:

Tebu:

Telugu:

  • India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Tetum:

Thai:

Tigrinya:

Tok Pisin:

Toma:

Tonga:

Tongan

Tsonga:

Tswana:

Turkish:

Turkmen:

Tuvaluan

U

Ukrainian:

Urdu:

  • Pakistan (with English)
  • India (Urdu dialect and in script it is Sanscrit with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)
  • Fiji (with English and Bau Fijian; known constitutionally as Hindustani as an umbrella term to cover Urdu, as well as Hindi.)

Uzbek:

V

Venda:

Vietnamese:

W

Waama:

Waci-Gbe:

Wamey:

Welsh:

Wolof:

X

Xhosa:

Xwela-Gbe:

Y

Yobe:

Yom:

Yoruba:

Z

Zimbabwean sign language:

Zulu:

Number of countries with the same official language
See also: List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language

This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official (or with a national language status). An '*' (asterisk) indicates a country whose independence is disputed.

LanguageWorldAfricaAmericasAsiaEuropeOceaniaCountries
English5924164312India, United States, Pakistan, United Kingdom. See the full list
French29212-51France, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Canada, Madagascar. See the full list
Arabic2714-13--Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Morocco. See the full list
Spanish20118-1-Spain, Mexico, Equatorial Guinea, Easter Island in (Oceania). See the full list
Portuguese1061211Brazil, Portugal, Mozambique, Angola. See full list
Russian8--35-Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Abkhazia*, South Ossetia*, Transnistria*. See also the full list
German71--6-Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Namibia
Fula77----Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal
Italian4---4-Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City
Malay4--4--Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei
Manding44----Burkina Faso (Dioula), Guinea (Malinke), Mali (Bambara), Senegal (Maninka)
Northern Sami4---4-Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia
Swahili44----Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
Danish3-1-2-Denmark, Faroe Island*, Greenland*
Dutch3-1-2-Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname
Gbe33----Benin, Ghana, Togo
Mandarin Chinese3--3--China, Singapore, Taiwan
Tamil3--3--India, Singapore, Sri Lanka
Persian3--3--Iran, Afghanistan (known as Dari), Tajikistan (known as Tajik)
Romanian3---3-Romania, Moldova, Transnistria*
Serbian3---3-Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*
Somali33----Djibouti, Somalia, Somaliland*
Soninke33----Mali, Mauritania, Senegal
Tswana33----Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Turkish3---3-Turkey, Northern Cyprus* and Cyprus
Bengali2-2--Bangladesh and India
Armenian2---2-Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh*
Aymara & Quechua2-2---Bolivia and Peru
Berber22----Algeria and Morocco
Catalan2---2-Andorra and Spain
Chichewa22----Malawi and Zimbabwe
Croatian2---2-Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Greek2---2-Greece and Cyprus
Hausa22----Niger and Nigeria
Hindi2--1-1India and Fiji
Korean2--2--North Korea and South Korea
Lingala22----Democratic Republic of the Congo and Republic of the Congo
Nepali2--2--India and Nepal
Samoan2----2American Samoa and Samoa
Slovak2---2-Slovakia and Czech Republic
Songhay-Zarma22----Mali, Niger
Sotho22----Lesotho and South Africa
Swati22----Eswatini (Swaziland) and South Africa
Swedish2---2-Sweden and Finland
Tamasheq22----Mali and Niger
Tigrinya22----Eritrea and Ethiopia
Ukrainian2---2-Ukraine and Transnistria*
Venda22----South Africa and Zimbabwe
Wolof22----Mauritania and Senegal
Xhosa22----South Africa and Zimbabwe
Guarani 2 - 2 - - - Paraguay and Bolivia
Bulgarian1---1-Bulgaria
Finnish1---1-Finland
Norwegian1---1-Norway
Icelandic1---1-Iceland

Official regional and minority languages
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Abaza:

Adyghe:

Aghul:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Aklanon:

  • Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[68]

Albanian:

Altay:

  • Altay, Republic of (state language; with Russian)[69]

Arabic:

Aranese see Occitan

Armenian:

  • Nagorno Karabagh

Assamese:

Avar:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Azeri:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Balkar:

Bashkir:

Basque:

  • Basque Autonomous Community (with Spanish)
  • Navarre (in some areas with Spanish)

Bengali:

Bikol:

  • Luzon and Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[68]

Bosnian:

Buryat:

Cantonese Chinese:

  • China:


Catalan:

Cebuano:

  • Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[68]

Chavacano:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[68]

Chechen:

Cherkess:

Cherokee:

Chipewyan:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Innuinaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Chukchi:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Chukchi population)[76]

Chuvash:

  • Chuvashia (state language; with Russian)[77]

Cree:

  • Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Innuinaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Crimean Tatar

  • Crimea (with Russian and Ukrainian)

Croatian:

Dargwa:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Dolgan:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Dolgan population)[76]

Dutch:

English:

  • parts of Canada:
See also: Official language by province and [[:l1=Official language by province]]
  • The United Kingdom:

Erzya:

Even:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Even population)[76]

Evenki:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Evenki population)[76]

Faroese:

Finnish:

  • Karelia (authorized language; with Karelian and Veps)[79]

French:

  • parts of Canada

Frisian (West):

Friulian:

  • The Friuli region of northeastern Italy

Gagauz:

Galician:

  • part of Spain

German:

Greek:

Guaraní:

Gujarati:

Gwich'in:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Innuinaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Hawaiian:

Hiligaynon:

  • Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[68]

Hindi:

Hungarian:

Ibanag:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[68]

Ilocano:

  • Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan.)[68]

Ingush:

Inuinnaqtun:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
  • Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuktitut)

Inuktitut:

  • Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuinnaqtun)
  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Inuvialuktun:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Innuinaqtun, Inuktitut, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Irish:

Italian:

Ivatan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[68]

Japanese:

Kabardian:

Kalaallisut:

Kalmyk:

Kannada:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Kapampangan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ibanag, Ivatan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[68]

Karachay:

Karelian:

  • Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Veps)[79]

Kashmiri:

Kazakh:

  • Republic of Altay (official language; in localities with Kazakh population)[82]
  • part of the People's Republic of China
    • Ili, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Barkol, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Mori, with Chinese (Mandarin)
  • part of Mongolia
    • Mori, with Mongolian

Khakas:

Khanty:

Kinaray-a:

  • Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[68]

Komi:

Komi-Permyak:

Korean:

  • part of the People's Republic of China with Chinese (Mandarin)

Kumyk:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Kyrgyz:

  • part of the People's Republic of China
  • Kizilsu (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Lak:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Lezgian:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Macedonian:*part of Albania

Maguindanao:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[68]

Malayalam:

Mansi:

  • Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Nenets)[84]

Maranao:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[68]

Marathi:

Mari (Hill and Meadow):

Mayan:

Moksha:

Mongolian:

  • part of the People's Republic of China
    • Inner Mongolia, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Haixi, with Tibetan and Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Bortala, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Bayin'gholin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Dorbod, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Qian Gorlos, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Harqin Left, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Fuxin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Weichang, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Subei, with Chinese (Mandarin)
    • Henan, with Chinese (Mandarin)

Náhuatl:

  • Mexico (*only recognized)
  • El Salvador (*only recognized)

Nenets:

Nepali:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Nogai:

Occitan:

Odia:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Ossetic (Digor and Iron dialects):

  • North Ossetia—Alania (state language; with Russian)[89]

Pangasinan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[68]

Portuguese:*part of the People's Republic of China

Punjabi:

  • Pakistan- Punjab region
  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Romanian:

  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak and Ruthenian)

Russian. Russian is fixed as a state language in the Constitutions of the republics of the Russian Federation:

Rusyn:

  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak)
  • Ukraine
    • Zakarapts'ka region (with Ukrainian, Hungarian)

Rutul:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Sakha:

  • Sakha (state language; with Russian)[91]

Sambal:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, and Tagalog)[68]

Sami:

  • Finland (in four municipalities)
  • Norway (in six municipalities in two provinces)
  • Sweden (in four municipalities and surrounding municipalities)

Sanskrit:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Saraiki

Sarikoli:

  • part of the People's Republic of China (It's different from Tajiki of Tajikistan)

Selkup:

Serbian:

Sindhi:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)
  • Pakistan (Official language in the Province of Sindh along with Urdu and English)

North and South Slavey:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Innuinaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Slovak:

  • part of Serbia
  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian and Ruthenian)

Slovene:

Spanish:

Surigaonon:

  • Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[68]

Tabasaran:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Tagalog:

  • Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[68]

Tahitian:

Tamil:

Tat:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Tatar:

Tausug:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Maranao, and Yakan)[68]

Telugu:

Tibetan:

  • Tibet Autonomous Region (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Aba (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Garzê (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Diqing (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Wenshan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Gannan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Haibai (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Hainan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Huangnan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Golog (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Gyêgu (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Haixi (with Mongolian and Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Muli (with Chinese (Mandarin))
  • Tianzhu (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Tłįchǫ:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Innuinaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, and South Slavey)

Tsakhur:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[67]

Tswana:

Turkish:

Tuvan:

Udmurt:

Urdu:

  • Pakistan (with English as co-official language)
  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Uyghur:

Veps:

  • Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Karelian)[79]

Vietnamese:

  • Guangxi Province, China (some regional status)
  • Part of Cambodia
  • Part of Laos

Waray:

Welsh:

  • Wales (United Kingdom) (with English)

Yakan:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Tausug)[68]

Yiddish:

Yukaghir:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Yukaghir population)[76]

Zhuang:

Official languages of supra-national institutions

Different organisations sometimes refer to their principal languages of administration and communication as "working languages", whilst others refer to these as being "official".

gollark: S U P P L Y S I D E P O L I C Y
gollark: Nonsense. It sounds very fun.
gollark: Ah yes, that.
gollark: Coooool.
gollark: What, literally that?

See also

Notes
  1. The sovereignty of Kosovo is disputed. See International recognition of Kosovo.

References
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  2. "Article 14. Albanian Constitution". Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  3. Article 5. Kosovo Constitution Archived 21 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  4. "Albanian becomes the second official language in Macedonia". European Western Balkans. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  5. Article 5. Ethiopian Constitution
  6. Article 4. Constitution of Iraq Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Article 5. Constitution du Maroc Archived 18 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales
  9. "Armenian Constitution (article 20, English Translation)".
  10. "Article 15. Constitution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  11. Artículo 5. Constitución Política del Estado
  12. Artículo 48. Constitución Política del Perú
  13. Article 21. Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  14. Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  15. 3. The state language. Constitution of Bangladesh Archived 15 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  16. "How Bengali became an official language in Sierra Leone". The Indian Express. 1 October 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  17. "Why Bangla is an official language in Sierra Leone". Dhaka Tribune. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  18. Loi no02-03 du 27 Moharram 1423 correspondant au 10 avril 2002 portant révision constitutionnelle Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. Article 3. Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu
  20. Hilary Footitt; Michael Kelly (2012). Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-230-36877-4.
  21. Article 3. Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria
  22. Article 450. Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
  23. Article 2. La Constitució del Principat d’Andorra
  24. Articles 44, 53, 123. Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
  25. Yeh, Sophia; Low, Y.F. (19 July 2017). "President lauds efforts in transitional justice for indigenous people". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  26. "National Languages Development Act clears Legislative Yuan". Ministry of Culture, R.O.C. (Taiwan). 25 December 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  27. Cheng, Hung-ta; Chung, Jake (30 December 2017). "Hakka made an official language". Taipei Times. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  28. Constitution of Zimbabwe 2013 Archived 5 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Africatime.com, 22 March 2013
  29. "Article 12. Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  30. Article 16. Constitution of Afghanistan
  31. Article 11. Constitution of the Republic of Maldives
  32. Article 1. Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  33. Section 4. Fiji Constitution
  34. "Article 8. Constitution of Ireland 1937" (PDF). p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2012.
  35. Article 152 - National Language and Other Languages, Constitution of Malaysia
  36. Article 49. Constitution of Mauritius Archived 2 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  37. Namibia - Constitution, servat.unibe.ch/icl (International Constitutional Law collection), 1990, retrieved 2 May 2008 (Article 3)
  38. Article 18. Constitution de la République Centrafricaine
  39. Article 5. La Constitution de la République d’Haïti
  40. "CC 101 Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999, Art. 4 National languages" (official site). Berne, Switzerland: The federal Council. 1 January 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  41. Article 8. Constitution of Georgia
  42. (in Russian) Статья 4. Конституция Республики Южная Осетия Archived 11 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  43. App. D., Part 1, Art. 3. Constitution of Cyprus
  44. Artículo 140. Constituciones de la Archived 28 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine ública del Paraguay
  45. Article 55. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
  46. "Axis Translations". Axis Translations. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  47. "Part XVII. Constitution of India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  48. Article H. Fundamental Law of Hungary
  49. Article 36. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  50. Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived 20 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  51. Article 5. Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia
  52. Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8.
  53. (in Russian) Статья 10. Конституция Кыргызской Республики
  54. Article 13. Constitution of the Republic of Moldova
  55. Article 12. Constitution of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublica
  56. Article 2. Constitution of Tajikistan
  57. https://www.gr.ch/RM/chantun/Seiten/Ueberblick.aspx
  58. Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation
  59. (in Russian) Статья 6. Конституция Республики Абхазия Archived 21 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  60. Slovak language is defined as official language together with Czech language by several laws - e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském..." (§16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) „Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz
  61. "Constitution of Paraguay 1992" (PDF).
  62. Section 3. Spanish Constitution
  63. Article 7. The Constitution of Kenya (2010) Archived 4 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  64. "Welsh Language Act 1993". legislation.gov.uk. The Crown. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  65. Article 11 of the Constitution of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic
  66. Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea
  67. Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan
  68. DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3. GMA News. 13 July 2013.
  69. Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Altay
  70. Article 76 of the Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic
  71. Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan
  72. Article 67 of the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia
  73. Article 108 of the Statute of the Zabaykalsky Krai
  74. Article 10 of the Constitution of the Chechen Republic
  75. "The Cherokee Nation & its Language" (PDF). University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition. 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  76. Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) On languages in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
  77. Article 8 of the Constitution of the Chuvash Republic
  78. Article 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia
  79. Law of the Republic of Karelia On state support of Karelian, Veps and Finnish languages in the Republic of Karelia Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  80. Article 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia
  81. Article 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kalmykia
  82. Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Altay On languages Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  83. Article 69 of the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia
  84. Law of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug On the languages of the aboriginal minorities of the North living within the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
  85. Law of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug On native languages of the aboriginal minorities of the North within the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
  86. Article 67 of the Constitution of the Republic of Komi
  87. Article 42 of the Statute of the Perm Krai Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  88. Article 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mari El
  89. Article 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia—Alania
  90. Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Karelia
  91. Article 46 of the Constitution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
  92. Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan
  93. Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tyva
  94. Article 8 of the Constitution of the Udmurt Republic
  95. "Treće izvješće Republike Hrvatske o primjeni Europske povelje o regionalnim ili manjinskim jezicima" (PDF). Government of Croatia. August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  96. Government of Croatia. "NAPUTAK ZA DOSLJEDNU PROVEDBU ZAKONA O UPORABI JEZIKA I PISMA NACIONALNIH MANJINA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ". Narodne novine. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  97. "Registar Geografskih Imena Nacionalnih Manjina Republike Hrvatske" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  98. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/02/english-official-language-border-bilingual_n_1249307.html
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